Fire Haired
12-24-2013, 08:48 PM
Ancient Eurasian Mesolithic DNA (http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/mesolithicdna.shtml), with the new mtDNA, Y DNA, and pigmentation genes from Mesolithic Europe. Here is my thread Ancient Eurasian DNA organized 2 (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theapricity.com%2Fforum%2Fsho wthread.php%3F106283-Ancient-Eurasian-DNA-Organized-2&ei=acy5UqzJDcbuyAHS3IGABw&usg=AFQjCNGa68d7wLwNwroClVfWb2NFyTVyUg&sig2=bguyi90kU537lMqq3urZ2g&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc), which of course because of this and other new ancient DNA is not fully up to date. Just saying almost all the info I have about how a haplogroup Is distributed and its age estimates comes from Eupedia.com. I want to say this right away, the hunter gatherers autosomal DNA is exactly what was excepted their component peaks in Estonians a Baltic people, also the LBK farmer was most related to modern Sardinia, and very similar to autosomal DNA already taken from pre historic European farmers.
I don't know that much about this new study Lazaridis et al. 2013 "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" click here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/12/ancient-human-genomes-suggest-three.html) for a Eurogenes thread about it and here for Dienekes click here. (http://dienekes.blogspot.hu/2013/12/europeans-neolithic-farmers-mesolithic.html) Just that they think that three ancient populations formed modern Europeans: pre Neolithic European hunter gatherers, early European farmers(came from near east), and a ancient north Eurasian population MA1 was apart of. I know my thread wont have all the info. I cant wait though to spread the news that Y DNA I has finally been found in pre Neolithic Europe. Since this study(click here (http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297%2807%2962002-3)) in 2004, and probably before that, it has been the opinion of many that Y DNA I descends from pre historic stone age hunter gatherers of Europe. Here Eupedia page for Y DNA I1"Orignal paternal lineage of Nordic Europe", (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml) I2"Contiental Europe's Mesolithic paternal lineage". (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I2_Y-DNA.shtml)
Here are the new results from Mesolithic and Neolithic Europe. The reason I have the haplogroup name for the stuff the Y DNA is - for, is because ISOOGG (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk12.html) gave the haplogroup names and their defining mutations.
Loschbour, Heffingen Luxemburg (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Heffingen+Luxemburg&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47955989bb3c04bf%3A0x4f15 bcdf4508e8c8!3m8!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6 917302!3m2!1i1024!2i623!4f13.1!4m2!3d49.7699031!4d 6.2398053)6220-5990 BC, mtDNA=U5b1a(already known, Delsate 2009 reported as U5a, not sure if new studies found it to be U5b1a, or if that's Jean Manco's opinon), Y DNA=I2a1b*(I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b2 L161.1-, I2a1b3 L621-)
97.5% probability dark hair, 52.4% probability blue eyes, 26.8% probability intermediate, 20.7% probability brown eyes.
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC, mtDNA=U5a1, Female so no Y DNA
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC, mtDNA=U2e1, Y DNA=I*(I1 M253-, I2a2 L37-, I2a1b3 L621-, I2a1a CTS595-).
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC, mtDNA=U5a1, Y DNA=I2(I2b L417-, I2a2 L81-)
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U5a2d, female so no Y DNA
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U5a2d, Y DNA=?(L55+ would make it Q1a2a but L232- forces it out of Q1)
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U5a2, Y DNA=I*(I1 P40-)
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U2e1, Y DNA=I2a1b*(I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b3 L621-)
Stuttgart, Germany (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x4799db34c1ad8fd3%3A0x79d5 c11c7791cfe4!3m8!1m3!1d33447!2d6.24983!3d49.768075 !3m2!1i1024!2i623!4f13.1!4m2!3d48.7754181!4d9.1817 588), LBK culture (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinear_ Pottery_culture&ei=tsq5UpHOIsaIygG3zYGoBA&usg=AFQjCNE3wbYFfyJwW8VTxfWFlWJ9FM8zvQ&sig2=SAyt1TYT6YHyeqBGkQ7lhw&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc), 7,500BP mtDNA=T2c1d1, This is a female so no y DNA. 99.8% probability of dark hair, 99.4% probability of brown eyes, probably paler skin than the Loschbour individual.
My take on the mtDNA
The new mtDNA from Sweden and the LBK girl are not surprises at all. mtDNA T2 out of now 115 mtDNA samples from LBK is over 20%. The new mtDNA from these hunter gatherers is even more evidence Mesolithic Europeans were dominated by mtDNA U5, U4, and U2e. All five U5's from Motola Sweden were under U5a, like the 3 U5 subclades from Gotland's hunter gatherer Pitted ware culture dating to 2,000-2,800BC, like all 28 pre historic U5 subclades from Russia and Ukraine, and unlike the rest of the U5 subclades from pre historic Europe which are mainly under U5b.
