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http://nekhbet.com/haplo.shtmlOriginally Posted by Y-DNAE origin:
50-55Kyr in East Africa or the Middle East
E1b1b
mutation: M78
current populations: About 14Kyr, E1b1b spread throughout North and North East Africa, the Near East and later Europe. E1b1b is the third most frequent Y haplogroup in Europe.
G origin:
15-35Kyr in Near East or Southern Asia
G was one of the "F-scale" haplogroups "injected" into the (R1b and I) populations of Old Europe during the Neolithic expansion of peoples from the Near East about 10Kyr.
G2a1a
mutation: L293
current populations: Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Ashkenazi Jews
G2a1a
mutation: L293
current populations: Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Ashkenazi Jews
G2a1b
mutation: L223
current populations: Southwest and southern Asia, Corsica and Sardinia
Oetzi, the Iceman preserved for over 5Kyr in the icy Italian Alps, belongs to G2a1b.
G2a1c1
mutation: M406
current populations: Turkey (5%), Greece (5%), Iraq (Kurds), Italy, Spain, Netherlands and Switzerland
G2a1c1a1
mutation:
current populations: Europe and Turkey (Armenia)
I origin:
25-30Kyr in Europe or the Middle East
mutation:
M170
current populations:
I is carried by the descendants of men who are believed to have arrived in Europe from the Middle East 20-25Kyr ago. They were associated with the Gravettian culture (22-28Kyr). I is the second most common Y haplogroup in North West Europe after R1b. 25% of males in Europe: the Balkans, Germany, Scandinavia and North Western Europe carry I. (Bosnia and Herzegovina 65%, Norway 40%, Denmark, 39%, Germany 24% and England 20%)
However, a competing theory runs that the parent of I (IJ) was the oldest Y haplogroup to appear in Europe - and that it (not R1b) was carried by the descendants of Cro-Magnon - at about 25Kyr.
The sub-clades of I are:
I1
origin: 15-25Kyr in Europe
mutation: M253
current populations: found in 35% of the Scandinavian population (Southern Norway, South Western Sweden and Denmark), Iceland and Northwestern Europe
I1 is associated with the Viking conquest of Britian.
I2
origin: 15Kyr in Poland or south eastern Europe
mutation: M438
current populations: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Sardinia, Spain (Basques), Denmark, Germany and Sweden
J origin:
30Kyr in Southwest Asia
mutation:
M304
current populations:
Arabia, the Near East, Southern Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa and the Horn of Africa
The distribution of haplogroups J, R1b and T among the ancient (pre-Western colonial) populations of Africa is closely correlated with the language distribution of the Afro-Asiatic superfamily.
J2
origin: 18.5Kyr in Turkey or Fertile Cresent
current populations: Turkey, the Levant, Mesopotamia, the South Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia and South Asia
J2 spread into the Mediterranean area with the influx of agricultural peoples from the Near East during the early Neolithic (~10Kyr). 29% of Sephardic Jews and 23% of Ashkenazi Jews carry J2.
N origin:
15-20Kyr in Southeast Asia
mutation:
M231
current populations:
Siberia, Eurasia and Europe (Finland 60%, Latvia and Lithuania 40%, Russia 20%)
N1c1
mutation: M46
current population: Siberia and northern Europe
R origin:
20-35Kyr in Central or South Asia
mutation:
M207
current populations:
Europe, Central and South Asia, the Middle East and Africa
The sub-clades of R are:
R1
origin: 12-25Kyr in Central or South Asia
mutation: M173
current populations: Europe, Western Asia, Africa, Siberia and the Americas
R1 is relatively common among male Amer-Indians - in North Eastern Canada and the US, triggering speculation that R1 was brought to the Americas recently during the time of the European Conquest.
R1 is believed to have existed long before the end of last Ice Age. It has been associated with the Aurignacian culture (32-21Kyr). Archeological evidence supports the view that the Aurignacian culture arrived from Anatolia during the Upper Paleolithic (rather than earlier theories which tied this culture to the Iranian plateau). The Aurignacian culture and Cro-Magnon, the first modern humans to enter Europe 35-40Kyr, are linked. However, the contention that Cro-Magnon males carried R1 has been challenged. Any link, connecting R1 to the Aurignacian culture, is weak as some estimates suggest that R1 arose only 18.5Kyr ago.
R1a
origin: 18.5Kyr in Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Middle East or Eastern Europe
mutation: M420
current populations: Its distribution is associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the LGM - 18-22Kyr.
R1a1a
origin: 18.5Kyr in the Eurasian Steppes
mutation: M17
current populations: R1a1a, common in Europe, is associated with the expansion of the Kurgan people who spread Indo-European languages to Central Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe. The Kurgans were pastoral nomads, who rode the horse and chariot, shot a compound bow, smelted bronze and worshipped the sky god. They conquered (or co-opted) many cultures, notably Greece and the Indus Valley civilization. They also invaded Babylon, establishing the 500 year long Kassite dynasty.
