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Thread: INDOEUROPEICS - everything about Indoeuropeans (what doesn't fit to other threads).

  1. #41
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    Finland is rediscovering her IE roots, publishing such pearls:

    http://pielexicon.hum.helsinki.fi/

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    Bussines as usuall... https://www.nature.com/articles/srep43950

    Diverse origin of mitochondrial
    lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians


    Abstract:
    Scythians were nomadic and semi-nomadic people that ruled the Eurasian steppe during much of the first millennium BCE. While having been extensively studied by archaeology, very little is known about their genetic identity. To fill this gap, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Scythians of the North Pontic Region (NPR) and successfully retrieved 19 whole mtDNA genomes. We have identified three potential mtDNA lineage ancestries of the NPR Scythians tracing back to hunter-gatherer and nomadic populations of east and west Eurasia as well as the Neolithic farming expansion into Europe. One third of all mt lineages in our dataset belonged to subdivisions of mt haplogroup U5. A comparison of NPR Scythian mtDNA linages with other contemporaneous Scythian groups, the Saka and the Pazyryks, reveals a common mtDNA package comprised of haplogroups H/H5, U5a, A, D/D4, and F1/F2. Of these, west Eurasian lineages show a downward cline in the west-east direction while east Eurasian haplogroups display the opposite trajectory. An overall similarity in mtDNA lineages of the NPR Scythians was found with the late Bronze Age Srubnaya population of the Northern Black Sea region which supports the archaeological hypothesis suggesting Srubnaya people as ancestors of the NPR Scythians.

    Conclusions

    Sequence data from whole mt genomes indicate three potential mtDNA lineage ancestries of the NPR Scythians. The first component traces back to west Eurasian hunter-gatherers and is represented by the lineages belonging to subdivisions of haplogroup U5. The second component is composed of mt lineages connected with Neolithic farming expansion into Europe (H, J, T, W and N1b). The last ancestral mt lineage component is comprised of east Eurasian haplotypes belonging to D, A, F1, H8 and M10 which point to association of the NPR Scythians with east Eurasian populations, in particular from the Altai region. A comparison of NPR Scythian mtDNA lineages with other ancient groups suggests close genetic affinities with representatives of the Bronze Age Srubnaya population, which is in agreement with the archaeological hypothesis suggesting Srubnaya people as the ancestors of the NPR Scythians. However, to provide additional genetic support for this hypothesis data from nuclear genomes are needed.


    Rest in the link.


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    Anschluß Rumäniens...


  4. #44
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    http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/0...storalist.html

    Once, we were walking healthness...

    Friday, June 2, 2017
    The healthy Kurgan pastoralist

    Just in at bioRxiv, a new preprint on the genomic health of ancient hominins, at this LINK. Obviously, if it's true that the Yamnaya and other closely related Kurgan culture pastoralists of the ancient Eurasian steppe had unusually healthy genomes, then it becomes easier to understand why they made such a massive impact on the ancestry of present-day Europeans and Central and South Asians, because populations that enjoy good health are likely to grow faster than those that don't. From the preprint, emphasis is mine:

    Abstract: The genomes of ancient humans, Neandertals, and Denisovans contain many alleles that influence disease risks. Using genotypes at 3180 disease-associated loci, we estimated the disease burden of 147 ancient genomes. After correcting for missing data, genetic risk scores were generated for nine disease categories and the set of all combined diseases. These genetic risk scores were used to examine the effects of different types of subsistence, geography, and sample age on the number of risk alleles in each ancient genome. On a broad scale, hereditary disease risks are similar for ancient hominins and modern-day humans, and the GRS percentiles of ancient individuals span the full range of what is observed in present day individuals. In addition, there is evidence that ancient pastoralists may have had healthier genomes than hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. We also observed a temporal trend whereby genomes from the recent past are more likely to be healthier than genomes from the deep past. This calls into question the idea that modern lifestyles have caused genetic load to increase over time. Focusing on individual genomes, we find that the overall genomic health of the Altai Neandertal is worse than 97% of present day humans and that Otzi the Tyrolean Iceman had a genetic predisposition to gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. As demonstrated by this work, ancient genomes afford us new opportunities to diagnose past human health, which has previously been limited by the quality and completeness of remains.

