Fire Haired
12-19-2013, 01:38 AM
Introduction
It is pretty obvious in Ancient European mtDNA and autosomal DNA with the spread of farming from the Near east to Europe mainly 9,000-6,000ybp was not just the spread of a new way of life but also new peoples. Who rarely mixed with the native hunter gatherers(some may have mixed alot) and replaced most of their genes from many areas of Europe. I think Ancient mtDNA and Y DNA from copper and bronze age central Europeans(and other DNA) is evidence another new people arrived and conquered the descendants of many Neolithic central Europeans. I think the new peoples who spread to central Europe had relatives who spread to different parts of Europe and Asia. I believe they were mainly descended from Mesolithic European hunter gatherers who became farmers during the Neolithic age, mainly or all were Indo European speakers, and migrated out of far eastern Europe. Most of the ancient DNA I reference is from my thread Ancient Eurasian DNA organized 2 (http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?106283-Ancient-Eurasian-DNA-Organized-2). The ancient DNA I mention from central Europe comes mainly within the German states of Saxony-Hanalt, Thrungia, Hesse, and Lower Saxony.
I make the point many times in this thread that there are similarities between DNA from Bell beaker, Corded ware, and Unetice cultures and that they are different from DNA of the previous Neolithic people of central Europe. Most of their DNA comes from the same areas of Germany like I said above. I am ashamed to say I know almost no details about any of the ancient cultures I talk about. From what I have read some think that Bell Beaker culture may not have been a ethnic culture but just a style that spread. I have also heard from people who say Bell Beaker was an ethnic culture that not all the sites with DNA Is really from the "Beaker folk" including the site with Y DNA R1b. If it is true Bell beaker was not an ethnic culture that could explain why it had such similar mtDNA to Corded ware. In Ancient Eurasian DNA (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestraljourneys.org%2Fancie ntdna.shtml&ei=JGGzUqyAOqXCyAH0moHwDA&usg=AFQjCNG2Izviq8gvQvBexGeTc8zxMPhtgQ&sig2=ZsSQaFNVarRa_PbwSFYIqA&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc)some of the sites put the culture and a ? for example Bell Beaker?, LBK?, Corded ware? etc. So some of the mtDNA and Y DNA I am saying is from Corded ware, Bell beaker, Unetice, etc. might be from another people. That doesn't really matter because it still doesn't take away the fact that metal age central Europeans were very different from Neolithic central Europeans.
mtDNA
N1a
mtDNA N1a is 8.55% of the mtDNA from Neolithic central Europe and there are 234 samples. At first I thought it was just a fluke because of how extremely rare N1a is in Europe and the entire World today. But I found N1a pops up constantly in many different sites, from many different periods, and many different Neolithic cultures of central Europe. There is also a N1a from megalithic France but none from over 100 mtDNA samples from Neolithic Iberia. Out of combined 103 mtDNA samples from copper age Corded ware, Bell Beaker, and Unetice cultures there is not one N1a.
U(xK)
The vast majority of Euorpean hunter gatherer's mtDNA was under U and almost all under U5, U4, and U2(all U2e except over 30,000 year old U2(X U2e). Hg U is very rare in Neolithic central Europeans at 8.12% out of 234 samples. But there is an exception I can't ignore in Bernburg culture(3,104-2,919BC to 3,100-2,650BC) U5=5 out of 29 samples that is 29.4%. Also, it is the opinion of Brandt 2013 which got most of the ancient DNA from central Europe from the Mesolithic-bronze age. That mtDNA from Blatterhole, Germany(N=18, 3,922-3,196BC) is evidence there were still hunter gatherers living in central Europe during the Neolithic. With very unmixed Mesolithic hunter gatherer ancestry(at least maternally). They categorized one section(I am not sure why maybe they were buried together or something) which has all U5 as Fisher gatherers another which had some non U5's as farmers but still a lot of U5 as farmers. But overall it seems mtDNA U was very unpopular in Neolithic central European farmers evidence they rarely mixed with native hunter gatherers.
U3, U8, U2, U4
Not even all of Neolithic central Europeans U was under U5, U4, and U2 which would descend from Mesolithic European hunter gatherers. 4 out of 18 had U3 that is 22% which they probably brought over from the Near east and 2 out of 18 had U8(U8a1a=1, U8b1b=1) which they also may have brought over from the Near east. There is a 31,155ybp U8 from Czech Republic so it is possibly it descends from European hunter gatherers. There wasn't one U4 or U2(more specifically U2e) found out of 18 U subclades from Neolithic central Europe. Both U4 and U2e have been found in Mesolithic central Europe. mtDNA U2 doesn't pop up in ancient Eurasian mtDNA(excluding hunter gatherers from copper age) until Bell Beaker and Corded ware culture. There is though U4 from Neolithic and copper age Iberia.
Bell Beaker(not counting two from Denmark both of which had U) has 30 samples U=8 26.6%,Corded ware has 52 samples U=11 21.1% for Unetice there are 21 samples U=6 28.6%. The U subclades are also different between Bell beaker, Corded ware, and Unetice with the previous Neolithic people of central Europe. For the first time since the Mesolithic in ancient central European mtDNA U2(more specifically U2e) and U4 appear. In Bell beaker 2 out of 8 U subclades had U4c1 and one had U2e, in Corded ware 3 out of 11 U subclades had U4(U4a1=1) and 2 out of 11 had U2e(U2e2=1, U2e1=1)
U5 subclades, U2, U4
It is not just the overall U subclades that are different between copper and bronze age central European mtDNA and Neolithic central European mtDNA but also the U5 subclades. 4 out of 5 of the U5 subclades from Bell beaker had U5a1, 5 of the 6 U5 subclades from Corded ware had U5a, 3 out of 4 of the U5 subclades from Unetice had U5a. But 8 out of 13 of U5 subclades from Neolithic central Europe had U5b. All of the U5 from Blatterhole, Germany (3,922-3,196BC) had U5b and there are total of 12. In Mesolithic Germany 5 out of 7 of the U5 subclades had U5b, Mesolithic Poland 2 out of 3 U5's with subclade had U5b, from Luxemburg there is one U5b1a(reported as U5a), Mesolithic Lithuania 2 out of 2 had U5b2?, in Mesolithic Iberia 3 out of 3 had U5b, 2 out of 2 U5's with Subclade from Neolithic France had U5b, 1 out of 1 U5's with subclade from Neolithic Iberia had U5a, 1 out of 2 U5's from copper age Iberia had U5a, 2 out of 2 U5 subclades from bronze age Iberia U5a.
