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Update
They have split up Sicily from Southern Italy also.
1750–1800
Life in Mezzogiorno
Family was the center of life in southern Italy. Children usually lived at home until marriage, which was typically arranged with the consent of their parents. Rarely did anyone marry outside of their social class or even family trade. Land, houses, and furnishings were passed down from generation to generation. Most people lived in agro-towns. Women ran their homes while men worked as agricultural laborers outside the city, often away for weeks at a time.
1800–1850
Aspirations for Independence
Tired of being controlled by foreign powers, the idea of national independence began to grow in southern Italy. Some people joined secret revolutionary societies, called the Carbonari, which fought towards establishing a liberal, unified Italy. Many men worked as sharecroppers for weekly or even daily wages, while others made a meager living as artisans. For the majority of the region, poverty was the norm and more than half of the people were illiterate.
1850–1875
La Miseria
When Italy became a unified nation in 1861, southern Italians hoped the change would lift them out of their desperate poverty, called la miseria. Unfortunately, new government policies favored Northern Italy, where southerners were seen as backward peasants. People in the south were forced into military service and paid heavy taxes but saw little government investment in the region. During this time of chaos, social upheaval, and rising crime, some began to look elsewhere for opportunity, including on the other side of the Atlantic in cities like New York.
Struggling to Improve Conditions
For the masses, life in southern Italy continued to get worse. Poor crop yields, the highest taxes in Europe, malaria and cholera outbreaks, a booming population, and widespread unemployment left many feeling hopeless. With no ready solution at home, some young men began going abroad for work. Many were illiterate peasant farmers or fishermen, with no plans to make their move permanent. They gravitated to large cities where they could find work building roads, bridges, tunnels, and railroads. The Italian government encouraged emigration as a way to bring much-needed cash into the country via remittances and also to help alleviate overpopulation.
1925–1950
The Making of an Italian American
Emigration from southern Italy to the United States slowed during World War I, and again after 1924 when a new law limited the number of immigrants allowed into the country. However, second-generation southern Italians were integrating into American culture and by 1930 more than 100,000 southern Italians and Sicilians lived in the East Harlem neighborhood of New York City. During World War II, they were among the 500,000 Italian Americans who served in the U.S. Armed Forces. This helped cement their place as valued American citizens.
1900–1925
Following Family Across the Atlantic
Pushed from home by an unstable government and fueled by money sent from those already in America, entire families began to leave southern Italy. They found work as fisherman and citrus farmers in California, coal miners in Pennsylvania, and seamstresses, tailors, fruit sellers, and construction workers in big cities like New York and Chicago. They gathered in “Little Italies,” establishing neighborhoods based on old family and town loyalties, but many still dreamed of returning home and put off learning English or becoming citizens.
1925–1950
The Making of an Italian American
Emigration from southern Italy to the United States slowed during World War I, and again after 1924 when a new law limited the number of immigrants allowed into the country. However, second-generation southern Italians were integrating into American culture and by 1930 more than 100,000 southern Italians and Sicilians lived in the East Harlem neighborhood of New York City. During World War II, they were among the 500,000 Italian Americans who served in the U.S. Armed Forces. This helped cement their place as valued American citizens.
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