Medieval DNA from Soqotra points to Eurasian origins

**Ajeje Brazorf** · 02-08-2024, 04:15 PM

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02322-x

ID	Date	Coverage	Y-DNA	mtDNA
I20687	1100	0,43%	n/a (female)	I5a2a
I20688	1096	1,35%	n/a (female)	I5a2a
I20691	900	10,02%	J2b1 / J-Y45076	I5a2a
I20692	725	39,86%	J2b1 / J-FT46678	R0a1a1a
I20693	900	16,73%	n/a (female)	N1a1a3
I20694	961	48,61%	J2b1 / J-PF7321	R2c
I20695	900	11,81%	J2b1 / J-M205	N1a1a3
I20696	900	40,48%	J2b / J-Z534	J2a2
I20697	900	24,13%	J2b1 / J-Y45076	R2c
I20698	1013	21,91%	n/a (female)	J2a2
I20699	900	6,96%	n/a (female)	J2a2
I20700	1097	11,92%	n/a (female)	K1a4b
I20701	1088	29,53%	J2b1 / J-Y45447	L3h2
I20702	900	26,54%	J2b1 / J-Y45447	U1a1
I20703	711	55,17%	n/a (female)	R0a2
I20704	900	44,53%	n/a (female)	R2c
I20705	900	73,18%	J2b1 / J-FT46678	R2c
I20706	900	10,00%	n/a (female)	J1b
I20707	900	35,29%	n/a (female)	J2a2
I20708	900	38,18%	J2b1 / J-Y47134	U2b2
I20709	832	12,52%	n/a (female)	R2c
I20710	900	13,42%	J2b1 / J-M205	R0a2
I20711	1050	1,03%	n/a (female)	T2i
I20718	1805	76,56%	n/a (female)	T2i
I20721	1050	3,06%	n/a (female)	J1b
I20722	1050	1,28%	n/a (female)	I5a2a
I20723	1050	7,39%	n/a (female)	J1b
I20724	1050	1,31%	n/a (female)	J1b
I21107	1098	13,61%	n/a (female)	I5a2a
I21108	1011	55,48%	n/a (female)	U1a1
I21109	654	2,55%	J1a2a1a2d2b~ / J-Z2324	N1a1a3
I21110	1050	0,97%	IJK / IJK	n/a (<2x)
I21111	1050	1,10%	J / J	J1b
I21113	1095	8,78%	n/a (female)	R0a2
I21114	831	10,50%	J2b1 / J-M205	K1a4b
I21115	722	24,38%	n/a (female)	I5a2a
I21116	702	31,03%	J2b1 / J-Y47134	R0a2
I21117	1135	32,04%	J2b / J-Z534	J1b
I21118	1071	24,94%	J2b / J-Z534	I5a2a

**Ajeje Brazorf** · 02-08-2024, 05:22 PM

Soqotra, an island situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden in the northwest Indian Ocean between Africa and Arabia, is home to ~60,000 people subsisting through fishing and semi-nomadic pastoralism who speak a Modern South Arabian language. Most of what is known about Soqotri history derives from writings of foreign travellers who provided little detail about local people, and the geographic origins and genetic affinities of early Soqotri people has not yet been investigated directly. Here we report genome-wide data from 39 individuals who lived between ~650 and 1750 ce at six locations across the island and document strong genetic connections between Soqotra and the similarly isolated Hadramawt region of coastal South Arabia that likely reflects a source for the peopling of Soqotra. Medieval Soqotri can be modelled as deriving ~86% of their ancestry from a population such as that found in the Hadramawt today, with the remaining ~14% best proxied by an Iranian-related source with up to 2% ancestry from the Indian sub-continent, possibly reflecting genetic exchanges that occurred along with archaeologically documented trade from these regions. In contrast to all other genotyped populations of the Arabian Peninsula, genome-level analysis of the medieval Soqotri is consistent with no sub-Saharan African admixture dating to the Holocene. The deep ancestry of people from medieval Soqotra and the Hadramawt is also unique in deriving less from early Holocene Levantine farmers and more from groups such as Late Pleistocene hunter–gatherers from the Levant (Natufians) than other mainland Arabians. This attests to migrations by early farmers having less impact in southernmost Arabia and Soqotra and provides compelling evidence that there has not been complete population replacement between the Pleistocene and Holocene throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Medieval Soqotra harboured a small population that showed qualitatively different marriage practices from modern Soqotri, with first-cousin unions occurring significantly less frequently than today.

