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The Race Problem of... The Roman Empire!
The Great Replacement... But with swords and togas!
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/...1921.tb02635.x
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Very bad history.
Originally Posted by Immanenz
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Good post that needs to be discussed.
A bit about the author of the article:
Martin P. Nilsson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Martin Persson Nilsson (Stoby, Kristianstad County, 12 July 1874 – Lund, 7 April 1967) was a Swedish philologist, mythographer, and a scholar of the Greek, Hellenistic and Roman religious systems. In his studies he combined literary evidence with archaeological evidence, linking historic and prehistoric evidence for the evolution of the Greek mythological cycles.
Biography
Beginning in 1900 as a tutor at the University of Lund, he was appointed Secretary to the Swedish Archaeological Commission working in Rhodes, in 1905. In 1909 he was appointed Professor of Ancient Greek, Classical Archaeology and Ancient History at Lund. Later, Nilsson was Secretary of the Royal Society of Letters in Lund and an Associate of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, in Stockholm. In 1924 he was made a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1939 and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[1][2]
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From the time of MAXIMINUS THRAX the emperors were barbarians, many of them Illyrians; in all probability they belonged to the refractory people that we know in our time. as Albanians. They turned the Empire upside-down in the third century, but the vigour of these emperors did at last create order. The lack of recruits, however, was not due entirely to the diminishing number of the civilized popula- tion: here the deep-rooted pacificism of' the age also made itself felt; hut it vigorously contributed to the immixture of barbarians and provincials in the governing classes. From the time of DIOCLETIAN the best bodies of troops were recruited from the Germans within and without the borders .of the Empire.
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THE RACE PROBLEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY MARTIN I? NILSSON LUSD HE fall of the Roman Empire is the greatest tragedy of history. T States have been wiped out and peoples crushed before and since, but the fall of the Roman Empire implied also the fall of the only great and world-wide culture that existed before that to which we belong. Humanity returned to much more primitive conditions of social and economic life, not to speak of education and culture. Different causes of the rapid disappearance of the glory that was Rome have been sought for. They need not be discussed here. There is more than one cause, and it will be difficult and misleading to reduce them to a single and coinmon formula. That there is also a problem of the biological order was first pointed out by Professor SEECK'. His views are an outcome of the typical popular Darwinism of the time in which he wrote. The cruelty and suspiciousness of the em- perors removed and killed all persons who, by their mental qualities, capacity, and energy, raised themselves above the average. Through an artificial, inverted selection independence and originality were stamped out and a servile people bred. The possibility of such n process cannot be denied but to attain to any result 'it would have to be carried out on a large scale and over a protracted period, sincc the population of the Empire is considered to have amounted to about 100 milliQns2. Proportionally ro this, the number of the vic- tims of the emperors' cruelty was very small, and their extinction cannot have had any considerable effect on the stock of the popula- tion of the Empire. In reality the thesis ,of Professor SEECK cannot be maintained. But the problem is there, and I think that it CIIII be approhched more safely in the light of modern research. There are great innate differences between the races of humanity: some have more natural ability than others. Sometimes it has been the fashion to deny this, and to contend that a people with all its peculiarities is the resdlt of its environments, the milieu, and the THE RACE PROBLEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 38 1 natural. It is the usual fate of an invading, conquering people, even if they are able to impose their language on the conquered. Celtic tribes had also penetrated into Pannonia and the Balkan peninsula, but were too few to acquire very much importance. The inbabitants of Pannonia seem to have been chiefly Illyrians. In Dacia and the eastern Balkan peninsula lived the Getans or Dacians, who belonged to the Aryan race, although they never had any con- siderable historical importance. Our information here is more than usually scanty and does nbt admit of any suppositions as to the older inhabitants who may have lived in these countries. The remaining province of the western part, Africa, is better known. The Punic language survived during the imperial age. Most of the hearers of St. AUGUST" understood Punic: it was spoken by the peasants. The church had its difficulties with their language; no one was readily made a bishop who did not know Punic. In the in- terior lived the Berber tribes, who still retain their peculiar language and racial type. In the East the position is simple and clear, except in the case of Asia Minor. In Egypt and the Semitic Orient the Greek culture and language had never been more than ,a thin varnish that was soon worn off. No land had been exposed to invaders to such a degree as this". The Empire of the Hittites had been crushed in the twelfth century B. C. by invading Aryan tribes, the Phrygians, but