    ...

    Both the allergy/autoimmune and gastrointestinal/liver disease categories (which share many of the same disease-associated loci) show significantly lower genetic risk in pastoralists than agriculturalists and hunter gatherers. Pastoralists also have significantly reduced risk for cancer compared to agriculturalists. Agriculturalists have a higher genetic risk for dental/periodontal diseases than hunter-gatherers and pastoralists. In general, pastoralists possess extremely healthy genomes, especially for cancers and immune-related, periodontal, and gastrointestinal diseases.

    ...

    It is unclear why pastoralists would have the lowest risk in these specific disease categories. We caution that this pattern may be the result of technical issues, as pastoralists have the smallest sample size (only 19 individuals) and geographic range (between 40-90°E longitude and 45-55°N latitude, Figure 1B). Because populations that have different subsistence types also differ in other ways, the lower GRS of pastoral populations may be due to other factors, including demographic history.

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    And we knew wool very early...

    http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/0...d-figures.html

    Wednesday, June 7, 2017
    The pigtailed figures

    Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vocabulary suggests that the speakers of PIE, who probably lived on the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the Eneolithic, were familiar with wool. Interestingly, ancient DNA suggests that Near Eastern-related ancestry first appeared on the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the Eneolithic, because Neolithic samples from the Pontic steppe in what is now Ukraine lack this type of admixture. Perhaps it first arrived there with women from south of the Caucasus who knew how to spin wool? Below are a couple of interesting quotes from Becker et al. 2016. Emphasis is mine:

    For ancient Mesopotamia McCorriston has proposed a fundamental shift from linen-based to woollen textile production. [4] Drawing on evidence from cuneiform texts as well as faunal and botanical remains, she suggests that it was in the 3rd or perhaps late 4th millennium BCE that wool became the fibre of choice for everyday use. Recent archaeological and archaeozoological research, however, suggests a considerably earlier date, before the advent of writing. Written sources from the mid- to late 3rd millennium BCE demonstrate that sheep and goats were maintained in herds of some dozens to a few hundred and herded in large flocks up to several thousand animals. In fact, cuneiform records provide ample evidence for the usage of wool in textile manufacture, whereas linen appears only rarely. The growth of a large-scale woollen textile industry rested on women as the main source of labour.

    During the Late Uruk and Jemdat Nasr periods in Mesopotamia, scenes appear on cylinder seals that have been interpreted as showing textile production carried out by so-called pigtailed figures. [93] A specific raw material cannot be deduced from these depictions, but the substantial number of scenes indicates a significant concern with cloth manufacture.

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    And about pre-Sumeric Indoeuropeans once again...

    https://genetiker.wordpress.com/2017...ptian-genomes/

    The Sumerian language spoken in southern Mesopotamia was at one time widely held to be an Indo-European language. This 2009 paper reviews 30 Sumerian and Proto-Indo-European words that show some kind of relationship. And this 2008 paper by Gordon Whittaker presents his theory that an Indo-European language he calls Euphratic was spoken in southern Mesopotamia before Sumerian was spoken there, and that the earliest proto-cuneiform tablets of the Late Uruk period (3350–3100 BC) are written in this Indo-European language. It’s possible that these Indo-Europeans of southern Mesopotamia belonged to Y haplogroup R1b-M269, and that their Y chromosomes were transmitted by the Dynastic Race of Egypt through the centuries to Tutankhamun, who is reported to have belonged to R1b-M269.

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    We were even genetically healtheir, much healthier than rest of humans.

    (I know, it was, similar, but should be remind )

    http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/06/02/145193

    Abstract

    The genomes of ancient humans, Neandertals, and Denisovans contain many alleles that influence disease risks. Using genotypes at 3180 disease-associated loci, we estimated the disease burden of 147 ancient genomes. After correcting for missing data, genetic risk scores were generated for nine disease categories and the set of all combined diseases. These genetic risk scores were used to examine the effects of different types of subsistence, geography, and sample age on the number of risk alleles in each ancient genome. On a broad scale, hereditary disease risks are similar for ancient hominins and modern-day humans, and the GRS percentiles of ancient individuals span the full range of what is observed in present day individuals. In addition, there is evidence that ancient pastoralists may have had healthier genomes than hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. We also observed a temporal trend whereby genomes from the recent past are more likely to be healthier than genomes from the deep past. This calls into question the idea that modern lifestyles have caused genetic load to increase over time. Focusing on individual genomes, we find that the overall genomic health of the Altai Neandertal is worse than 97% of present day humans and that Otzi the Tyrolean Iceman had a genetic predisposition to gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. As demonstrated by this work, ancient genomes afford us new opportunities to diagnose past human health, which has previously been limited by the quality and completeness of remains.

