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Ancient connections between East Asian populations, between European and non-European populations
Such studies, related to modern populations, are not very useful for finding explanations for genetic characteristics of the Upper Paleolithic populations. For example,Originally Posted by Ebizur
Regarding the common substratum, which united individuals of absolutely different ages, such as Ust’-Ishim, Oase1, Tianyuan, Japan_Jomon and Amur Mesolithic yDNA C2-M217 individuals into a cline (see https://i.ibb.co/6W7Q262/php-FPk5xn.png ), the IVPP helps to discern the identity of 98% DNA of a more ancient BachoKiro-related population , which contributed to Ust’-Ishim, Tianyuan and Goyet Q116-1 (mtDNA M32’56)
Researchers from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology inferred that the age of the 98% DNA BachoKiro-related population was older than the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of mtDNA M32’56 in East Asia and Southeast Asia, but was comparable to this TMRCA of mtDNA M32’56 in East Asia and Southeast Asia, that is 98% DNA of a more ancient BachoKiro-related population was related to mtDNA M*, akin to mtDNA M32’56. In the Japanese work of “Population dynamics in the Japanese Archipelago since the Pleistocene revealed by the complete mitochondrial genome sequences”, the ancient Minatogawa mtDNA M* (Japan) is such an ancient mtDNA M* lineage, which formed a clade with the Goyet Q116-1 (mtDNA M32’56 outside East Asia). Consequently, the ancient Minatogawa mtDNA M* represented such a more basal lineage, while 98% DNA BachoKiro-related population represented such a younger, more derived lineage, contributing to the Goyet Q116-1 (mtDNA M32’56 outside East Asia). The Amur Mesolithic-related Devil’s Gate specimen also produced such an mtDNA M32’56-related signal (all known Devil’s Gate samples belonged to the “northern” branch of yDNA C2-M217). Individuals closer to modern East Asians should have occupied the area on the PCA farther to the right of Japan_Jomon and Tianyuan, if they were present on the PCA (see the PCA in question https://i.ibb.co/6W7Q262/php-FPk5xn.png ). Components, different from the ones shared with Western Eurasians, who dominated the PCA, would become evident in that case.
As for much later interactions, the IVPP points to lactase persistence alleles as tracer dyes.
There is a map in “World-wide distributions of lactase persistence alleles and the complex effects of recombination and selection”, which shows that the European lactase persistence allele 13910*T reached Libya, Turkey, Morocco and Tunisia [[compare to the statement “Our study was the first to report the distribution of Lactase Persistence-associated alleles and haplotypes in the Tunisian population. We thus described the gradient followed by Lactase Persistence diffusion from Europe to Northern Africa.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5571577/ ]]
There is another version of the map above in “Evolution of Lactase Persistence: Turbo-Charging Adaptation in Growth Under the Selective Pressure of Maternal Mortality?”. In that version, the isolated appearance of the European lactase persistence allele 13910*T is shown in the eastern part of China. In this case, it might be possible to connect the appearance of such a European 13910*T in China with the finding of the European lineage T2b2b in Late Neolithic Zhuangbian, Fujian (“Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” FJ_LN_Zhuangbian_L5693_2 FJ_LN T2b2b Zhuangbian Fujian, China 0,97 Liu Y et al., 2021), whose age cannot be older than the TMRCA of 3300 years ago, posted at the Yfull site (https://www.yfull.com/mtree/T2b2b/).
The materials of "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" point that yDNA O1a-M119-related populations interacted with the Lower Xiajiadian culture, which is known from archaeology to become an adversary of the ancient Chinese Shang Dynasty. Consequently, yDNA O-M119-related populations, descended from the rice farming Liangzhu culture, who had migrated to Shandong and as far as the Lower Xiajiadian culture, had to relocate to the area of the Lower Xiajiadian culture of the future Liaoning Province, which was less affected by the military campaigns of the ancient Chinese Shang Dynasty.
Male lineages of Han Chinese from Panjin are not informative of the Neolithic situation and later ancient situations, because Panjin is known to have become a destination for migration during the Qing dynasty period (which ended in the year of 1911 of modern era), when the Han Chinese from inland China south of the Great Wall migrated to the Panjin area. Moreover, in the 20th century, Panjin became an area for oil mining, which presupposed the migration of qualified workers from other areas of China.