**Ajeje Brazorf** · 02-10-2024, 04:34 PM

Scaled G25

Code:

YEM_Soqotra:I20691__AD_900__Cov_10.02%,0.048944,0.137096,-0.083721,-0.10336,-0.014772,-0.046017,-0.026321,0.010153,0.052154,-0.001276,0.009256,-0.043162,0.058275,0.017616,0.003257,0.010077,-0.016689,-0.000253,0.011564,0.012131,0.004742,0.011376,-0.020952,-0.007471,-0.016406
YEM_Soqotra:I20692__AD_725__Cov_39.86%,0.053497,0.135065,-0.062602,-0.122741,-0.016618,-0.046575,-0.014336,-0.003692,0.056858,-0.014032,0.012991,-0.021881,0.054856,0.001651,0.00285,0.019225,-0.015385,0.005574,-0.003142,0.024262,0.009982,0.002844,-0.012078,0.009399,-0.008622
YEM_Soqotra:I20693__AD_900__Cov_16.73%,0.027318,0.121864,-0.059962,-0.107237,-0.026159,-0.03514,-0.006815,-0.014999,0.052767,0.005832,-0.004384,-0.026676,0.047423,0.007569,0.005293,0.017369,-0.028163,0.002534,0.002891,0.018259,0.001996,-0.000866,-0.010969,0.00735,-0.003832
YEM_Soqotra:I20694__AD_961__Cov_48.61%,0.042115,0.13405,-0.064111,-0.104006,-0.017234,-0.040997,-0.012456,-0.009,0.053176,-0.004009,0.016888,-0.027575,0.063032,0.002615,0.010043,0.013126,-0.032987,0.011402,0.005656,0.014757,0.012603,0.003586,-0.00912,-0.006507,-0.002874
YEM_Soqotra:I20695__AD_900__Cov_11.81%,0.020488,0.128972,-0.059962,-0.109175,-0.029544,-0.038766,0.00846,-0.016845,0.055221,-0.004738,0.022572,-0.017684,0.048017,-0.014588,0.006107,0.014187,-0.01343,0.006968,0.000628,0.012006,0.011854,-0.005441,-0.015406,0.010242,-0.000838
YEM_Soqotra:I20696__AD_900__Cov_40.48%,0.054635,0.128972,-0.065242,-0.102714,-0.005539,-0.053547,-0.018801,0.000462,0.055017,-0.00492,0.002761,-0.023679,0.052923,0.004266,0.011265,0.009149,-0.026207,0.007095,0.001383,0.016633,0.011979,0.007048,-0.007888,0.003253,-0.004431
YEM_Soqotra:I20697__AD_900__Cov_24.13%,0.053497,0.136081,-0.064488,-0.104329,-0.015695,-0.04518,-0.00705,-0.009692,0.052154,-0.008747,0.017213,-0.027426,0.058721,0.004542,0.007057,0.009679,-0.025946,0.019763,0.006034,0.029764,0.017968,0.007666,-0.001232,-0.009158,-0.002874
YEM_Soqotra:I20698__AD_1013__Cov_21.91%,0.061464,0.125926,-0.062602,-0.102391,-0.005539,-0.055778,-0.007755,-0.008538,0.053176,-0.023508,0.007632,-0.027575,0.056788,-0.00578,-0.005022,0.024529,-0.01343,-0.004307,0.00817,0.024887,0.0141,0.00643,-0.01023,-0.006266,-0.007664
YEM_Soqotra:I20700__AD_1097__Cov_11.92%,0.052359,0.133034,-0.076933,-0.098515,-0.005847,-0.05522,-0.018096,0.000462,0.058085,0.00328,-0.002436,-0.031172,0.068681,0.009221,-0.00665,0.038584,-0.014212,0.011275,-0.003771,0.021885,0.012353,0.015333,0.008134,-0.00012,-0.009819
