The
1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the
Raid on the Sublime Porte (
Turkish:
Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a
coup d'état carried out in the
Ottoman Empire by a number of
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by
Ismail Enver Bey and
Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the
Sublime Porte (Turkish:
Bâb-ı Âlî). During the coup, the Minister of the Navy
Nazım Pasha was assassinated and the
Grand Vizier,
Kâmil Pasha, was forced to resign. After the coup, the government fell into the hands of the Committee of Union and Progress, now under the leadership of the triumvirate known as the "
Three Pashas", made up of Enver, Talaat, and
Djemal Pasha.
In 1911, the
Freedom and Accord Party (also known as the Liberal Union or Liberal Entente), Kâmil Pasha's party, was formed in opposition to the CUP and almost immediately won the by-elections in
Istanbul.
[1] Alarmed, the CUP rigged the general elections of 1912 with electoral fraud and violence against Freedom and Accord, earning them the nickname "
Election of Clubs" (Turkish:
Sopalı Seçimler).
[2] In response, the
Savior Officers (Turkish:
Halâskâr Zâbitân) of the army, partisans of Freedom and Accord determined to see the CUP fall, rose up in anger and caused the fall of the CUP's post-election
Mehmed Said Pasha government.
[3] A new government was formed under
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, but it too was dissolved after a few months in October 1912 after the sudden outbreak of the
First Balkan War.
[4]
After gaining the permission of sultan
Mehmed V to form a new government in late October 1912, Freedom and Accord leader Kâmil Pasha sat down to diplomatic talks with
Bulgaria after the unsuccessful
First Balkan War.
[5] With the Bulgarian demand for the cession of the former Ottoman capital city of
Edirne (Adrianople) looming and the outrage among the Turkish populace as well as the CUP leadership, the CUP carried out the raid on the Sublime Porte.
[5] After the coup,
opposition parties like Freedom and Accord were subject to heavy repression and their leaders arrested or exiled to Europe, while many CUP members were put into power. Coup leader Enver Bey (later Pasha), soon to be Minister of War, withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the ongoing
London Peace Conference and moved it
closer to Germany ahead of World War I.
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