So it seems U5b in a lot of Mesolithic Europe was more popular than U5a based on Mesolithic European mtDNA and U5 from Neolithic farmers they mixed with. But that is not true at all for Russia and hunter gatherers of Pittted ware culture in Gotland, Sweden. From Mesolithic Karelia, Russia 7 out of 7 had U5a, Pitted ware culture Gotland, Sweden 3 out of 3 had U5a, from Mesolithic far eastern European Russia 2 out of 2 had U5a, from hunter gatherers in eastern Siberia from the Mesolithic age along with many east Asian mtDNA haplogroups 2 had U5a, NO U5b, from hunter gatherers in Russia apart of Ust Tartus culture(I think Siberia but couldn't confirm) there were two U5a1's no U5b's and there was also some U4, U2e, and many east Asian mtDNA haplogroups.
The Russian copper age hunter gatherer Ust Tartus culture had a high amount of U5a, U4, and U2e like the 7,500BP Mesolithic hunter gatherers from Karelia, Russia. You also find a high amount of U5, U4, and U2(all under that were U2e) from Bronze and Iron age Indo Iranians(?) speakers from Asia(mainly eastern Siberia) and people in Asia they mixed with like Mongols, 13 out of 13 U5 with subclade had U5a!!! Those Indo Iranians(?) are suppose to have migrated from far eastern European Yamna culture to Asia during the bronze age so it makes sense. 26 out of 26 U5 subclades in the modern day country of Russia from the Mesolithic-bronze age had U5a. There are also two U5's with subclade from Neolithic and iron age Ukraine both had U5a1.
I think the much higher amount of U5a than U5b in Corded ware, Bell beaker, and Unetice cultures along with U2e and U4. Is evidence people from far eastern Europe related(maternally) to the bronze and iron age Indo Iranian(?) peoples of Asia and Mesolithic hunter gatherers of Russia migrated to central Europe. There is no other people in ancient DNA we can consider who could have brought a high amount of U2e, U4, and U5a. But there is not enough ancient DNA to say it could have only been from far eastern Europe. There wasn't any U2e from hunter gatherers of Pitted ware culture in Gotland Sweden but all of their U5 was U5a and they had a high amount of U4. Bell Beaker and Corded ware also shared deep subclades of U5. Both U5a1b and U5a1a'g were found in Bell Beaker and Corded ware culture.
Others
Here are more similarities between mtDNA of Corded ware, Bell Beaker, Unetice, and their differences with the previous Neolithic people of central Europe. Out of 234 mtDNA samples from Neolithic central Europe there is not one hg I. But there is one hg I from 52 Corded ware mtDNA samples, one I1a1(reported as I) from 30(central European) Bell beaker mtDNA samples, and three hg I's out of 21 mtDNA samples from bronze age Unetice culture. mtDNA T1 is also higher in Corded ware, Bell beaker, and Unetice cultures than previous Neolithic people of central Europe. Out of 234 mtDNA samples from Neolithic central Europe 39(16.6%) had T out of 33 T's with subclade only one had T1 more specifically it was T1a1'3. Out of 52 mtDNA samples from Corded ware culture 9 had T(17.3%) out of 8 with subclade 3 had T1(T1a1'3=2), out of 30(central European) mtDNA samples from Bell Beaker culture 3 had T(10%) two out of 3 T subclades had T1a, out of 21 mtDNA samples from Unetice culture 4 had T(19%) and out of 4 with subclade one had T1.
Again this is evidence of a genetic connection(at least maternal) between Bell Beaker, Corded ware, and Unetice cultures of central Europe with the bronze and iron age Indo Iranians(?) of Asia. Because out of 9 T subclades from bronze and iron age Indo Iranians(?) of Asia 8 had T1 and all under that had T1a. The Neolithic farmers of central Europe had a very low amount of H only 22% from 234 samples. That is different from 37% of H from 130 mtDNA samples from Neolithic Iberia. The low amount of H in Neolithic central Europe is surprising since mtDNA H is 40%+ in almost all of Europe today.
Out of 234 mtDNA samples from Neolithic central Europe there was also a very high amount of T(16.6%), K(17.9%, N1a(8.22%), and very low amount of U(8.22%). I think that is all evidence many of their maternal lineages were replaced by later people who migrated to central Europe in the metal ages. Bell Beaker(N=30, H=43.3%) and Corded ware(N=14, H=33.3%) have a higher amount of H, I guess not so much for Corded ware though. Unetice out of 21 samples H=28.6%. When I first saw that I just assumed there are not enough samples and H will go up once there is. But Ancient Eurasian DNA has not updated all of the new mtDNA results from Unetice(I think all other is updated though) from the Brand. 2013. Brand. 2013 got 94 new samples from Unetice and H is only 21.28%, U5a is still far ahead of U5b which is significant, more I was found, no N1a, new U8 was found, and there is still a good amount of U2.