YEM_Soqotra:I20701__AD_1088__Cov_29.53%,0.050082,0.13405,-0.065996,-0.118219,-0.014464,-0.044344,-0.006815,-0.006231,0.05604,-0.008018,0.005359,-0.028025,0.051734,0.006055,0.005836,0.019888,-0.010691,-0.009628,-0.003268,0.03064,0.013851,0.005688,-0.010353,-0.00494,0.000838
YEM_Soqotra:I20702__AD_900__Cov_26.54%,0.056912,0.12491,-0.065996,-0.111759,-0.021235,-0.049643,-0.021621,-0.006461,0.060335,-0.011299,0.011042,-0.030123,0.054558,0.007294,0.004343,0.023601,-0.005867,0.001774,0.00088,0.022011,0.006114,0.009892,0.000493,-0.003253,-0.001676
YEM_Soqotra:I20703__AD_711__Cov_55.17%,0.047806,0.117801,-0.072784,-0.080427,-0.028005,-0.034025,-0.015981,-0.003692,0.044586,-0.010023,0.012666,-0.02233,0.045193,-0.004817,0.001629,0.011668,-0.005346,0.003167,0.000377,0.007128,0.003244,0.016446,-0.007025,0.007712,-0.012214
YEM_Soqotra:I20704__AD_900__Cov_44.53%,0.056912,0.129988,-0.073916,-0.112082,-0.007694,-0.039324,-0.014101,-0.007615,0.058903,-0.007472,0.011692,-0.017684,0.055004,-0.001239,-0.00095,0.001061,-0.021383,0.0019,0.004399,0.014757,0.014974,0.009027,-0.00986,-0.006145,0.004311
YEM_Soqotra:I20705__AD_900__Cov_73.18%,0.05805,0.135065,-0.067505,-0.108529,-0.016003,-0.047969,-0.011281,-0.008307,0.063402,-0.005467,0.015427,-0.025627,0.052031,0.007432,0.004479,0.018695,-0.007693,0.003547,0.007039,0.020635,0.015473,0.013231,-0.00419,-0.002048,-0.012574
YEM_Soqotra:I20706__AD_900__Cov_10.00%,0.047806,0.123895,-0.07203,-0.103037,-0.028005,-0.032909,-0.01034,-0.007154,0.053176,-0.007472,0.020623,-0.016635,0.062586,0.012524,0.008143,0.006895,-0.026989,0.007095,0.012067,0.026138,0.01722,0.021392,0.000616,-0.007712,-0.009101
YEM_Soqotra:I20707__AD_900__Cov_35.29%,0.053497,0.118817,-0.062979,-0.102068,-0.011387,-0.040439,-0.005875,-0.005769,0.063402,0.000911,0.013965,-0.032221,0.064519,0.00578,0.005972,0.019756,-0.024251,0.006968,-0.001634,0.028264,0.010107,0.012242,-0.003821,0.006025,-0.003233
YEM_Soqotra:I20708__AD_900__Cov_38.18%,0.046667,0.133034,-0.074293,-0.101422,-0.014464,-0.044901,-0.01034,-0.010615,0.047654,0.000911,0.020461,-0.026826,0.066005,-0.002615,0.008415,0.027048,-0.00691,0.00114,-0.00176,0.023636,0.011105,0.010387,-0.001725,-0.005904,-0.001197
YEM_Soqotra:I20709__AD_832__Cov_12.52%,0.056912,0.133034,-0.073539,-0.096577,-0.020619,-0.039045,-0.017156,-0.006,0.055221,0.010023,0.031503,-0.04481,0.063924,-0.002752,-0.0019,0.018297,-0.020079,0.018243,-0.005154,0.01038,0.01148,0.006306,-0.024526,0.015303,-0.006826
YEM_Soqotra:I20710__AD_900__Cov_13.42%,0.067156,0.132019,-0.076555,-0.116604,-0.020927,-0.058288,-0.005875,-0.011307,0.065243,-0.005649,0.008282,-0.024129,0.042517,0.007156,0.017779,0.023468,-0.008475,0.015329,0.006662,0.028389,0.010981,0.014715,-0.021322,0.007591,0.000958
