Easy Romance

[Comte Arnau]

Going on with the course on Easy Romance.

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* What happens with basic words ending in -CULU/CULA in Latin?
(Many of which often have an adjective in English ending in -cular, such as 'ocular' or 'auricular')

Examples: OCULU 'eye' , AURICULA '(small) ear'



Rule 1. Romanian and Italian keep the k sound.

> ITALIAN: OCCHIO [òkkjo], ORECCHIO [orekkjo]
> ROMANIAN: OCHI [oki], URECHE [ureke]

Rule 2. Western Romance languages transformed the whole -CUL- thing into a [ʎ] sound, similar to the Will you? combo in English.

> PORTUGUESE: OLHO [oʎu], ORELHA [oreʎa]
> CATALAN: ULL [uʎ], ORELLA [ureʎə]

But

Note 1: French simplified the sound into a [j], like the y in yes.

> FRENCH: ŒIL [œj], OREILLE [òRèj]

Note 2: Spanish changed the sound for a velar [x] sound, similar to the sound in the Scottish loch.

> SPANISH: OJO [oxo], OREJA [orexa]

Other examples of this would be APICULA 'bee' (abelha, abeja, abella, abeille), SPECULU (espelho, espejo, espill, specchio), etc.

It also applies to other similar less common endings like -TUL-,-GUL-, etc, as in VETULU 'old' (velho, viejo, vell, vieil, vecchio, vechi).

[kkk77]

The IPA for orelha in Portuguese is /ɔˈɾɐʎɐ/.

Interestingly things related to eye keep the latim form: óculos (glasses), ocular (related to eye).

[Comte Arnau]

The IPA for orelha in Portuguese is /ɔˈɾɐʎɐ/.

Are you sure about the second vowel being the same as the last one? I very much doubt it.

Interestingly things related to eye keep the latim form: óculos (glasses), ocular (related to eye).

That's why I said basic words, those belonging to the popular core. Cultisms tend to come almost directly from Latin, with lesser changes.

[kkk77]

Are you sure about the second vowel being the same as the last one? I very much doubt it.

Yep, in Lisbon's accent.

Explanation: http://www.theapricity.com/forum/sho...=1#post3186019

[Virtuous]

Thought this was some dating service. My bad.

[Comte Arnau]

Yep, in Lisbon's accent.

Explanation: http://www.theapricity.com/forum/sho...=1#post3186019

I see. I thought that only happened in nasalized e's. Interesting feature.

[Rudel]

jump (v.)
1520s, perhaps imitative (compare bump); another theory derives it from words in Gallo-Roman dialects of southwestern France (compare jumba "to rock, to balance, swing," yumpa "to rock"), picked up during English occupation in Hundred Years War. Superseded native leap, bound, and spring in most senses.

The verb zomber (completely phonetic writing, never seen it written anywhere) meaning something like "to leap" exists colloquially in France, I picked it up in Berry I think, so there's likely some cognate in Occitan (Southern Berry is the transition zone).

I thought the article before a name was kind of optional. In fact, we also use articles before names in Catalan, it should be L'Anna (or N'Aina in Majorca), but I left it out for a clearer comparison.

Majorca kept the N' article ? En / N' are very old school in Occitan, Medieval really.

Lo rei N'Anfos
En Bernat

[Comte Arnau]

Majorca kept the N' article ? En / N' are very old school in Occitan, Medieval really.

Lo rei N'Anfos
En Bernat

Yeah, that's the way it is used in Catalan too: El rei en Pere. La Maria i en Bernat. In theory, we should say 'en' before male names started by a consonant. But to be honest, I say 'el': La Júlia i el Jordi, etc. However, it is maintained alive on TV, in literature, and in formal writings, usually as an equivalent of the Spanish don/doña. I've never heard the feminine Na used in Catalonia, though. In Majorca, however, they keep the en and na quite alive, and it's also used with names starting with a vowel.

[Mens-Sarda]

Going on with the course on Easy Romance.