Here are the results from Brand. 2013 of Unetice, Corded ware, Bell beaker, and Urnfield cultures. I got the info from this Eurogenes article A post-EBA genetic shift in Central and Eastern Europe (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/11/a-post-eba-genetic-shift-across-central.html).
http://img690.imageshack.us/img690/8574/ht2r.png
It doesn't make sense that there are so few ancient cultures or areas of Europe with ancient DNA from any age that has 40%+ H or the same basic mtDNA haplogroup percentages found in most of Europe today. Even though ancient mtDNA from bronze and iron age Indo Iranians(?) of Asia is very different from modern Europeans. Their pigmentation genes showed they were pale skinned and had mainly light hair and eyes which are very exclusive to modern Europeans today. Pigmentation genes from ~5,225 year old copper age farmer from the alps named Otzi had "fair skin, brown eyes, and brown hair". Pigmentation genes from "some 8,000 years old" others say 7,000 year old Mesolithic hunter gatherer from northern Spain named La Brana-1 showed he had blue eyes(La Brana-1 had blue eyes (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theapricity.com%2Fforum%2Fsho wthread.php%3F105677-7-000BP-Iberian-hunter-gatherer-La-Brana-1-had-blue-eyes&ei=oR2yUvjDEoGiyAGY2IDoDQ&usg=AFQjCNHLEW3QSBrCfiuNu8m1jWZOvp5yIA&sig2=1xilGqVPeXtGNdG6VuPlow&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc)) blue eyes are very exclusive to Europeans today. Autosomal DNA pre historic European farmers and hunter gatherers has shown nearly all ancestry of modern Europeans is from Neolithic and Mesolithic Europeans.(click here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/modern-european-admixture-components.html), here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/ancient-dna-from-iberian-mesolithic.html), and here (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Feurogenes.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F0 9%2Fmore-on-east-baltic-as-refuge-for.html&ei=NsyoUtu4GKr4yQHO0ICgBA&usg=AFQjCNEhGrnUisuyusRvNsT3iycbBEAOrw&sig2=frrvdghR02OG4BZcvOQ9Jw&bvm=bv.57799294,d.aWc)).So there had to be some people in Europe during the Neolithic with 40%+ H and overall similar mtDNA haplogroup percentages as you see in so much of Europe today.
Y DNA
Another very obvious difference between Bell Beaker and Corded ware with previous Neolithic people of Europe(not just central) is Y DNA. In Neolithic Europe out of 31 Y DNA samples G2a=24(G2a3 L30=1), I2a1 P37.2=4, E1b1b V13=1, F*(-I,J,K,G,H)=1, F*(I,K,K,G,H)=1. The G2a3 L30 and F's come from early Neolithic central European LBK culture. Even from northern Spain 5,000BC(G2a=3, E1b1b V13=1), Trellis France(G2a=20, I2a1=2), and Megalithic western France 4,725BC(I2a1=2) there isn't one R1b which takes up about abut 60-80% of Y DNA in those areas today.
The Two Y DNA samples from Bell beaker(Kromsdorf, Germany (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Kromsdorf,+Germany&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47a41ba0533457fd:0x4208ec 174357940!3m8!1m3!1d173906!2d-87.7319639!3d41.833733!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2 !3d51!4d11.3666667) 2,600-2,500BC) were both R1b and one was R1b1a2 M269+(R1b1a2a1a1 U106-) the other one all we know is it was R1b. Four Y DNA samples from Corded two had R1a1(Eulau, Germany (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Eulau%2C+Germany&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47a699ce4cd085d5%3A0x4236 659f8071330!3m8!1m3!1d18195!2d11.6781416!3d51.4177 936!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2!3d51.151531!4d11.8 049199) 2,600BC), one had G?(Jagodno, Wroclaw Poland (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Jagodno,+Wroclaw+Poland&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x470fc33da1193a31:0x80c395 f99e9afd7!3m8!1m3!1d72179!2d11.1545692!3d51.794141 7!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2!3d51.0516668!4d17.05 76881) 2,800BC), and one had I? or J?(Jagodno, Wroclaw Poland (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Jagodno,+Wroclaw+Poland&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x470fc33da1193a31:0x80c395 f99e9afd7!3m8!1m3!1d72179!2d11.1545692!3d51.794141 7!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2!3d51.0516668!4d17.05 76881) 2,800BC). The R1a1 from Corded Ware is another thing that connects them with bronze and Iron age Indo Iranians(?) and Tocharian's(?) of Asia. Because 16 out of 17 Y DNA samples from bronze and iron age Tocharian's(?) and Indo Iranians(?) of Asia was R1a1 and one was C(not C3). Today Y DNA R1a1a1b2 Z93 is very popular in Indo Iranian speakers and areas there once were Indo Iranian and Tocharian speakers. Its brother clade R1a1a1b1 Z283 is very popular in the former areas of Corded ware culture.This total backs up the very popular hypothesis that Indo European languages(some say not all Indo European langauges) were spread with Y DNA R1a1 M17 (R1a Eupedia (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupedia.com%2Feurope%2FHaplog roup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml&ei=ICiyUpDmEqqY2QXwkIDQDw&usg=AFQjCNGvGBs48XCYIHX9cAdy7WteeOw5Lw&sig2=vlXFRhkBQ3YS8DhJDMpb7Q&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I)). Corded ware culture(probably spoke ancestral languages to Balto-Slavic (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBalto-Slavic_languages&ei=fi6yUsjtAcKY2gXmqYGIDg&usg=AFQjCNFNKjIgFdjI5to8Gaj7DaCaF77xsg&sig2=XsiUk8mg2EjCn4YwS-07oQ&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I)) and Indo Iranian and Tocharian languages are suppose to trace back to far eastern European Yamna culture(said to be proto Indo European by Kurgen hypothesis (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKurgan_ hypothesis&ei=Ui6yUo7dPKSg2AW-j4DQBw&usg=AFQjCNF40cSw0rgglZQTleNfEJPdXjqERQ&sig2=VS3TDgnGJHZUbLNGVKbudg&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I))
Map of R1a in Europe from Eupedia. This is evidence of the major effect Corded ware culture made on Europe genetically at least paternally.
