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haplogroup is x2 in natives is likely from ancestors of Atlai peoples not Solutreans. Or possibly Evenks which would explain its low distribution and why the oldest x2a is found in kennewick man along the west coast and not the east coast.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)
Earlier (2001) research indicated that Altaians have maintained their native identity and only begun, very recently, to mix with groups (mostly Russians and Kazakhs) who do not show mtDNA haplogroup X. Genetic studies and researchers show, "the analysis of the tribal structure of Southern Altaians has shown that the present-day Altaians have retained their native language and ethnic identity. They have begun to mix with other ethnic groups (mostly Russians and Kazakhs) only recently, so the interethnic admixture is estimated to be <5% (Luzina 1987; Osipova et al. 1997). The haplogroup X mtDNAs have not been found in populations of central Asia, including Kazakhs, Uighurs, and Kirghizs (Comas et al. 1998). Since the frequency of haplogroup X in Russians is extremely low (3 of 336; Orekhov et al. 1999; Malyarchuk and Derenko 2000; authors’ unpublished data), the recent European admixture cannot explain the presence of haplogroup X in the Altaians. Hence, the results of the present study allow us to suggest that haplogroup X was the part of the ancestral gene pool for Altaian populations, being found both in northern and southern Altaians."[13]
In addition, these same (2001) researchers indicated that the mtDNA haplogroup X haplotype present in the Altaians of Siberia is intermediate between Native Americans clades and that of Europeans. As a Russian research group observed, "American Indian and European haplogroup X mtDNAs ... are distantly related to each other". They propose however not an early European colonization of America, but that Altaians contributed to migrants bound for Europe and America; "The network further suggests that the Altaian X haplotypes occupy the intermediate position between European and American Indian haplogroup X mtDNA lineages"[13] However, further research in 2003 indicated that the haplotype present in the Altaians is not intermediate between Native American clades and that of Europeans, and that the Native Americans probably split early from the others, with the split occurring "likely at the very beginning of their expansion and spread from the Near East, ... around, or after, the Last Glacial Maximum when the climate ameliorated".[7]
One theory of how the X Haplogroup ended up in North America is it migrated from central Asia along with the A, B, C, and D Haplogroups, from an ancestor from the Altai Region of Central Asia.[15] Two sequences of haplogroup X2 were sampled further east of Altai among the Evenks of Central Siberia.[7] These two sequences belong to X2* and X2b. It is uncertain if they represent a remnant of the migration of X2 through Siberia or a more recent input.[15]
This relative absence of haplogroup X2 in Asia is one of the major factors used to support the Solutrean hypothesis. However, the New World haplogroup X2a is as different from any of the Old World X2b, X2c, X2d, X2e, and X2f lineages as they are from each other, indicating an early origin "likely at the very beginning of their expansion and spread from the Near East".[15]
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As of 2022, I would add also 10) to the list of races, North-Eastern African foragers:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04430-9
https://www.nature.com/articles/s415...30-9/figures/3
https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc8386425
https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8386425/figure/F4/
https://landofpunt.wordpress.com/tag/mota/
Last edited by Peterski; 03-24-2022 at 12:46 PM.
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Try my new G25 calculator, which is partially based on my concept from this thread (but improved and updated):
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...G25-calculator
^^^
Let's move further discussion to the calculator's thread above. I'm now closing this thread.
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