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* What happens with basic words ending in -CULU/CULA in Latin?
(Many of which often have an adjective in English ending in -cular, such as 'ocular' or 'auricular')

Examples: OCULU 'eye' , AURICULA '(small) ear'



Rule 1. Romanian and Italian keep the k sound.

> ITALIAN: OCCHIO [òkkjo], ORECCHIO [orekkjo]
> ROMANIAN: OCHI [oki], URECHE [ureke]

Rule 2. Western Romance languages transformed the whole -CUL- thing into a [ʎ] sound, similar to the Will you? combo in English.

> PORTUGUESE: OLHO [oʎu], ORELHA [oreʎa]
> CATALAN: ULL [uʎ], ORELLA [ureʎə]

But

Note 1: French simplified the sound into a [j], like the y in yes.

> FRENCH: ŒIL [œj], OREILLE [òRèj]

Note 2: Spanish changed the sound for a velar [x] sound, similar to the sound in the Scottish loch.

> SPANISH: OJO [oxo], OREJA [orexa]

Other examples of this would be APICULA 'bee' (abelha, abeja, abella, abeille), SPECULU (espelho, espejo, espill, specchio), etc.

It also applies to other similar less common endings like -TUL-,-GUL-, etc, as in VETULU 'old' (velho, viejo, vell, vieil, vecchio, vechi).

in Sardinia the evolution followed different directions in the various zones

for example, Oculu : in Logudorese language we write "oju" but the pronounce changes in the various zones of the Logudorese speaking area

- in my zone is pronounced "oiu" with a normal "i" - plural "sos ojos"
- in other zones "oju" with the sound of French "J"
- in other zones "oggiu"
- in Nuorese sub-dialect is "ocru" or "ogru" - plural "sos ocros, ogros"
in Campidanese language is "ogu" - plural "is ogus"


Auricula :
Logudorese : orìja (the pronounce varies like in "oju") - plural "sas orìjas"
Nuorese : oricra, origra - plural "sas oricras, origras"
Campidanese : origa - plural "is origas"

Apicula :
Logudorese : Ape, Abe - plural "sas Apes, Abes"
Campidanese : Api, Abi - plural "is Apis, Abis"

Speculu :
Logudorese : ispìju (the pronounce varies like in "oju") - plural "sos ispìjos"
Campidanese : isprìgu - plural "is isprìgus"

we also use the diminutive "ispijìttos" to say glasses, same thing happens in Corsican language : specchjetti, spicchjetti

Vetulu :
Logudorese : bezzu, betzu - plural "sos bezzos"
Campidanese : becciu - plural "is beccius"

[Comte Arnau]

in Sardinia the evolution followed different directions in the various zones

for example, Oculu : in Logudorese language we write "oju" but the pronounce changes in the various zones of the Logudorese speaking area

- in my zone is pronounced "oiu" with a normal "i" - plural "sos ojos"
- in other zones "oju" with the sound of French "J"
- in other zones "oggiu"
- in Nuorese sub-dialect is "ocru" or "ogru" - plural "sos ocros, ogros"
in Campidanese language is "ogu" - plural "is ogus"

Auricula :
Logudorese : orìja (the pronounce varies like in "oju") - plural "sas orìjas"
Nuorese : oricra, origra - plural "sas oricras, origras"
Campidanese : origa - plural "is origas"

There are two reasons why I never include Sardinian. One, the most obvious, because I don't know Sardinian. Two, because it's definitely a group of its own, so rules don't apply.

Third reason, because I know Mens will include it.

Nuorese definitely looks like the most conservative variety.

Apicula :
[/B]Logudorese : Ape, Abe - plural "sas Apes, Abes"
Campidanese : Api, Abi - plural "is Apis, Abis"

Apicula is a bad example for Sardinian, just like for Italian or Romanian, because you don't derive it from apicula, but from the full form, apes (or from alvina in the case of Romanian, which was the hive in Latin)

Vetulu :
[/B]Logudorese : bezzu, betzu - plural "sos bezzos"
Campidanese : becciu - plural "is beccius"

Interesting. Those words look like coming from a *VETTUS form.