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41864&d=1387418159
The two R1b's from Bell beaker is also very important because R1b is the most popular Y DNA haplogroup of modern west Europeans. It is believed by some that R1b1a2a1a L11 first arrived in central Europe about 5,000 years ago and rapidly spread about 5,000-3,000ybp(click here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-story-of-r1b-its-complicated.html), here (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml), and here (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familytreedna.com%2Fpublic%2F r1b%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fsection%3Dresults&ei=9DCyUpPLAoGN2gXUjICQCQ&usg=AFQjCNHY7FxQXVGMTVkg0Jw6ZYFA05TLBw&sig2=0gGIoze7rpbATCu7uXj_Nw&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I)). I totally agree with that idea and think that it was Indo Europeans(Germans, Italians, and Celts) that arrived from east Europe, conquered Neolithic people of west Europe, spreading their culture, language, and genes. The R1b lineage that went through east Europe to west Europe originally went through the Near east(possibly Indo Europeans) probably during the Neolithic age. This can definitely explain the connection between Gedorsian in K12b and R1b in Europe(click here (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml)).
Map of R1b by Eupedia. Evidence of the effect Indo European speakers? originally from the near east made on Europe at least paternally. Not all the R1b especially in southeast descends from the R1b1a2a1a L11 migration in west Europe. But from an earlier migration possibly during the Neolithic that came originally from the same near eastern source(my opinion).
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41865&d=1387418263
Autosomal DNA
The last piece of evidence I see that there was a major Genetic change in central Europe and other areas of Europe during the metal ages is autosomal DNA. Autosomal DNA from pre historic European hunter gatherers and farmers. Has shown that what has been called north European like ancestry descends mainly from the hunter gatherers, what has been called Meditreaen like ancestry descends from the farmers along with most west Asian and southwest Asian like ancestry but some west Asian and southwest may have come after the spread of farming. Here are some articles written by experts that explain a lot of what I am trying to say. Ancient DNA from Iberian Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/ancient-dna-from-iberian-mesolithic.html), The East Baltic as a refuge for Mesolithic Europeans (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Feurogenes.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F0 9%2Fmore-on-east-baltic-as-refuge-for.html&ei=NsyoUtu4GKr4yQHO0ICgBA&usg=AFQjCNEhGrnUisuyusRvNsT3iycbBEAOrw&sig2=frrvdghR02OG4BZcvOQ9Jw&bvm=bv.57799294,d.aWc), Modern European ADMIXTURE components = Neolithic ecological zones (+ post-Neolithic in-situ expansions) (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/modern-european-admixture-components.html).
Here are the results of pre historic European hunter gatherers and farmers in the autosomal DNA tests globe13 (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArAJcY18g2GadF9CLUJnTUdSbkVJaDR2UkRtUE9ka UE#gid=0), K7b (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArAJcY18g2GadHZ6SHpiLTNTa3lsUmZJY2pQblVRR 2c), and K12b (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArJDEoCgzRKedEY4Y3lTUVBaaFp0bC1zZlBDcTZEY lE)
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41860&d=1387413246http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41861&d=1387413246http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41862&d=1387413248
I don't need to explain the obvious differences between the hunter gatherers and farmers. It goes along with what I said above and the links I gave with articles written by experts.. Today in Europe there are much higher percentages of north European like ancestry, less Meditreaen, and different percentages of southwest Asian and west Asian like ancestry. No one can explain the over 65% of north Euro in globe13 for modern Swedish(who are traditionally farmers) and only 28.1% in Neolithic Swedish farmer Gok4 as genetic continuum. Gok4 was a Megalithic person and apart of Funnel beaker culture both which were also in mainland Europe. I think Gok4 is good enough evidence that in the Neolithic the farmers of central and west Europe had much less "north European like ancestry" than people there today. There had to be major migrations of peoples in at least central and northern Europe to explain why only Sardinia and Basque are very close match's to the farmers Gok4 and Otzi. From what I know all European ethnicity's except Sami are traditionally farmers.
I think that the difference between mtDNA of copper and bronze age central Europeans with Neolithic central Europeans, spread of Indo European languages, and y DNA R1b1a2a1a L11 and R1a1a1b2 Z283 In Europe are directly connected. There hasn't been any autosomal DNA taken from Metal age central and northern Europeans(will be soon click here (http://polishgenes.blogspot.com/2013/04/hundreds-of-prehistoric-scandinavian.html)) but I guarantee they will be very similar to modern ones and different from the Neolithic ones. I don't think Gok4 and Otzi represent all Neolithic Europeans. I do think they represent many northern, western, and central ones though. It seems a higher amount of Neolithic southern European ancestry remained especially in Iberia and Sardinia. But definitely not in northern and central Europe.
Modern central Europeans, British-Irish, French, and Swedish-Norwegian do have similar results In many autosomal DNA tests I have seen. central Europeans(Germanic not Slavic) have nearly identical results to Celtic Irish and British. Germanic Swedish-Norwegian are basically the same just they have much higher north European like ancestry and less Meditreaen, west Asian, and southwest Asian. It is possibly most of all those peoples ancestry is mainly from migrations of Indo Europeans from eastern Europe during the metal ages. Maybe why Swedish-Norwegian have higher north European like ancestry is they mixed with hunter gatherers in Scandinavia(if there were any left). Europeans in eastern Europe from the former areas of Corded ware culture also have very similar results to each other. Except for Baltic's who have much higher north European like ancestry, much less Meditreaen, southwest Asian and west Asian. This also can maybe be explained as mixture with hunter gatherers.
There isn't any ancient autosomal DNA(besides Otzi who lived in far far northern Italy) to help explain the very similar results in so many tests between Italians(X Sardinia) and Balkaners especially Greeks.. Italians(X Sardinians) and Balkaners(especially Greeks) have a very high amount of near eastern ancestry which seems to come from the same source because in globe13 their southwest Asian vs west Asian percentages are the same. It is possibly that it comes from the Neolithic or migrations in the metal ages or even Greco Roman times. I can't really say anything about genetic discontinuum in eastern Europe(same goes for a lot of Europe) since the Neolithic because there is no Neolithic autosomal DNA and hardly any ancient DNA period from eastern Europe many other areas of Europe.