R1b
origin: 18.5Kyr in Western Asia
mutation: M343
current populations: R1b is the most common Y haplogroup in Western Europe. The present-day male population of Western Europe, carrying R1b, is believed to have descended from a "refugium" in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) during the LGM - where the R1b1b2 haplogroup achieved a "genetic homogeneity". After the ice sheets receded in Europe, these R1b carrying males (in part) re-colonized Europe. However, see a contrary discussion regarding R1b here. It's - further - speculated that in Old Europe the dominant Paleolithic (pre-LGM) Y haplogroup was IJ (not R1b).
http://www.kerchner.com/haplogroups-mtdna.htmOriginally Posted by Mt-DNAH: Mitochondrial haplogroup H is a predominantly European haplogroup that participated in a population expansion beginning approximately 20,000 years ago. Today, about 30% of all mitochondrial lineages in Europe are classified as haplogroup H. It is rather uniformly distributed throughout Europe suggesting a major role in the peopling of Europe, and descendant lineages of the original haplogroup H appear in the Near East as a result of migration. Future work will better resolve the distribution and historical characteristics of this haplogroup. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Helena. [...]
HV: Mitochondrial haplogroup HV is a primarily European haplogroup that underwent an expansion beginning approximately 20,000 years ago. It is more prevalent in western Europe than in eastern Europe, and descendant lineages of the original haplogroup HV appear in the Near East as a result of more recent migration. One of the dominant mitochondrial haplogroups in Europe, haplogroup HV pre-dates the occurrence of farming in Europe. Future work will better resolve the distribution and historical characteristics of this haplogroup. [...]
I: Principally a European haplogroup, haplogroup I is detected at very low frequency across west Eurasia with slightly greater representation in northern and western Europe. Given its wide, but sparse, distribution, it is likely that it was present in those populations that first colonized Europe. This hypothesis is supported by the estimate its age—approximately 30,000 years. Bonnie Schrack in her mtDNA Haplogroup I project named this mtDNA haplogroup Iris. [...]
J*: The mitochondrial haplogroup J contains several sub-lineages. The original haplogroup J originated in the Near East approximately 50,000 years ago. Within Europe, sub-lineages of haplogroup J have distinct and interesting distributions. Haplogroup J* — the root lineage of haplogroup J — is found distributed throughout Europe, but at a relatively low frequency. Haplogroup J* is generally considered one of the prominent lineages that was part of the Neolithic spread of agriculture into Europe from the Near East beginning approximately 10,000 years ago. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Jasmine. [...]
J1b1: The mitochondrial haplogroup J contains several sub-lineages. The original haplogroup J originated in the Near East approximately 50,000 years ago. Within Europe, sub-lineages of haplogroup J have distinct and interesting distributions. Haplogroup J1b is found distributed in the Near East and southern Iberia, and may have been part of the original colonization wave of Neolithic settlers moving around the Mediterranean 6000 years ago or perhaps a lineage of Phoenician traders. Within haplogroup J1b, a derivative lineage haplogroup J1b1 has been found in Britain and another sub-lineage detected in Italy. Further research will better establish the relationship of these two geographically distant, yet evolutionarily related, haplogroups. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Jasmine. [...]
K: The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Haplogroup K is found through Europe, and contains multiple closely related lineages indicating a recent population expansion. The origin of haplogroup K dates to approximately 16,000 years ago, and it has been suggested that individuals with this haplogroup took part in the pre-Neolithic expansion following the Last Glacial Maximum. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Katrine. [...]
N: Haplogroup N. The N superhaplogroup has been characterized as pan-Eurasian. Haplogroup N is one of the two major trunks emerging from the original African root, and dates to approximately 65,000 years ago. Interestingly, several sub-haplogroups of the N cluster—haplogroup N1 and derivative lineages—have been detected in the Near East, suggesting either early divergence near the root of haplogroup N or subsequent migrations back towards western Eurasia following the original dispersal into east Eurasia. Future work will further document the historical distribution of this root haplogroup and closely related haplogroups within the N cluster. [...]
N1c: N1c specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different regions of the world, and this is due to unique population histories. In the process of spreading around the world, many populations—with their special mitochondrial haplogroups—became isolated, and specific haplogroups concentrated in geographic regions. Today, we have identified certain haplogroups that originated in Africa, Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, the Americas, and even particular ethnic groups. Of course, haplogroups that are specific to one region are sometimes found in another, but this is due to recent migration. [...]
T: Haplogroup T is believed to have lived around 17,000 years ago in Nothern Italy. Tara's people would have come from the Near East, and her descendents spread all over Europe. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Tara. [...]
U2: Mitochondrial haplogroup U2. [...]
U5: The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Haplogroup U5, with its own multiple lineages nested within, is the oldest European-specific haplogroup, and its origin dates to approximately 50,000 years ago. Most likely arising in the Near East, and spreading into Europe in a very early expansion, the presence of haplogroup U5 in Europe pre-dates the expansion of agriculture in Europe. Haplogroup U5a1—a lineage within haplogroup U5—arose in Europe approximately 30,000 years ago, and is mainly found in northwest Europe. In the context of its rather ancient origin, the modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1 suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Ursula. [...]
U6: The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Ursula. [...]
U7: The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Haplogroup U7 has a Near Eastern origin approximately 30,000 years ago. Within Europe, it occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Ursula. [...]
X: Haplogroup X is found in Europe and Asia, and is believed to have migrated to the Americas about 15,000 years ago, making up a very small component of the Native American population. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Xenia. [...]
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