While there exists a more ancient “Para-Austronesian” component in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, which is comparable to the non-rice-farming Liangdao2, and which, in addition to all other its destinations, reached Northeast China via the area of the future Shandong Beiqian settlement and even Northeast Asia (where Korea is also located), and contributed to yDNA O1b2-K10-related population prior to the final formation of Koreans, it is hardly possible that much of such most ancient “Para-Austronesian” bearers persisted in Neolithic Northeast China.
Some of Liaoning’s O1a-M119 individuals are related to the rice farming Liangzhu culture, and their ancestors did not obliterate any ancient populations in Shandong, Jiangsu and Jiangnan, who had long been having a relationship of mutual interaction and complementation with the neighbouring “Para-Austronesians”. In addition to all mentioned populations, the Longqiuzhuang culture’s population can represent the ancient “Sinitic” element, whose representatives shared the common past with rice-gathering and later rice-farming populations since at least 7000 years ago and, having migrated to the Longqiuzhuang location, influenced their neighbours, such as “Para-Austronesian-related” speakers and others.
“Late” genetic clines, in which the O1b2-47z>O1b2-BY45877 (O1b2-BY150629) individual from China participates in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, can say that the O1b2-47z>O1b2-BY45877 (O1b2-BY150629) individual descended from migrants of the non-rice farming Yueshi culture, which had bearers, migrating from Northeast China (where the Pianpu culture and its comparable neighbours existed) to Shandong (as a later migration in “Maternal genetic structure in ancient Shandong between 9500 and 1800 years ago”), who replaced the Shandong Longshan culture after the period when the rice farming Liangzhu culture had already collapsed. Another available Shandong’s yDNA O1b2 individual from “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” clustered with the yDNA J-related Han Chinese outlier in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, which implies an even later migration to the ancient Shandong substratum via Northeast China, which probably explains the existence of some isolated Korean and Japanese O1b2-47z and O1b2-L682, belonging to rather late branches, in China.
On the PCA of “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, in the vicinity of a more “north-related” Xiaojingshan individual (that is, interacting with lineages, some of which migrated to the north), there exists one unique female “north-related” individual, belonging to a basal Sino-Tibetan mtDNA lineage, but sharing a mutation with one of basic Japanese mtDNA lineages.
If there ever existed another such an old basal yDNA O-47z* as AU42596 above, that is, not younger than 5950 years ago [that is, all dubious O1b2-47z(xCTS203, xK14, xZ24598) from “An update and frequency distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in modern Japanese males” do not seem to fit this description], who lived in the part of the Pianpu culture’s area, which neighboured one of “northern Xiaojingshan”-related populations, such an individual might have married the mentioned basal Sino-Tibetan mtDNA lineage from the Hongshan-related population. It would enable him or his descendants to migrate to the Peripheral Yangshao of North China, to where “northern Xiaojingshan”-related individuals also migrated, and later their Yangshao-related descendants could reach even more southern areas, such as the rice farming culture of Liangzhu, some of whose descendants have such a “northern” component in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”: because it is known from ethnography, that even when migration causes the separation of the ethnic group, the limited contact and knowledge of the location of each other persists between separate groups, which became divided; such a situation can last for centuries or even more than a thousand years for resulting ethnic groups, whose languages evolved to the stage of mutual unintelligibility ,and whose mutual contacts evolved into trade contacts, while the possibility of the common descent may sometimes be recognized by members of such related ethnic groups basing on similar traditions, different from their surrounding foreign neighbours. The described sort of the ethnographic connection via populations of other individuals, who are available from ancient DNA, should be a proof that descendants of such a “northern Xiaojingshan”-related, Hongshan-related, Yangshao-related hypothetical 5950-year-old deeply diverged yDNA O-47z* might have ever return back to the northern area, located on the way to Korea, from where their first ancestor had previously started his migration, ending in the rice-farming south. While written sources from Korea mention at least some events, similar to those from the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze age period of China, it would be more likely that at least descendants of such a hypothetical 5950-year-old deeply diverged yDNA O-47z* would strengthen the connection between China and the area of the formation of Koreans. Unlike this, written sources from Japan have been creating a new mythology for a Japanese state and its servants and do not contain the evidence of the existence of demand for information on events, similar to those from the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze age period of China.
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