It is pretty obvious in Ancient European mtDNA and autosomal DNA with the spread of farming from the Near east to Europe mainly 9,000-6,000ybp was not just the spread of a new way of life but also new peoples. Who rarely mixed with the native hunter gatherers(some may have mixed alot) and replaced most of their genes from many areas of Europe. I think Ancient mtDNA and Y DNA from copper and bronze age central Europeans(and other DNA) is evidence another new people arrived and conquered the descendants of many Neolithic central Europeans. I think the new peoples who spread to central Europe had relatives who spread to different parts of Europe and Asia. I believe they were mainly descended from Mesolithic European hunter gatherers who became farmers during the Neolithic age, mainly or all were Indo European speakers, and migrated out of far eastern Europe. Most of the ancient DNA I reference is from my thread Ancient Eurasian DNA organized 2 (http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?106283-Ancient-Eurasian-DNA-Organized-2). The ancient DNA I mention from central Europe comes mainly within the German states of Saxony-Hanalt, Thrungia, Hesse, and Lower Saxony.
I make the point many times in this thread that there are similarities between DNA from Bell beaker, Corded ware, and Unetice cultures and that they are different from DNA of the previous Neolithic people of central Europe. Most of their DNA comes from the same areas of Germany like I said above. I am ashamed to say I know almost no details about any of the ancient cultures I talk about. From what I have read some think that Bell Beaker culture may not have been a ethnic culture but just a style that spread. I have also heard from people who say Bell Beaker was an ethnic culture that not all the sites with DNA Is really from the "Beaker folk" including the site with Y DNA R1b. If it is true Bell beaker was not an ethnic culture that could explain why it had such similar mtDNA to Corded ware. In Ancient Eurasian DNA (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestraljourneys.org%2Fancie ntdna.shtml&ei=JGGzUqyAOqXCyAH0moHwDA&usg=AFQjCNG2Izviq8gvQvBexGeTc8zxMPhtgQ&sig2=ZsSQaFNVarRa_PbwSFYIqA&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc)some of the sites put the culture and a ? for example Bell Beaker?, LBK?, Corded ware? etc. So some of the mtDNA and Y DNA I am saying is from Corded ware, Bell beaker, Unetice, etc. might be from another people. That doesn't really matter because it still doesn't take away the fact that metal age central Europeans were very different from Neolithic central Europeans.
mtDNA
N1a
mtDNA N1a is 8.55% of the mtDNA from Neolithic central Europe and there are 234 samples. At first I thought it was just a fluke because of how extremely rare N1a is in Europe and the entire World today. But I found N1a pops up constantly in many different sites, from many different periods, and many different Neolithic cultures of central Europe. There is also a N1a from megalithic France but none from over 100 mtDNA samples from Neolithic Iberia. Out of combined 103 mtDNA samples from copper age Corded ware, Bell Beaker, and Unetice cultures there is not one N1a.
U(xK)
The vast majority of Euorpean hunter gatherer's mtDNA was under U and almost all under U5, U4, and U2(all U2e except over 30,000 year old U2(X U2e). Hg U is very rare in Neolithic central Europeans at 8.12% out of 234 samples. But there is an exception I can't ignore in Bernburg culture(3,104-2,919BC to 3,100-2,650BC) U5=5 out of 29 samples that is 29.4%. Also, it is the opinion of Brandt 2013 which got most of the ancient DNA from central Europe from the Mesolithic-bronze age. That mtDNA from Blatterhole, Germany(N=18, 3,922-3,196BC) is evidence there were still hunter gatherers living in central Europe during the Neolithic. With very unmixed Mesolithic hunter gatherer ancestry(at least maternally). They categorized one section(I am not sure why maybe they were buried together or something) which has all U5 as Fisher gatherers another which had some non U5's as farmers but still a lot of U5 as farmers. But overall it seems mtDNA U was very unpopular in Neolithic central European farmers evidence they rarely mixed with native hunter gatherers.
U3, U8, U2, U4
Not even all of Neolithic central Europeans U was under U5, U4, and U2 which would descend from Mesolithic European hunter gatherers. 4 out of 18 had U3 that is 22% which they probably brought over from the Near east and 2 out of 18 had U8(U8a1a=1, U8b1b=1) which they also may have brought over from the Near east. There is a 31,155ybp U8 from Czech Republic so it is possibly it descends from European hunter gatherers. There wasn't one U4 or U2(more specifically U2e) found out of 18 U subclades from Neolithic central Europe. Both U4 and U2e have been found in Mesolithic central Europe. mtDNA U2 doesn't pop up in ancient Eurasian mtDNA(excluding hunter gatherers from copper age) until Bell Beaker and Corded ware culture. There is though U4 from Neolithic and copper age Iberia.
Bell Beaker(not counting two from Denmark both of which had U) has 30 samples U=8 26.6%,Corded ware has 52 samples U=11 21.1% for Unetice there are 21 samples U=6 28.6%. The U subclades are also different between Bell beaker, Corded ware, and Unetice with the previous Neolithic people of central Europe. For the first time since the Mesolithic in ancient central European mtDNA U2(more specifically U2e) and U4 appear. In Bell beaker 2 out of 8 U subclades had U4c1 and one had U2e, in Corded ware 3 out of 11 U subclades had U4(U4a1=1) and 2 out of 11 had U2e(U2e2=1, U2e1=1)
U5 subclades, U2, U4
It is not just the overall U subclades that are different between copper and bronze age central European mtDNA and Neolithic central European mtDNA but also the U5 subclades. 4 out of 5 of the U5 subclades from Bell beaker had U5a1, 5 of the 6 U5 subclades from Corded ware had U5a, 3 out of 4 of the U5 subclades from Unetice had U5a. But 8 out of 13 of U5 subclades from Neolithic central Europe had U5b. All of the U5 from Blatterhole, Germany (3,922-3,196BC) had U5b and there are total of 12. In Mesolithic Germany 5 out of 7 of the U5 subclades had U5b, Mesolithic Poland 2 out of 3 U5's with subclade had U5b, from Luxemburg there is one U5b1a(reported as U5a), Mesolithic Lithuania 2 out of 2 had U5b2?, in Mesolithic Iberia 3 out of 3 had U5b, 2 out of 2 U5's with Subclade from Neolithic France had U5b, 1 out of 1 U5's with subclade from Neolithic Iberia had U5a, 1 out of 2 U5's from copper age Iberia had U5a, 2 out of 2 U5 subclades from bronze age Iberia U5a.
