Between 9/11 and June 30, 2010, 42 Islamist, terrorism-related plots and incidents took place or were foiled in the United States, according to my calculations.[11] Violent converts were directly engaged in 26 of those 42 cases, almost 62 percent of the total. Converts operated in myriad ways—in cells, in pairs, as individuals, or as operatives of AQ or other terrorist groups. They performed or attempted to perform acts of direct violence, espionage, and conspiracy. Details of some of the cases are offered below.
* Some violent converts operated within groups or cells of between four and 11 members. Roughly half of these cells were a combination of "native" Muslims and outside converts, including the "Portland 7" group, which had three converts out of seven members, and the "Virginia Jihad Network," which had four converts out of 11 members. The "L.A. Prison" cell included three converts in a group of four and was also led by a convert, as was the "Raleigh Jihad" group, which included four converts out of eight members. Meanwhile, half of the examined cells consisted solely of converts, including the "Miami 6" group, the "JFK Fuel Tanks Plot" cell, and the "New York Synagogue Plot" cell.
One "gray area" case involved Michael Reynolds, a non-Muslim who offered his assistance to AQ but was motivated by something other than religion.
* Some violent converts worked as part of a pair with one native Muslim; an example would be James Elshafay and Carlos Almonte. Other converts, such as Derrick Shareef and Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad—the "Arkansas Shooter"—acted as a "lone wolf." Still others, such as Michael Finton and Chris Paul, had formal ties but no clear operational links to any known terrorist structure. One "gray area" case involved Michael Reynolds, a non-Muslim who offered his assistance to AQ but was motivated by something other than religion. All of these cases involved low-profile, amateurish, terrorist intentions and activities that were localized within the U.S.
* In at least three cases, converts were chosen by AQ-affiliated leaders to plan or execute high-profile, mass-casualty attacks in the U.S. or against U.S. targets. These cases involved Richard Reid, Jose Padilla, and Diren Baroth and included plots to use an improvised explosive device against an airborne jetliner and to disperse radiological contaminants in an urban environment.
* Two episodes involved converts attempting to provide classified information to AQ recipients. Both converts were serving in the U.S. military at the time; Ryan Anderson was in the U.S. Army National Guard, and Paul Hall, also known as Hassan Abu Jihaad, was in the Navy.
* In another military-related case, Hassan Akbar, a U.S. Army sergeant, was convicted and sentenced to death for killing two and wounding 14 others in an armed attack against his unit members in Kuwait just after the U.S. invasion of Iraq began in 2003. In his trial, both defense and prosecution lawyers said that Akbar wanted to keep troops from killing his fellow Muslims.[12]
* Two American women converts, Coleen LaRose and Jamie Paulin-Ramirez, conspired within a wider group to kill a Swedish cartoonist for alleged blasphemy.
* Several U.S. converts, including Omar Hammami, Bryant Vinas, and Daniel Joseph Maldonaldo, were involved in direct fighting in conflict zones such as Afghanistan and Somalia, that included battles against other Americans. At least one convert, Adam Yahye Ghaddan, was engaged in a sophisticated strategic communication campaign conducted by AQ. A recently detained convert, Barry Bujol, Jr., allegedly provided materiel support to AQ.
* Not included in my count of terrorist incidents involving converts were incidents revealed in the second half of 2010 and the first half of 2011, including the cases of Antonio Martinez, accused of plotting a terrorist attack against a military recruitment station; Zachary Adam Chesser and Jesse Curtis Morton, who allegedly issued death threats against the creators of "South Park"; and Joseph Anthony Davis (Abu Khalid Abdul Latif) and Frederick Domingue Jr. (Walli Mujahidh), who are suspected of plotting an attack against the military recruitment facility in Seattle. In addition, Lance Corp. Yonathan Melaku from the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve was arrested in the vicinity of the Pentagon in June 2011 with explosives in his backpack; he most likely is also a convert to Islam.
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