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    Battle Axe Corded Ware Man:


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    This is interesting https://facet.wp.pl/zabierajac-zonom...2195159237249a

    Another stick in the eye of mt-autosomalotards

    Conclusion: women in Medieval Europe, even if they were from
    imperial house, had to often change the name (not surname, but
    personal first name) to fit to husband's family, language and culture.
    Very similar was also in other times, also in antiquity. This is also the
    case, why Regelinda has german name, not slavic, similar like Sygryda
    from Sweden-Denmark-England.

    BUT even in the same or similar cultural/lingustic enviroment name were changed.

    For example Henry III. Salic renamed his wife from Gunhild to Kunegund (both germanic).

    "Gunhilda and Henry were finally betrothed at Pentecost 1035 in
    Bambergand married one year later in Nijmegen. Upon her wedding,
    she took the German name Kunigunde."

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    http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/0...n-chinese.html

    North European admixture in the Han Chinese (Charleston et al. 2017 preprint)

    Over at bioRxiv at this link. Emphasis is mine. The estimated date of the North European-related admixture signal is probably much too late. These sorts of estimates always look way off. And I doubt that it's largely the result of the Silk Road, which linked China to the Near East and Mediterranean rather than to Northern Europe. More likely it reflects gene flow from the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe during the Bronze and Iron ages, via the Afanasievo, Andronovo, and other closely related steppe peoples (see here).

    Abstract: As are most non-European populations around the globe, the Han Chinese are relatively understudied in population and medical genetics studies. From low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 11,670 Han Chinese women we present a catalog of 25,057,223 variants, including 548,401 novel variants that are seen at least 10 times in our dataset. Individuals from our study come from 19 out of 22 provinces across China, allowing us to study population structure, genetic ancestry, and local adaptation in Han Chinese. We identify previously unrecognized population structure along the East-West axis of China and report unique signals of admixture across geographical space, such as European influences among the Northwestern provinces of China. Finally, we identified a number of highly differentiated loci, indicative of local adaptation in the Han Chinese. In particular, we detected extreme differentiation among the Han Chinese at MTHFR, ADH7, and FADS loci, suggesting that these loci may not be specifically selected in Tibetan and Inuit populations as previously suggested. On the other hand, we find that Neandertal ancestry does not vary significantly across the provinces, consistent with admixture prior to the dispersal of modern Han Chinese. Furthermore, contrary to a previous report, Neandertal ancestry does not explain a significant amount of heritability in depression. Our findings provide the largest genetic data set so far made available for Han Chinese and provide insights into the history and population structure of the world's largest ethnic group.

    ...

    One finding from our analysis of admixture signals that most likely fit a one-pulse admixture model is our observation of admixture from Northern European populations to the Northwestern provinces of China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi), but not other parts of China. Previous analysis of the HGDP data, based on patterns of haplotype sharing among 10 Han Chinese from Northern China, estimated a single pulse of ~6% West Eurasian ancestry among the Northern Han Chinese. The estimated date of admixture was around 1200 CE. This signal is also observed among the Tu people, an ethnic minority also from Northwestern China; the authors attributed this signal to contact through the Silk Road (Hellenthal et al. 2014). We estimate a lower bound of admixture proportion due to Northern Europeans at approximately 2%-5%, with an admixture date of about 26 +/-3 generations for Gansu, and 47 +/-3 generations for Shaanxi [Table S8]. Using a generation time of about 26-30 years (Moorjani et al. 2016), these estimates correspond to admixture events occurring at around 700 CE and 1300 CE, respectively, corresponding roughly to the Tang and Yuan dynasty in China. However, these estimated dates should be interpreted with caution, as both the violation of a single pulse admixture model and the additional noise in inter-marker LD estimates due to low coverage data could bias the estimates.

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