So it seems U5b in a lot of Mesolithic Europe was more popular than U5a based on Mesolithic European mtDNA and U5 from Neolithic farmers they mixed with. But that is not true at all for Russia and hunter gatherers of Pittted ware culture in Gotland, Sweden. From Mesolithic Karelia, Russia 7 out of 7 had U5a, Pitted ware culture Gotland, Sweden 3 out of 3 had U5a, from Mesolithic far eastern European Russia 2 out of 2 had U5a, from hunter gatherers in eastern Siberia from the Mesolithic age along with many east Asian mtDNA haplogroups 2 had U5a, NO U5b, from hunter gatherers in Russia apart of Ust Tartus culture(I think Siberia but couldn't confirm) there were two U5a1's no U5b's and there was also some U4, U2e, and many east Asian mtDNA haplogroups.
The Russian copper age hunter gatherer Ust Tartus culture had a high amount of U5a, U4, and U2e like the 7,500BP Mesolithic hunter gatherers from Karelia, Russia. You also find a high amount of U5, U4, and U2(all under that were U2e) from Bronze and Iron age Indo Iranians(?) speakers from Asia(mainly eastern Siberia) and people in Asia they mixed with like Mongols, 13 out of 13 U5 with subclade had U5a!!! Those Indo Iranians(?) are suppose to have migrated from far eastern European Yamna culture to Asia during the bronze age so it makes sense. 26 out of 26 U5 subclades in the modern day country of Russia from the Mesolithic-bronze age had U5a. There are also two U5's with subclade from Neolithic and iron age Ukraine both had U5a1.
I think the much higher amount of U5a than U5b in Corded ware, Bell beaker, and Unetice cultures along with U2e and U4. Is evidence people from far eastern Europe related(maternally) to the bronze and iron age Indo Iranian(?) peoples of Asia and Mesolithic hunter gatherers of Russia migrated to central Europe. There is no other people in ancient DNA we can consider who could have brought a high amount of U2e, U4, and U5a. But there is not enough ancient DNA to say it could have only been from far eastern Europe. There wasn't any U2e from hunter gatherers of Pitted ware culture in Gotland Sweden but all of their U5 was U5a and they had a high amount of U4. Bell Beaker and Corded ware also shared deep subclades of U5. Both U5a1b and U5a1a'g were found in Bell Beaker and Corded ware culture.
Others
Here are more similarities between mtDNA of Corded ware, Bell Beaker, Unetice, and their differences with the previous Neolithic people of central Europe. Out of 234 mtDNA samples from Neolithic central Europe there is not one hg I. But there is one hg I from 52 Corded ware mtDNA samples, one I1a1(reported as I) from 30(central European) Bell beaker mtDNA samples, and three hg I's out of 21 mtDNA samples from bronze age Unetice culture. mtDNA T1 is also higher in Corded ware, Bell beaker, and Unetice cultures than previous Neolithic people of central Europe. Out of 234 mtDNA samples from Neolithic central Europe 39(16.6%) had T out of 33 T's with subclade only one had T1 more specifically it was T1a1'3. Out of 52 mtDNA samples from Corded ware culture 9 had T(17.3%) out of 8 with subclade 3 had T1(T1a1'3=2), out of 30(central European) mtDNA samples from Bell Beaker culture 3 had T(10%) two out of 3 T subclades had T1a, out of 21 mtDNA samples from Unetice culture 4 had T(19%) and out of 4 with subclade one had T1.
Again this is evidence of a genetic connection(at least maternal) between Bell Beaker, Corded ware, and Unetice cultures of central Europe with the bronze and iron age Indo Iranians(?) of Asia. Because out of 9 T subclades from bronze and iron age Indo Iranians(?) of Asia 8 had T1 and all under that had T1a. The Neolithic farmers of central Europe had a very low amount of H only 22% from 234 samples. That is different from 37% of H from 130 mtDNA samples from Neolithic Iberia. The low amount of H in Neolithic central Europe is surprising since mtDNA H is 40%+ in almost all of Europe today.
Out of 234 mtDNA samples from Neolithic central Europe there was also a very high amount of T(16.6%), K(17.9%, N1a(8.22%), and very low amount of U(8.22%). I think that is all evidence many of their maternal lineages were replaced by later people who migrated to central Europe in the metal ages. Bell Beaker(N=30, H=43.3%) and Corded ware(N=14, H=33.3%) have a higher amount of H, I guess not so much for Corded ware though. Unetice out of 21 samples H=28.6%. When I first saw that I just assumed there are not enough samples and H will go up once there is. But Ancient Eurasian DNA has not updated all of the new mtDNA results from Unetice(I think all other is updated though) from the Brand. 2013. Brand. 2013 got 94 new samples from Unetice and H is only 21.28%, U5a is still far ahead of U5b which is significant, more I was found, no N1a, new U8 was found, and there is still a good amount of U2.