the race survived. It is supposed that it was merged into the Armenians and perhaps partly into the Jews. Lydians, Carians, and Lycians have left inscriptions. An attempt has been made to connect the language of the last-named with the Aryan languages, but 'with doubtful success. The Lydian language seems to be distinct frQm others ". Lqter on other Aryan tribes had invaded the land, Thracians in the commencement of the first millennium B. C., and Celts in the middle of the third century B. C. The interior of the country was called Galatin after them. The Hellcnising was wide-spread, but in spite of this thr old langu- ages survived more vigorously than is generally surmised, and this is also an evidence for the subsisting of the old races, The Mysians, who seem to have been a mixture of Thracians and Lydians, stilI spoke their own language in the beginning of the fifth century A. D. So also did the famous Isaurian robber tribes at the end of the sixth. The same was the case in Lycaonia; the Phrygian language survived at least into the fifth century *l. The surface seem to be The ethnology of Asia Minor was extremely mixed. 382 MARTIN P. KIISSON Greek, but underneath great racial differences survived, whkh found an expression in the Christian sects of Asia Minor; their stronghold was the native population of the country. Our information is scanty and the research is difficult, but the broad outlines which have been sketched above will be sufficient to convey a concrete idea not only of how many races, peoples, and languages were contained in the Roman Empire, but also of how radically different most of them werez2. Modern Europe is apt to give an erroneous impression. Except for a few unimportant peoples of other races (Finns, Hungarians, Turks and a few others) itseems to present the image of an Aryan population that is separated into different peoples but has sprung from the SameLsource. This is true only as to the languages. The kindred languages cover great racial differences, although new races have developed from the ancient blend of' races. The very vivid'discussion on the origin and splitting up of the Aryan tongue has obscured the comprehension of the older racial status of Europe. The leading idea is (at least unconsciously) that of an ancient original unity that was differentiated and split up. In the case of the original inhabitants of Europe we must instead of a unity imagine a multiplicity of different races and languages; the Iatter were ousted by the language of the invading Aryan tribes and died, the races were seemingly merged in their conquerors. The victorious spreading of the Aryan la?guages put an end to the mul- tiplicity of earlier languages - e. g. Etruscan, Ligurian, Iberian, etc. - and introduced Aryan languages that were kindred with one another. This process was strongly advanced during the Empire; S. W. Europe, which up to this time had spoken n0n-~4ryan tongues, was assimilated. But the enigmatical, Basque language still survives as a reminder of what has once been. It is in this light that the racial problem of the Roman Empire is to be viewed. As long as the peoples of western Europe lived in their old primitive and independent condition the status was rather stable. The Greek colonists were few and the peoples on whose shores they had founded their towns were often openly hostile to them. In Italy the Latin and Oscan-Umbrian tribes pushed out the original inhabitants more and more. The connexions with Greece and the Orient were few. The invading Celtic tribes brought disturbance, but these tribes settled in certain districts. In S. W. France and most of Spain the old races were not disturbed. The invasion must THE RACE PROBLEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 383 however have involved a certain mixing up of the races, and this is testified by the name of the Celtiberians. But the culture was little developed, the intercourse was rare, the intruders were not able to absorb the old races, they consolidated themselves within somewhat narrower frontiers. The tribes were independent and hostile to each other. This would have prevented a mixing up of the races on a larger scale, even if the conditions for such a mixing up had existed at all. Such were the conditions introduced by the Roman Empire. The peace of the Roman emperor, imposed by the Roman government, wiped out the old frontiers. The different tribes were subjected to the same administration and the snme culture was opened to them all. The excellent Roman roads favoured the intercourse, while culture, trade, and the needs of the Empire increased it. The mixing up of the different races and peoples of the Empire was begun and increased by all the causes which make the inhabitants of a civilized state move from one part of it to another. What some of these causes were we have shown in the foregoing pages. The men who in former times had lived and died and propagated their kind within the frontiers of their own people were mixed up, as it were, in a great bowl as wide as the limits of the Empire, and peoples from beyond the frontiers were thrown info the same vessel. This is the fundamental fact the importance and consequences of which we have t0 consider. It may be said that the problem was whether the less civilized peoples should be merged in the civilized - the Romans and the Greeks, to whom the culture and coherence of the Empire were dye - or whether the civilized were to bc absorbed by the less civilized. As we have seen, the circumstances were not favourable. The effects upon civilization were 'very important: the bankruptcy of the civili- zation and sinking of the general level of culture in the hardships and wars of the bad third century destroyed much more than all the cruelties of the emperors. But it is not our task here to investigate this point. The mixing