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Thread: Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages

  1. 03-17-2024, 10:19 AM #1
    Grace O'Malley
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    Default Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages

    Has anyone read this paper? Any opinions if you have?

    Abstract
    Germanic-speaking populations historically form an integral component of the North and Northwest European cultural configuration. According to linguistic consensus, the common ancestor of the Germanic languages, which include German, English, Frisian, Dutch as well as the Nordic languages, was spoken in Northern Europe during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. However, important questions remain concerning the earlier Bronze Age distribution of this Indo-European language branch in Scandinavia as well as the driving factors behind its Late Iron Age diversification and expansion across the European continent. A key difficulty in addressing these questions are the existence of striking differences in the interpretation of the archaeological record, leading to various hypotheses of correlations with linguistic dispersals and changes in material culture. Moreover, these interpretations have been difficult to assess using genomics due to limited ancient genomes and the difficulty in differentiating closely related populations. Here we integrate multidisciplinary evidence from population genomics, historical sources, archaeology and linguistics to offer a fully revised model for the origins and spread of Germanic languages and for the formation of the genomic ancestry of Germanic-speaking northern European populations, while acknowledging that coordinating archaeology, linguistics and genetics is complex and potentially controversial. We sequenced 710 ancient human genomes from western Eurasia and analysed them together with 3,940 published genomes suitable for imputing diploid genotypes. We find evidence of a previously unknown, large-scale Bronze Age migration within Scandinavia, originating in the east and becoming widespread to the west and south, thus providing a new potential driving factor for the expansion of the Germanic speech community. This East Scandinavian genetic cluster is first seen 800 years after the arrival of the Corded Ware Culture, the first Steppe-related population to emerge in Northern Europe, opening a new scenario implying a Late rather than an Middle Neolithic arrival of the Germanic language group in Scandinavia. Moreover, the non-local Hunter-Gatherer ancestry of this East Scandinavian cluster is indicative of a cross-Baltic maritime rather than a southern Scandinavian land-based entry. Later in the Iron Age around 1700 BP, we find a southward push of admixed Eastern and Southern Scandinavians into areas including Germany and the Netherlands, previously associated with Celtic speakers, mixing with local populations from the Eastern North Sea coast. During the Migration Period (1575-1200 BP), we find evidence of this structured, admixed Southern Scandinavian population representing the Western Germanic Anglo-Saxon migrations into Britain and Langobards into southern Europe. During the Migration Period, we detect a previously unknown northward migration back into Southern Scandinavia, partly replacing earlier inhabitants and forming the North Germanic-speaking Viking-Age populations of Denmark and southern Sweden, corresponding with historically attested Danes. However, the origin and character of these major changes in Scandinavia before the Viking Age remain contested. In contrast to these Western and Northern Germanic-speaking populations, we find the Wielbark population from Poland to be primarily of Eastern Scandinavian ancestry, supporting a Swedish origin for East Germanic groups. In contrast, the later cultural descendants, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths are predominantly of Southern European ancestry implying the adoption of Gothic culture. Together, these results highlight the use of archaeology, linguistics and genetics as distinct but complementary lines of evidence.
    https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...03.13.584607v1

    They also claim that Ostrogoths and Visigoths are predominantly of Southern European ancestry and only culturally adopted Gothic culture.
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  2. 03-17-2024, 10:47 AM #2
    cass
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    Quote Originally Posted by Grace O'Malley View Post
    Has anyone read this paper? Any opinions if you have?



    https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...03.13.584607v1

    They also claim that Ostrogoths and Visigoths are predominantly of Southern European ancestry and only culturally adopted Gothic culture.
    In contrast, we find the (supposed East Germanic-speaking) Polish Wielbark
    669 individuals, to be modelled primarily as Eastern Scandinavian. However, most later
    670 individuals associated with the originally East Germanic-speaking groups, the Ukrainian
    671 Ostrogoths and the Visigoths of Iberia, appear to be locals (Supplementary Note 6.9.6). Two
    672 exceptions are from Goths from Iberia, who genetically fall on the Northeast-Southeast Baltic
    673 cline (one of which carries a Northern European Y haplogroups), suggesting an origin in
    674 North East Europe, but not Eastern Scandinavia specifically. This cline includes populations
    675 related to the spread of Slavic populations in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic     and
    676 are to be related to the Baltic Bronze Age ancestry originating in North East Europe
    677 (Supplementary Note 6.9.7).
    https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...607v1.full.pdf

    That is, they absorbed the Slavic population along the migration route.
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  3. 03-17-2024, 11:51 AM #3
    Russki
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    Quote Originally Posted by Grace O'Malley View Post
    Any opinions if you have?

    I think that the virtual absence of R1a-Z284 in Germany demonstrates that their linguistic ancestors did not arrive from Scandinavia, but are autochthonous to the North German plain, otherwise the spillover of this typically Scandinavian Y-DNA clade into continental Europe would have been inevitable.

    I find the Jastorf theory with the Germanic origin being on the Elbe river basin on the North German plain to be far more plausible, and their migrations are to be associated with the expansion of R1b-U106 into Scandinavia.


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  4. 03-17-2024, 12:02 PM #4
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    Quote Originally Posted by Grace O'Malley View Post
    They also claim that Ostrogoths and Visigoths are predominantly of Southern European ancestry and only culturally adopted Gothic culture.
    the earliest coherent Germanic text preserved is the 4th-century Gothic translation of the New Testament by Wulfilas (who was born in the territory now in southeast Romania).

    Alaric (Alarīks / Alareiks) was born on Peuce island in the Danube Delta, now in Romania as well.

    oldest Germanic writing was found on some artefacts discovered in Romania: a ring found in southeast Romania, Buzau county (here) and a spindle whorl found in northeast Romania, Iasi county (here)

    the Goths, including both the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, had a significant presence in the region between the 3rd and the 6th centuries CE

    Gothic is also the most archaic well-documented Germanic language and a treasure source for Germanist linguists.

    this is also the area through which Germanic and Celto-Italic language original speakers moved towards Europe from the Pontic Steppe, over a long period of time, so this area witnessed a lot of crucial moments of common Indo-European cultural heritage u guys should pay a visit

    Spoiler!
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  5. 03-17-2024, 11:18 PM #5
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    Sample Metadata 1

    Spoiler!
    G25 Ancients: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0q39l...dleco&e=3&dl=0
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  6. 03-17-2024, 11:19 PM #6
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    Sample Metadata 2

    Spoiler!
    G25 Ancients: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0q39l...dleco&e=3&dl=0
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  7. 03-20-2024, 10:22 AM #7
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  8. 03-24-2024, 12:33 PM #8
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    Last edited by Russki; 03-24-2024 at 02:44 PM.
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  9. 03-28-2024, 09:56 PM #9
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    Just confirms what ancient historians knew more than one millennia ago.

    Also, there was a guy on anthrogenica who was mocked for defending a Germanic homeland around Lake Mälaren in central Sweden. Seems like he was spot on.
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