Here are the results from Brand. 2013 of Unetice, Corded ware, Bell beaker, and Urnfield cultures. I got the info from this Eurogenes article A post-EBA genetic shift in Central and Eastern Europe (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/11/a-post-eba-genetic-shift-across-central.html).
http://img690.imageshack.us/img690/8574/ht2r.png
It doesn't make sense that there are so few ancient cultures or areas of Europe with ancient DNA from any age that has 40%+ H or the same basic mtDNA haplogroup percentages found in most of Europe today. Even though ancient mtDNA from bronze and iron age Indo Iranians(?) of Asia is very different from modern Europeans. Their pigmentation genes showed they were pale skinned and had mainly light hair and eyes which are very exclusive to modern Europeans today. Pigmentation genes from ~5,225 year old copper age farmer from the alps named Otzi had "fair skin, brown eyes, and brown hair". Pigmentation genes from "some 8,000 years old" others say 7,000 year old Mesolithic hunter gatherer from northern Spain named La Brana-1 showed he had blue eyes(La Brana-1 had blue eyes (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theapricity.com%2Fforum%2Fsho wthread.php%3F105677-7-000BP-Iberian-hunter-gatherer-La-Brana-1-had-blue-eyes&ei=oR2yUvjDEoGiyAGY2IDoDQ&usg=AFQjCNHLEW3QSBrCfiuNu8m1jWZOvp5yIA&sig2=1xilGqVPeXtGNdG6VuPlow&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc)) blue eyes are very exclusive to Europeans today. Autosomal DNA pre historic European farmers and hunter gatherers has shown nearly all ancestry of modern Europeans is from Neolithic and Mesolithic Europeans.(click here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/modern-european-admixture-components.html), here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/ancient-dna-from-iberian-mesolithic.html), and here (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Feurogenes.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F0 9%2Fmore-on-east-baltic-as-refuge-for.html&ei=NsyoUtu4GKr4yQHO0ICgBA&usg=AFQjCNEhGrnUisuyusRvNsT3iycbBEAOrw&sig2=frrvdghR02OG4BZcvOQ9Jw&bvm=bv.57799294,d.aWc)).So there had to be some people in Europe during the Neolithic with 40%+ H and overall similar mtDNA haplogroup percentages as you see in so much of Europe today.
Y DNA
Another very obvious difference between Bell Beaker and Corded ware with previous Neolithic people of Europe(not just central) is Y DNA. In Neolithic Europe out of 31 Y DNA samples G2a=24(G2a3 L30=1), I2a1 P37.2=4, E1b1b V13=1, F*(-I,J,K,G,H)=1, F*(I,K,K,G,H)=1. The G2a3 L30 and F's come from early Neolithic central European LBK culture. Even from northern Spain 5,000BC(G2a=3, E1b1b V13=1), Trellis France(G2a=20, I2a1=2), and Megalithic western France 4,725BC(I2a1=2) there isn't one R1b which takes up about abut 60-80% of Y DNA in those areas today.
The Two Y DNA samples from Bell beaker(Kromsdorf, Germany (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Kromsdorf,+Germany&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47a41ba0533457fd:0x4208ec 174357940!3m8!1m3!1d173906!2d-87.7319639!3d41.833733!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2 !3d51!4d11.3666667) 2,600-2,500BC) were both R1b and one was R1b1a2 M269+(R1b1a2a1a1 U106-) the other one all we know is it was R1b. Four Y DNA samples from Corded two had R1a1(Eulau, Germany (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Eulau%2C+Germany&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47a699ce4cd085d5%3A0x4236 659f8071330!3m8!1m3!1d18195!2d11.6781416!3d51.4177 936!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2!3d51.151531!4d11.8 049199) 2,600BC), one had G?(Jagodno, Wroclaw Poland (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Jagodno,+Wroclaw+Poland&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x470fc33da1193a31:0x80c395 f99e9afd7!3m8!1m3!1d72179!2d11.1545692!3d51.794141 7!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2!3d51.0516668!4d17.05 76881) 2,800BC), and one had I? or J?(Jagodno, Wroclaw Poland (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Jagodno,+Wroclaw+Poland&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x470fc33da1193a31:0x80c395 f99e9afd7!3m8!1m3!1d72179!2d11.1545692!3d51.794141 7!3m2!1i1024!2i702!4f13.1!4m2!3d51.0516668!4d17.05 76881) 2,800BC). The R1a1 from Corded Ware is another thing that connects them with bronze and Iron age Indo Iranians(?) and Tocharian's(?) of Asia. Because 16 out of 17 Y DNA samples from bronze and iron age Tocharian's(?) and Indo Iranians(?) of Asia was R1a1 and one was C(not C3). Today Y DNA R1a1a1b2 Z93 is very popular in Indo Iranian speakers and areas there once were Indo Iranian and Tocharian speakers. Its brother clade R1a1a1b1 Z283 is very popular in the former areas of Corded ware culture.This total backs up the very popular hypothesis that Indo European languages(some say not all Indo European langauges) were spread with Y DNA R1a1 M17 (R1a Eupedia (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupedia.com%2Feurope%2FHaplog roup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml&ei=ICiyUpDmEqqY2QXwkIDQDw&usg=AFQjCNGvGBs48XCYIHX9cAdy7WteeOw5Lw&sig2=vlXFRhkBQ3YS8DhJDMpb7Q&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I)). Corded ware culture(probably spoke ancestral languages to Balto-Slavic (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBalto-Slavic_languages&ei=fi6yUsjtAcKY2gXmqYGIDg&usg=AFQjCNFNKjIgFdjI5to8Gaj7DaCaF77xsg&sig2=XsiUk8mg2EjCn4YwS-07oQ&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I)) and Indo Iranian and Tocharian languages are suppose to trace back to far eastern European Yamna culture(said to be proto Indo European by Kurgen hypothesis (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKurgan_ hypothesis&ei=Ui6yUo7dPKSg2AW-j4DQBw&usg=AFQjCNF40cSw0rgglZQTleNfEJPdXjqERQ&sig2=VS3TDgnGJHZUbLNGVKbudg&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I))
Map of R1a in Europe from Eupedia. This is evidence of the major effect Corded ware culture made on Europe genetically at least paternally.