up of the races involves not only a problem for civilization but also a biological problem, and to this we must now return. I think it may be understood in the new light of recent researches on genetics. The species man is extremely variable, being surpassed in this respect by only a very few other species. Each race is the prodiict of a historical development, although the history of its development belongs to a time past long ago, which has never been recorded. The 384 MARTIN P. NILSSON condition for the developing of a race is that a group of men, who may be counted in hundreds or in millions, shall live for a con- siderable time in at least relative isolation, so that foreign disturbing elements are kept out. If it be supposed that this group originally containcd a motley mixture of internal and external dispositions, the natural conditions under the sway of which the group lives will be favourable for some of these dispositions and unfavourable for others. Thc natural conditions have the same effect as the conscious inter- ference of a breeder trying to produce a certain race of some species of animals, although more slowly and not to the same extent. The effect will be stronger in proportion to the smallness of the group and the intensity of inbreeding. The outcome of this selection de- pends much more on the dispositions which originally existed and which in the development of the race attain to ascendency than on the external milieu. Why some races are excellently adapted to the natural conditions of life of their country and are yet unable to achieve a higher political and intellectual development, and why on the other hand other races are able to create a culture and a political organiza- tion is a riddle which is concealed in the darkest riddle .of all, the human mind, the variability of intelligence and volition, for these too are properties which vary with the race. It is only that we cannot grasp them definitely. Primitive conditions are favourable to this breeding of races. The population is thin and split up into small groups. Intercourse is rare. The tribes are hostile or at least foreign to each other and occupy each a definite district. A fact of profound importance for the development of society and races is the claim to possess the di- strict in which the tribe lives; this seems to be founded in the nature of man, as-well of some species of animals. Foreigners who pene- trate into the district of the tribe will be expelled or killed. The tribe maintains its purity from foreign elements until the advance of cul- ture introduces slavery, which is first applied to the women. In pri- mitive conditions this occasion of the mixing of the races is of no great extent or importance. Neighbouring tribes are often kindred. Under primitive conditions we have ‘consequently to expect a mul- tiplicity of characteristically different races, although the differing ca- pacity of different races to maintain themselves in the struggle for life and the combats against other races causes a certain race to spread itself over a wider territory, while the migrations which originate in over-population and an innate desire to wander introduce a foreign THE RACE PROBLEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 385 race into a country. If we take these two circumstances into account, we have the status of Europe and Africa before the Roman conquest. In Africa we find Berbers and the immigrant Punics, in western Europe Iberians, Ligurians, the immigrant Celts, and plenty of other races of whom we have no sufficient knowledge. The ethnology of Italy seems to be more varied; our information is here richer. Apart from the old inhabitants and the immigrant Aryans there were the enigmatical Etruscans, who cannot be connected with any other people. The Balkan.peninsula and the countries south of the Danube were inhabited by Aryans and perhaps by remnants of an older PO- pulation. Asia Minor was from very ancient times a melting-pot for inany different races. Syria was inhabited by Semitic tribes which the policy of the Assyrians had transplanted and mixed up: In Egypt the old stable race preserved itself, but the mixing up with the foreign masters of the land and immigrants here also caused a ming- ling of races which may possibly have been an important factor in the trouble and decline at the end of antiquity. When under the shelter of Roman peace and Roman administra. tion all these races - those mentioned are only the most important of the races known - were mingled with each other, the result was an unlimited bastardizing. Bastardizing conveys perils which cosmo- politanism did not acknowledge but which modern science has shown to be real. The race is a group of men with definite hereditary dispositions which through the above described natural selection have become to a certain degree firm and fixed. There are races of more and lesser value. Bastardizing between two races which differ from each other to more than a certain degree results in the deterioration of the race, at least viewed from the standpoint of the better of the two. The aversion to mixed marriages, e. g. to marriages between Europeans and negroes, is consequently just from a genetic point of view. The danger is yet more insidious if the races are on the one hand so different that the bastardizing involves the peril of a deteri- oration of the race, but on the other hand, do not differ so much in externals that the aversion to mixed marriages makes itself felt. This aversion is however a very feeble defence against the mixing up of races, and its strength depends on the mind of the age. The crossing of races, through which a better race is superseded by a worse, is however neither the only peril nor the greatest. A race that is at least to a certain degree pure is physically and psychi- cally a fixed type, which