Siberian Tatars

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Genetics of the Tobol-Irtysh group of Siberian Tatars; From the data on a variety of mitochondrial DNA, by O.J. Naumova

(This article is translated into English by Google translator.)

The south of Western Siberia since ancient times is an area of ​​the transgression of different cultures and their appearance groups - the West Siberian taiga and steppe tribes of nomads, representatives of traditional Siberian cultures and the medium and the Central government units. As a result of such interactions in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of medieval Western Siberia developed Turkic ethnic community Siberian Tatars. In this context, the study of the genetic diversity of Siberian Tatars is of interest for studies of genetic phenomena accompanying the interaction of people with different economic and cultural backgrounds and different levels of socio-economic development - boreal North Asian populations and civilizations of Central Asia. From the standpoint of ethnographic research ethnogenesis Siberian Tatars is seen as an example of mixing Ugric, Samoyedic, Turkic and Mongol tribes . These components in different proportions inherent set of peoples of Northern Eurasia, so the study of the gene pool of Siberian Tatars seems important for the analysis of genetic structure and genetic history of the population of the Northern Eurasia.

In the picture for a gene pool of the indigenous population of Northern Eurasia Siberian Tatars belong to the same group, the genetic diversity of which there are only a few scattered data. Therefore we can say that this work opens the topic of research of genetic diversity and genetic history of the Siberian Tatars. In this paper we studied the genetic diversity of ethno-linguistic subgroups local populations Tobol-Irtysh Tatars. This group is the largest, the greatest number of ethno-linguistic subgroups. It occupies a geographically central to the ethnic area of the Siberian Tatars, and the shock is historically central to the consolidation of the Turkic groups of Western Siberia in an ethnic community "Siberian Tatars": in the last population of the Tobol and Irtysh interfluve constitutes the basis of the population of South Siberian Turkic state formations - Tyumen and Sibir khanates.

The total number of surveyed 218 villagers from seven Tatar villages of Zabolotnie, Tyumen, Tobol and Tevriz sub-groups of Siberian Tatar people.

The object of the study was the diversity of mtDNA, as the system is highly informative for the reconstruction of phylogeography genetic lines within the population. The paper presents data on the structure of individual mtDNA haplotypes in Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars identified on the analysis of polymorphism of restriction sites diagnostic for Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, the nucleotide sequence HVS1. On the total sample of 218 people found 98 of these haplotypes. On the basis of data on the variation of the nucleotide sequence HVS1 and / or mtDNA restriction polymorphisms found that haplotypes belong to the 17 monophyletic mtDNA lines or haplogroups.

The object of the study was the diversity of mtDNA, as the system is highly informative for the reconstruction of phylogeography genetic lines within the population. The paper presents data on the structure of individual mtDNA haplotypes in Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars identified on the analysis of polymorphism of restriction sites diagnostic for Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, the nucleotide sequence HVS1. On the total sample of 218 people found 98 of these haplotypes. On the basis of data on the variation of the nucleotide sequence HVS1 and / or mtDNA restriction polymorphisms found that haplotypes belong to the 17 monophyletic mtDNA lines or haplogroups. I.e. in the gene pool Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, with a few exceptions, all models identified in populations of northern Eurasia mtDNA haplogroup as Eastern Eurasian (Mongoloid) - A, B, F, M7, Ml, C, D & G, and Western Eurasian (Caucasoid) - Nl, N, V, J, T, U, K, I, and W. According to the ratio of the frequencies of these two large classes of haplogroups 1: 1.5, the mitochondrial gene pool of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars highly mixed. In terms of "value for racial components in the gene pool" organically studied group is located in a number of nations belonging to the western and southern Siberian anthropological types, gene pool which is just as pronounced processes of cross-breeding.

Consideration separately Caucasoid and Mongoloid components in the gene pools severoevraziyskih nations showed a fairly pronounced differentiation of the latter on the northern (North Asian) and southern (Central Asian) clusters. As part of the Caucasoid component is weak, but stand out of the Finno-Ugric, Siberian Turkic and Central Asian clusters. Position Tobol-Irtysh Tatars in this picture suggests that the observed in this group of caucasian component of mtDNA diversity is particularly moving closer to the corresponding component of the gene pools of Finno-Ugric peoples of the Urals and Western Siberia. Mongoloid line mtDNA Siberian Tatars increasingly converging with those of the group of medium-Central predominantly Turkic-speaking peoples.

These directions interethnic relationships are reconstructed from the results of a detailed analysis of phylogeography identified in Siberian Tatars haplogroups and individual sequences of mtDNA in the Eurasian population. The results of this analysis showed that the distribution profile of mtDNA haplogroups in the gene pool of Siberian Tatars is most similar to those of the Ob-Ugric peoples (Khanty and Mansi); especially with respect to the most common clusters, the total frequency of whom Siberian Tatars is more than 70% - this haplogroup C, D, H, T U.

Some are common to the Siberian Tatars Ob-Ugric peoples, specific to the latter, the haplotypes were as nodes of the phylogenetic tree of mtDNA haplotypes Tobol-Irtysh Tatars. The similarity of the Siberian Tatars with the Turkic groups of Siberia and Central Asia's most vividly seen in the distribution of haplogroups of East Asian origin - B and F. The fact that phylogenetically nearest identified haplotype clusters B and F are identified today is not in the Siberian and Central Asian region but in China, presumably binds them appearance in the gene pool Tobol-Irtysh Tatars with the ancient Turks.