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41864&d=1387418159
The two R1b's from Bell beaker is also very important because R1b is the most popular Y DNA haplogroup of modern west Europeans. It is believed by some that R1b1a2a1a L11 first arrived in central Europe about 5,000 years ago and rapidly spread about 5,000-3,000ybp(click here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-story-of-r1b-its-complicated.html), here (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml), and here (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familytreedna.com%2Fpublic%2F r1b%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fsection%3Dresults&ei=9DCyUpPLAoGN2gXUjICQCQ&usg=AFQjCNHY7FxQXVGMTVkg0Jw6ZYFA05TLBw&sig2=0gGIoze7rpbATCu7uXj_Nw&bvm=bv.58187178,d.b2I)). I totally agree with that idea and think that it was Indo Europeans(Germans, Italians, and Celts) that arrived from east Europe, conquered Neolithic people of west Europe, spreading their culture, language, and genes. The R1b lineage that went through east Europe to west Europe originally went through the Near east(possibly Indo Europeans) probably during the Neolithic age. This can definitely explain the connection between Gedorsian in K12b and R1b in Europe(click here (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml)).
Map of R1b by Eupedia. Evidence of the effect Indo European speakers? originally from the near east made on Europe at least paternally. Not all the R1b especially in southeast descends from the R1b1a2a1a L11 migration in west Europe. But from an earlier migration possibly during the Neolithic that came originally from the same near eastern source(my opinion).
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41865&d=1387418263
Autosomal DNA
The last piece of evidence I see that there was a major Genetic change in central Europe and other areas of Europe during the metal ages is autosomal DNA. Autosomal DNA from pre historic European hunter gatherers and farmers. Has shown that what has been called north European like ancestry descends mainly from the hunter gatherers, what has been called Meditreaen like ancestry descends from the farmers along with most west Asian and southwest Asian like ancestry but some west Asian and southwest may have come after the spread of farming. Here are some articles written by experts that explain a lot of what I am trying to say. Ancient DNA from Iberian Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/ancient-dna-from-iberian-mesolithic.html), The East Baltic as a refuge for Mesolithic Europeans (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Feurogenes.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F0 9%2Fmore-on-east-baltic-as-refuge-for.html&ei=NsyoUtu4GKr4yQHO0ICgBA&usg=AFQjCNEhGrnUisuyusRvNsT3iycbBEAOrw&sig2=frrvdghR02OG4BZcvOQ9Jw&bvm=bv.57799294,d.aWc), Modern European ADMIXTURE components = Neolithic ecological zones (+ post-Neolithic in-situ expansions) (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/modern-european-admixture-components.html).
Here are the results of pre historic European hunter gatherers and farmers in the autosomal DNA tests globe13 (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArAJcY18g2GadF9CLUJnTUdSbkVJaDR2UkRtUE9ka UE#gid=0), K7b (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArAJcY18g2GadHZ6SHpiLTNTa3lsUmZJY2pQblVRR 2c), and K12b (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArJDEoCgzRKedEY4Y3lTUVBaaFp0bC1zZlBDcTZEY lE)
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41860&d=1387413246http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41861&d=1387413246http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=41862&d=1387413248
I don't need to explain the obvious differences between the hunter gatherers and farmers. It goes along with what I said above and the links I gave with articles written by experts.. Today in Europe there are much higher percentages of north European like ancestry, less Meditreaen, and different percentages of southwest Asian and west Asian like ancestry. No one can explain the over 65% of north Euro in globe13 for modern Swedish(who are traditionally farmers) and only 28.1% in Neolithic Swedish farmer Gok4 as genetic continuum. Gok4 was a Megalithic person and apart of Funnel beaker culture both which were also in mainland Europe. I think Gok4 is good enough evidence that in the Neolithic the farmers of central and west Europe had much less "north European like ancestry" than people there today. There had to be major migrations of peoples in at least central and northern Europe to explain why only Sardinia and Basque are very close match's to the farmers Gok4 and Otzi. From what I know all European ethnicity's except Sami are traditionally farmers.
I think that the difference between mtDNA of copper and bronze age central Europeans with Neolithic central Europeans, spread of Indo European languages, and y DNA R1b1a2a1a L11 and R1a1a1b2 Z283 In Europe are directly connected. There hasn't been any autosomal DNA taken from Metal age central and northern Europeans(will be soon click here (http://polishgenes.blogspot.com/2013/04/hundreds-of-prehistoric-scandinavian.html)) but I guarantee they will be very similar to modern ones and different from the Neolithic ones. I don't think Gok4 and Otzi represent all Neolithic Europeans. I do think they represent many northern, western, and central ones though. It seems a higher amount of Neolithic southern European ancestry remained especially in Iberia and Sardinia. But definitely not in northern and central Europe.
Modern central Europeans, British-Irish, French, and Swedish-Norwegian do have similar results In many autosomal DNA tests I have seen. central Europeans(Germanic not Slavic) have nearly identical results to Celtic Irish and British. Germanic Swedish-Norwegian are basically the same just they have much higher north European like ancestry and less Meditreaen, west Asian, and southwest Asian. It is possibly most of all those peoples ancestry is mainly from migrations of Indo Europeans from eastern Europe during the metal ages. Maybe why Swedish-Norwegian have higher north European like ancestry is they mixed with hunter gatherers in Scandinavia(if there were any left). Europeans in eastern Europe from the former areas of Corded ware culture also have very similar results to each other. Except for Baltic's who have much higher north European like ancestry, much less Meditreaen, southwest Asian and west Asian. This also can maybe be explained as mixture with hunter gatherers.
There isn't any ancient autosomal DNA(besides Otzi who lived in far far northern Italy) to help explain the very similar results in so many tests between Italians(X Sardinia) and Balkaners especially Greeks.. Italians(X Sardinians) and Balkaners(especially Greeks) have a very high amount of near eastern ancestry which seems to come from the same source because in globe13 their southwest Asian vs west Asian percentages are the same. It is possibly that it comes from the Neolithic or migrations in the metal ages or even Greco Roman times. I can't really say anything about genetic discontinuum in eastern Europe(same goes for a lot of Europe) since the Neolithic because there is no Neolithic autosomal DNA and hardly any ancient DNA period from eastern Europe many other areas of Europe.