precisely through the firmness and fixedness 386 MARTIN P. NILSSON of its dispositions is able to create something to which its dispositions predispose it. If these dispositions are of such a kind as to enable the race to achieve a higher culture or to organize a state, as was the case among the Greeks and Romans, the result will be a certain form of culture and of state, moulded according to fixed laws and customs of life. The result of the bastardizing will be a motley blend of the different hereditary dispositions of the races which are crossed. Mere chance brings different dispositions of different races together in almost infinitely varying fashions. But this does not suffice. Dis- positions which were formerly concealed, lying latent in one or the other of the crossed races, will appear on the surface and make the product of the crossing yet more motley and incalculable. The unity and harmony of the race and the individual will be destroyed, the personality loses its balance. The individuals which are born out of this crossing fail to achieve a firm and fixed type. Psychically they lack a definite direction and vacillate indecisively between con- flicting and unconnected hereditary dispositions. They may often possess great intelligence, but the moral strength is wanting. This state of affairs is due to biological factors but gets still worse if - as was the case in the Roman Empire - the fixed form of the mental life at the same time breaks down and is transformed. If Levantines, Eurasians, Mestizes etc. are mentioned everyone feels how deep-rooted is the objection against them. People are wont to say that this bad reputa- tion and the moral weakness of the bastards are due to the unfavour- able conditions in which they are born and bred, usually as illegiti- mate and neglected children, disowned by the kinsfolk of both father and mother. But this is not the full explanation, it is only superficial; atcthe root lies the destroying effect of the bastardizing on the per- sonality. The Roman Empire became more and more filled by bastards. The bastardizing was strongest in the ruling country, Italy, whither people from all the borders of the Empire flowed together, and was stronger in the upper civilized classes than in the lower, whioh did not move about with the same frequency 23. Rut the army, the trade, and the general intercourse carried the bastardi- zing into every corner of the Empire. The swiftness of the process is not to be wondered at. Contrary to the slow development of a race, the bastardizing shows its effects even in the first generation, but is of course increased by the crossing of the bastards. Whether it is to set its stamp on the people will depend solely on the extent Bastard races have a bad reputation. THE RACE PROBLEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIHE 387 of the process, and it has been shown that in the Roman Empire it was carried out on the largest scale. A bastardizing to this extent results in the mingling of better and worse races into a motley and indefinite mass without firm mental or moral characteristics. This is a sufficient explanation of the decline arid fall of the ancient culture and the Roman Empire. But even if the bastardizing and mixing up of the races leads by its immediate effects to chaos, this is not the uttimate result. New races may emerge from the chaos and be able to reconstruct that which was destroyed. We know the conditions for such a development. They are that the bastardizing shall cease and the people shall be isolated so Ihat the mixture gets its chance and has time to become settled and puri- fied. In this way are given the conditions for developing a new race from the motley blend, the nature of which depends on [he circum- stances. The above-mentioned conditions were realised at the commence- ment of ancient history. The ancient culture peoples, the Greeks and the Romans, invaded their countries from without and settted themselves among peoples of foreigh races. The Greeks and the Ro- mans of history are a product of a 'blending of races. Our knowledge of the Romans is very scanty. If the oldest population of Rome was a blend of Latins and Sabines, that does not matter much, because these tribes were already very closely akin. But it is certain that the Etruscans held sway over Rome some time towards the end of the period of the kings, and their culture exercised a profound influence on the city. They lived next-door, on the other bank of the Tiber, and it may he supposed with certainty that the Romans had a considerable admixture of Etruscan blood. Greece is better known than Italy and her history enables us to follow the process more clos'ely. Recent discoveries have revealed to us the wonderfully high culture of the early and middle second millm- nium B. C., which is known as the Minoan and Mycenaean culture. It is certain that the people which created this culture was not Aryan; it was perhaps akin to some peoples of Asia Minor, though others maintain that its kinsfolk are to be found in northern Egypt. The invading Aryan tribes, the Greeks, settled among the original inhahi- tants of Greece in the same second millennium and at last destroyed the old culture. The centuries between the decay of the Mycenaean culture and the commencement of the historical age are a blank. We know only that the culture was utterly debased. The small di- 388 MARTIN P. NILSSON stricts of Greece were isolated from each other. This is shown by the geometrical style of vase-painting which belongs to the ninth and eighth centuries B. C. The Mycenaean style of vase-painting is the same wherever Mycenaean vases are found, in or outside of Greece. The geometrical style, on the contrary, has very characteristic diffe- rences: it is quite easy to say in which island or province a vase or even a sherd has been made. The