Appearance in the gene pool of Siberian Tatars haplotypes belonging to clusters U2, U3 U7, given the current distribution in the population of Eurasia, we should recognize the consequence of the combined effect of the steppe nomads (the Iranic and the Turkic-speaking tribes for centuries inhabited the steppes of North Asia) on the study of a group of the population of Western Siberia.

Reconstructed on the basis of ethnic genetic distances status mitochondrial gene pool Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars in the modern space ethnogenetical Northern Eurasia is characterized as an intermediate between the West Siberian Ugric peoples (Mansi and Khanty), Central Asian (Turkmen, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Uighurs) and Volga-Ural (Chuvash, Tatars) Turkic peoples. The degree of genetic proximity to each of these groups is ranked in descending order as follows: Ob Ugrics-> Turks of Central Asia-> Turks of Volga-Ural region.

According to a variety of mtDNA Tobol-Irtysh Tatars especially converge with the Turkic peoples of the Kipchak group, it is enough to distance themselves from the peoples of the Siberian Tatars, including the Turkic-speaking, South and East Siberia, Mongolia and the Samoyeds. It should be noted that the weight of the Samoyedic population of Western Siberia in shaping the genetic diversity of the Tobol-ir-tyshskih Tatars may be underestimated, since it is the population in the northern group represented only Entsi / Nganasans. The picture may change with the involvement of the Selkups in the analysis.

Identified multicomponent mitochondrial gene pool Tobol-Irtysh Tatars revealed a high level of mtDNA diversity of this population group. As shown in all indicators of diversity - the distribution of haplotype frequencies in the population, the average number of nucleotide differences between haplotypes, and, finally, an integrated indicator of the diversity of individual mtDNA haplotypes in a population - come together with the upper limit of the interval corresponding estimates for the Turkic-speaking peoples of different regions of Northern Eurasia - Volga-Ural region, South Siberia and Central Asia.

The high level of total mtDNA diversity Tobol-Irtysh Tatars includes high interpopulation variability. The paper was assessed contribution to the overall diversity of different levels of abstraction of the study population - local populations ethno-linguistic (dialect) groups Tobol-Irtysh Tatars. According to information received in total mtDNA diversity Tobol-Irtysh Tatars 92.87% accounted for by intra-population polymorphism, 5.28% - the share of interpopulation diversity in territorial groups, and 1.85% - a contribution to inter-group differences in genetic differentiation of Tobol-Irtysh Tatars. Estimates derived from data on the diversity of Turkic population ofTobol-Irtysh interfluve, were generally well with the average changes in related similar estimates for highly differentiated populations of North Asia, according to the known polymorphism immuno-biochemical genetic markers.

Researched groups of Tobol Irtysh Siberian Tatars are genetically varied from group to group. Consideration on the basis of genetic distances degree of genetic closeness \ remoteness ethno-linguistic groups of Tobol-Irtysh Tatars - Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotnie and Tevriz - among themselves and with other nations of Northern Eurasia showed the following. First of all, there is a certain isolation of Tevriz Tatars in the number of pending groups Tobol-Irtysh interfluve, the cause of which is seen especially because they rank more closely with the Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia - Khakas, Altai people and Tuvans.

In the mitochondrial gene pool of Tobol Tatars is also expressed influence of the Eastern European populations, which is reflected in the low values ​​of genetic distances to the Russians and Mordvins. Each group has scored differently on the scale of closeness with Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia: Zabolotnie Tatars have the lowest genetic distance towards the Uzbeks and Uighurs, Tobol Tatars - to Kazakhs, Tevriz Tatars - to Turkmen.

Notabe is the position of Tyumen Tatars, which especially converge all other ethno-linguistic groups under consideration, the mitochondrial gene pool in which a special power is similar to a generalized, undifferentiated gene pool considered Tobol-Irtysh Tatars. Such, the state of the gene pool of the Tyumen Tatars, when a separate group has averaged for the population of the region (in this case the basin of the Tobol and Irtysh) genetic characteristics, may be partly explained by the historical heritage, the consequence of the formation in the XIV century. Tyumen Khanate, centered on the place of the modern city of Tyumen.

In this case, the center of a state that apparently could be the center of attraction the mixing of different members of the state population. By these differences, all of the groups in the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars were close to the Ob Ugric (Khanty and Mansi), ie most pronounced common core gene pools of different territorial groups Tobol-Irtysh Tatars seems "Ugric" substrate component.

In general, the results of the evidence that the data on a variety of mtDNA major contribution to the gene pool of Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars belongs Ugric genetic component seems fairly pronounced genetic contribution Turkic ( to a greater extent, apparently, Kipchak) and less significant contribution seems Samoyed and Mongolian tribes and peoples.

At the same time, inter-group genetic variability of Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, apparently, may be partly due to varying degrees of diversified "Ugric" and "Turkic" genetic components in the gene pools of different ethno-linguistic groups, and partly-heterogeneity actually Turkic-speaking population, who have contributed to the formation of genetic diversity of different sub-groups of Tobol-Irtysh Tatars.