YEM_Soqotra:I20718__AD_1805__Cov_76.56%,0.045529,0.132019,-0.06939,-0.11079,-0.014772,-0.041834,-0.020681,-0.004384,0.062789,0.001822,0.010393,-0.021731,0.052477,-0.003303,0.011808,0.022142,-0.019036,0.00038,0.002388,0.03189,0.014599,0.013354,-0.004437,0.010242,0.00012
YEM_Soqotra:I21107__AD_1098__Cov_13.61%,0.039838,0.141159,-0.059208,-0.118219,-0.01231,-0.04016,-0.00235,-0.012923,0.056449,-0.016219,0.002923,-0.025327,0.057383,-0.008808,0.02918,0.026253,-0.008736,0.009248,0.003017,0.02026,0.010731,0.01014,-0.00037,-0.003856,-0.006586
YEM_Soqotra:I21108__AD_1011__Cov_55.48%,0.055773,0.129988,-0.070144,-0.10756,-0.020927,-0.047969,-0.017861,-0.001385,0.053176,-0.00492,-0.001137,-0.029524,0.048315,0.001239,-0.000136,0.033943,0.008345,-0.003547,0.006536,0.029764,0.008485,0.013354,-0.002835,0.00241,-0.0097
YEM_Soqotra:I21114__AD_831__Cov_10.50%,0.036423,0.114755,-0.059208,-0.108206,-0.016311,-0.050758,-0.001175,-0.002077,0.059721,0.00656,0.017538,-0.023229,0.048166,-0.009634,-0.005022,0.016574,-0.01356,-0.007855,0.012067,0.028514,0.013601,0.016569,-0.002588,-0.000602,-0.003952
YEM_Soqotra:I21115__AD_722__Cov_24.38%,0.055773,0.133034,-0.070144,-0.11402,-0.012618,-0.044623,-0.0094,-0.013846,0.072606,0.009476,0.009094,-0.032371,0.074479,0.011147,0.001764,0.0297,-0.012517,0.009882,-0.00088,0.026263,0.012977,0.010016,-0.00949,0.005181,-0.005628
YEM_Soqotra:I21116__AD_702__Cov_31.03%,0.045529,0.121864,-0.069013,-0.084626,-0.001846,-0.039881,-0.003995,-0.017538,0.047859,-0.003462,0.018837,-0.03402,0.040733,0.007432,-0.000543,0.007955,-0.019166,-0.004054,-0.005782,0.014007,0.018717,0.000742,-0.002095,0.002771,-0.005389
YEM_Soqotra:I21117__AD_1135__Cov_32.04%,0.0387,0.127957,-0.061094,-0.112082,-0.01231,-0.047133,-0.018566,-0.003231,0.062175,-0.002551,0.011854,-0.027725,0.052329,0.00289,0.010722,0.010475,-0.033639,-0.002407,-0.007542,0.016133,0.01148,0.01014,-0.011832,-0.001084,0.001197
YEM_Soqotra:I21118__AD_1071__Cov_24.94%,0.036423,0.123895,-0.062602,-0.104976,-0.004924,-0.046575,-0.013396,-0.009692,0.061153,-0.01385,0.017863,-0.026826,0.057086,0.016377,0.004207,0.013392,-0.028424,0.010008,-0.000754,0.014257,0.014849,0.009769,-0.002095,-0.003253,0.005269

**Voskos** · 03-24-2024, 06:49 PM

Iteresting that these islanders, show some sardinian admixture, albeit not very high.
Target: YEM_Soqotra:I20705__AD_900__Cov_73.18%
Chebyshev distance: 1.1386% / 0.01138557 | R3P
88.4 Saudi
7.4 Sardinian
4.2 Ethiopian_Amhara