ancient towns were small, thc district was very limited, and the inhabitants were not very numerous. Each of these towns was wholly independent and sovereign, conipo- sing a state with its own rights. The bitterest enemy was usually the neighbour. In this narrow frame the people lived and - married. Consequently inbreeding was the rule and was strongly accentuated by the smallness of the pop,ulation. In Athens at a somewhat later age the law enforced it; nobody could become a citizen if both his parents were not citizens of t(w town. This isolation and inbreeding created the race to which ancient culture and the foundations of our own culture are due. Italy, which at last conquered the world and orga- nized the Empire, underwent much the same process. The process was repeated, but on a larger scale, after the decay of the ancient culture and the fall of the Roman Empire and the settling down of the foreign conquerors in its provinces. Letters and education, as far as they survived at all, were limited to very few. 'The decay of the material civilization changed and fettered the lives even of the poorest classes. We may compare the ages e. g. of HADRIAN and of the Merovingians in order to perceive this. Inter- course ceased. The old Roman roads, on which the peoples of the Empire had penetrated into all parts of it, fell into disuse, were broken up, treated as quarries, or became overgrown by herbs and woods. Society was split up into small independent and self-supporting uni- ties, - this is the feudal system - the inhabitants were rooted fast in the soil. So there reappeared the primitive conditions under which every man takes his wife at his own doors. In this isolation of the small groups new r?ces and new peoples developed out of the mixed human chaos of the Empire during the Middle Ages. These are the peoples of modern Europe, and the outcome of their racial instincts is seen in the national states of modern Europe, whose frontiers form to some degree an'effective barrier against a race-blending of such a destructive character as that which was the most active cause of the decay of ancient culture and the fall of the Roman Empire. The Nemesis of history has caused the consequences of victory to be THE RACE PROBLEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 389 fatal to the victors, who have been merged and lost in the broad inasses of the conquered races. NOTES. 0. SEECK, Geschichte des Unterqanges der antiken Welt, I, the chapter >Die K. J. BELOCH, Die Bevolkerung der griechisch-romischen Welt. K. J. BELOCH, Griechische Geschichte, I: 12, p. 66. J. ILBERG, Zur gyndkologischen Ethik der Griechen, Archiv f8r Religions- ' L. FRIEDLANDER, Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms, la, pp. 419 sqq. ' The lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus and the lex Papia Poppaea. For references see e. g. the article Aliment.? in PAULY-WISSOWA, Realency- M.GELZEH, Die Nobilitdt der Kaiserreit, Hermes L (1915) 395 sqq. Ausrottung der Besten,. ' MARTIN PN NILSSON, Den romerska kejsartiden, 11, ch. 4. wissenschaft XI11 (1910) 1 sqq. Jclopddie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaf t. lo A. 17. DOMASZEWSKI, Die Rangordnung des romischen Heeres, Bonner Jahr- biicher 117 (1918). - H. DESSAU, Die Herkunft der Offiriere und Beamten des rdmischen Kaiserreiches, Hermes XLV (1910) 1 sqq. V. I'ARVAN, Die Nationalitdt der Kaufleute im romischen Kaiserreich, Disser- tation, Breslau, 1909. l2 H. GUMMERUS, Romerska krukmakarsta"mplar, Eranos XVI (1916) 176. l3 M. BANG, Die Herkunft der riimischen Sklaven, Rheinisches Museum XXV l4 SEECK, loc. cit. pp. 385 sqq. (1910) 225 sqq.; Nachtrag, ibid. XXVII (1912) 189 sqq. See, p. 380. The old standard work is H. D'ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, Les premiers habi- tants de l'Europe2 (1889). For a more recent review see H. HIRTH, Die Zndoger- manen I pp. 34 sqq. l7 Some. authors, following D'ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLB, take the view that the Ligurians were an Aryan people, but the evidence adduced is exceedingly slight. I* See e. g. J. BEDDOE, The Races of Britain. l8 See my paper Den stora folkvandringen i det andra drtusendet f. Kr. in Ymer 1912, pp. 455 sqq. On the languages of Asia Minor P. KRETSCHMEH, Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, pp. 289 sqq 2o Sardis, Publications of the American Society for the Excavatioh of Sardis, vol. VI, Lydian Inscriptions, by ENNO LITTMANN. K. HOLL, Das Fortleben der Volkssprachen in Kleinasien in nachchrist- licher Zeit, Hermes XLII (1908) 240 sqq. 22 The anthropological school of Professor SERGI. RIPLEY and others has tried to show that there existed in Europe from very old times three races: the fair, dolichocephalic Northern race, the dark-haired, grey-eyed, and brachycephalic Alpine race, the dark-haired, dolichocephalic Mediterranean race, awl that, in spite of all invasions and crossings, these races still maintain themselves in their respective districts. I cannot discuss this theory here, it would also imply a 390 MARTIN P. NILSSON discussion of the question as to what is to be understood by Brace,. (For niy views as to this point see my above-cited paper in Ymer 1912, pp. 465 sqq). There are races with varying degrees of racial differences. I wish only to point out that the above-mentioned theory may not be inconsistent with the view that is advanced here. The signs by which these three races are recognized are purely physical. Here it is in the first place a question of psychical differences. It may be that the physical properties have persisted on! the whole but that the psychical ones have changed in the formation of the new races which have developed from the blending of the races in Europe. Cp. the dates given above (pp. 384 sqq.) for the provincial origin of emperors and senators.
