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Thread: Genetics of the Peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval Peloponnesean

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    Default Genetics of the Peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval Peloponnesean

    http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v...hg201718a.html

    Peloponnese has been one of the cradles of the Classical European civilization and an important contributor to the ancient European history. It has also been the subject of a controversy about the ancestry of its population. In a theory hotly debated by scholars for over 170 years, the German historian Jacob Philipp Fallmerayer proposed that the medieval Peloponneseans were totally extinguished by Slavic and Avar invaders and replaced by Slavic settlers during the 6th century CE. Here we use 2.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms to investigate the genetic structure of Peloponnesean populations in a sample of 241 individuals originating from all districts of the peninsula and to examine predictions of the theory of replacement of the medieval Peloponneseans by Slavs. We find considerable heterogeneity of Peloponnesean populations exemplified by genetically distinct subpopulations and by gene flow gradients within Peloponnese. By principal component analysis (PCA) and ADMIXTURE analysis the Peloponneseans are clearly distinguishable from the populations of the Slavic homeland and are very similar to Sicilians and Italians. Using a novel method of quantitative analysis of ADMIXTURE output we find that the Slavic ancestry of Peloponnesean subpopulations ranges from 0.2 to 14.4%. Subpopulations considered by Fallmerayer to be Slavic tribes or to have Near Eastern origin, have no significant ancestry of either. This study rejects the theory of extinction of medieval Peloponneseans and illustrates how genetics can clarify important aspects of the history of a human population.

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    Mostly greek researchers suggest a sample bias, this is too politically motivated for them.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Era View Post
    Mostly greek researchers suggest a sample bias, this is too politically motivated for them.
    I think, given the constant battles over Greek history on TA, it's an interesting study to throw into the mix. The authors do note that there was Slavic settlement in the Peloponnese but their numbers were not as large as historical documents might suggest:
    It is clear that the Slavs settled in Peloponnese, as the quantitative measurements of Slavic ancestry indicate (Tables 2 and 3). It also seems that their numbers were relatively small compared to the size of the local population as the low levels of Slavic ancestry of the Peloponnesean populations indicate.

    In his book on the Administration of the Empire22 Constantin Porphyrogenitua describes the wars between the Byzantines and two Slavic tribes, who initially had settled the lowland Laconia but were forced to withdraw to the security of the slopes of the mount Tayetos, in order to avoid subjugation to Byzantine rule. Porphyrogenitus tells us that the slopes of Tayetos were Slavic lands; however, our analyses show low levels of Slavic ancestry in the populations of Tayetos. The most reasonable interpretation for the discrepancy between the medieval text and the genetic data is that the size of the Slavic settlements in the slopes of Tayetos was small and the Slavic population was diluted by migrations from Deep Mani during the subsequent centuries. Despite its inhospitable environment, Deep Mani was densely populated29 and there is historical evidence for high mobility and migrations of Maniots.30 A gene flow path from Deep Mani to the slopes of Tayetos is also suggested by our PCA analysis and the correlations between geographic coordinates and principal components.
    In that vein, I'm interested in Scholarios Chiotis's thoughts on the matter should he see this thread, seeing that he's half-Peloponnesian.

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    Methodology:
    The study has been reviewed by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Washington and the ethical committees of several provisional hospitals. We focused on the rural population. We analyzed a total of 241 samples genotyped with the Illumina Infinium Omni 2.5–8 arrays. This is a novel data set collected under the auspices of our study. Subjects were included in the study if all four grandparents originated from the same village or from villages that were <10 kilometers apart. The ages of most participants ranged between 70 and 90 years (the oldest subject was 107 years old); hence their grandparents were born between 1860 and 1880. In the 1861 census the population of Peloponnese was 578 598 individuals. At that time the economy of Peloponnese was exclusively agricultural and over 85% of the population was living in small villages and hamlets. We sampled all the districts of Peloponnese (Figure 1a and Supplementary Table 1) and also focused on two culturally distinct subpopulations, the Tsacones and the Maniots. To compare the Peloponneseans with other populations we analyzed samples from published data sets and data sets generated by our studies (Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Figure 1). Merging genotypes from different sources and quality control were done as described.11

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    Both my parents are from the slopes of the Taygetos and my gedmatch results are nearly identical to that of other mainland Greeks. What the study says is true, Mani and Tsakonia were very heavily populated during the middle ages and served as refuge regions for Greeks displaced by Slavs. After some centuries the Slavs were removed and Maniots and Tsakones repopulated the land. Many Cretans also fled to Mani after the fall of Chania, and then later dispersed throughout the rest of the region. My paternal line is from there.

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    Peloponnese was REPOPULATED by Sicilians, Cretans, Dodecanese, and Anatolian Greeks. So no, they are NOT the medieval population in part but they're not significantly Slavic either. This is why they are similar to Sicilians. But they still do have more North European admixture than them, though less than northern Greece.

    A lot of southern Peloponnesian surnames are also ending in -akis.

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    This here shows that Sicilians have more West Euro than Peloponnesians (see the RIGHT chart with only West Euros included) while Peloponnesians have more East Euro than Sicilians (see the LEFT chart with East Euro affinity measured).


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    The 14.4% Slavic in some Peloponnesians does show on the left chart above.. those are the people who drift away from the Sicilians.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Sikeliot View Post
    Peloponnese was REPOPULATED by Sicilians, Cretans, Dodecanese, and Anatolian Greeks. So no, they are NOT the medieval population in part but they're not significantly Slavic either. This is why they are similar to Sicilians. But they still do have more North European admixture than them, though less than northern Greece.

    A lot of southern Peloponnesian surnames are also ending in -akis.
    Put a time frame on that; Sorcelow already mentioned Cretans in Mani (as did the paper), but what about the others (Dodecanese, Anatolians, Sicilians).

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