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Nothingburger.
Roman Empire doesn't stop at 376 A.D.
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Did you read it? read the source, the formatting in my post is fucked up but just to get an idea. The author alone is worth a read, it's only 20 small pages
Works
Nilsson's best-known work in German is Geschichte der griechischen Religion (transl. History of Greek Religion) in the Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft (transl. Handbook of Classical Antiquities), which went through several editions. Nilsson had previously published it in Swedish under the title Den grekiska religionens historia (1922). In English his Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, and Its Survival in Greek Religion is more often quoted. Other important works include:
Primitive Time-Reckoning; A Study in the Origins and First Development of the Art of Counting Time Among the Primitive and Early Culture Peoples (Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup) 1920
The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology (Berkeley: University of California Press) 1932 (On-line text) This work had its origins in the Sather Classical Lectures
Homer and Mycenae (London: Methuen) 1933
Primitive Religion 1934
"Early Orphism and Kindred Religious Movements" Harvard Theological Review 28 (1935):180-230
The Age of the Early Greek Tyrants (Belfast) 1936 (The Dill Memorial Lecture)
Greek Popular Religion (New York: Cat) 1940 (On-line text)
Grekisk Religiositet (in Swedish). Stockholm: Hugo Gebers Förlag. 1946.
Translated as Greek Piety (Norton/Oxford University Press) 1969
Translated as Griechischer Glaube (in German). Bern: A. Francke Verlag. 1950.
Greek Folk Religion. Reprinted with a foreword by Arthur Darby Nock, 1972
Den Grekiska Religionens Historia [History of Greek Religion] (in Swedish). 1922.
Translated as "Geschichte der griechischen Religion". Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft [Handbook of Classical Antiquities] (in German).
Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, and Its Survival in Greek Religion (Lund: Gleerup); revised 2nd ed. 1950
The Bacchic Mysteries in Italy
See also "The Bacchic Mysteries in the Roman Age" Harvard Theological Review 46 (1953):175-202
Cults, Myths, Oracles, and Politics in Ancient Greece (Studies in Mediterranean Archeology)
The Historical Hellenistic Background of the New Testament (The Bedell Lecture, Kenyon College)
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I skimmed through and it's the usual nordicist BS.
The premise is erroneous from the start, Roman Empire doesn't "fall" in 376 A.D. even if you are talking within the context of the Western Imperium.
Belisarius BTFOs the Goths in 539 A.D. and re-unifies the Italic penninsula to the rest of the empire.
Everything else is the author's head cannon fan fic tier writings.
Edit:
Related:
Spoiler!
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I don't see that date anywhere. What is it that really bothered you about it though. You cannot relegate him to fanfiction just by his works alone.
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The fall of the Roman Empire is the greatest tragedy of history.
States have been wiped out and peoples crushed before and since, but the fall of the Roman Empire implied also the fall of the only great and world-wide culture that existed before that to which we belong. Humanity returned to much more primitive conditions of social and economic life, not to speak of education and culture. Different causes of the rapid disappearance of the glory that was Rome have been sought for. They need not be discussed here. There is more than one cause, and it will be difficult and misleading to reduce them to a single and coinmon formula. That there is also a problem of the biological order was first pointed out by Professor SEEC
This is what I have been saying for years
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