Two out of seven samples from Motola, Sweden had U2e1, U2e has been found at a high amount in pre historic hunter gatherers and metal age Indo Iranians from Russia, also there was a high amount of U4 found in Gotland's hunter gatherer Pitted ware culture, and a 8,600 year old U4b1 sample from an island very close to Gotland. I think this means the hunter gatherers who lived around Scandinavia may have had similar ancestry to the hunter gatherers in far eastern Europe.
mtDNA U5(including U5a), U4, and U2e have all now been found in Mesolithic hunter gatherers of Sweden(U4 in Gotland), Russia, and Germany. There are two 31,155 year old "pre U5's" that have been found in Czech republic and one over 30,000 year old U2(X U2e, another lineage) found in European Russia. This probably means these Mesolithic hunter gatherer's of Europe had deep maternal ancestry in Upper Palaeolithic Europe. There was also a U8 found with those "pre U5's", there have been multiple U*(X all known lineages)'s found in Palaeolithic Europe, along with for sure members or likely members of the RO family(HV, H and V). So pre Neolithic European mtDNA is more complicated than U5, U4, and U2e.
My take on the Y DNA
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=42220&d=1388000518
Distribution map of Y DNA I, which was found in all 5 Y DNA samples from Mesolithic European hunter gatherers.
I am not surprised at all that all 5 Mesolithic European y DNA samples had haplogroup I. Like I said in the begging it has been believed by many to be descended from pre Neolithic European hunter gatherers and to have originated in Europe or arrived anywhere from 20,000-30,000ybp. There were a total of four I's from Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) and one from Loschbour, Heffingen Luxemburg (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Heffingen+Luxemburg&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47955989bb3c04bf%3A0x4f15 bcdf4508e8c8!3m8!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6 917302!3m2!1i1024!2i623!4f13.1!4m2!3d49.7699031!4d 6.2398053), two from Motola, Sweden were found to be I2, one I2a1b, the one from Luxemburg also had I2a1b. Meaning I2a1b was probably very spread out in Mesolithic Europe.
Today Y DNA I2a1b is one of the main haplogroups of eastern Europe, it is the most popular Y DNA haplogroup of former Yugoslavia. But both the I2a1b's were negative for I2a1b3 L621, which is the typical branch in eastern Europe. I2a1b2 L161.1 is mainly(but very very rare) in north-western Europe, but the one from Luxemburg was negative for that to. Today there is about 1-5% I2a1 P37.2 in Sweden and according to Eupedia I2a1a1 M26 is restricted to other areas, so possibly some I2a1b from Mesolithic Sweden survived. The I2a1b from Luxemburg was negative for all three known modern branches, the one from Sweden was negative for the main branch in eastern Europe I2a1b2 L621 and also I2a1b1 M359.2.
These two Mesolithic I2a1b's may have been apart of lineages that are extremely rare today, or were ancestral to some modern ones. I excepted Y DNA I from Mesolithic Europe but not I2a1b in Sweden and Luxemburg. I2a1b may be a very old haplogroup in Europe and in the Mesolithic was probably much more popular and spread out than today. I2a1b3 could be the branch descended from hunter gatherers in eastern Europe, and I2a1b1 L161.1 from northwestern Europe. I2a1 P37.2 has been hypothesized to have arrived in Europe in the Neolithic from the near east, we now know it probably originated in Europe, possibly over 11,000ybp in the Upper Palaeolithic.
Y DNA I2a1a CTS595 has many branches, the most popular I2a1a1 M26 is exclusive to western Europe and northwest Africa(mixing with Iberians), it is most popular in Sardinia at 37% and Basque at 9%. The only I2a1a1 M26 found negative for I2a1a1a1 L60 according to Eupedia are found in Ireland(possibly descended from Mesolithic Ireland). I2a1 has also been found in Neolithic farmers from France meaning it probably descends from Mesolithic hunter gatherers of west Europe. There are other very rare branches of I2a1 P37.2 that are scattered acroos north-west Europe according to Eupedia, and probably descended from north-west European Mesolithic hunter gatherers. Y DNA I2a2 P214 is decently popular in central Europe, Germanic peoples overall, and spread across Europe usually around 1%, 90% of I2a2 P214 is under I2a2a M223. It has been argued to have a Mesolithic origin in central Europe, there are also non I2a lineages of I2 spread across mainly Europe but also western Asia.
It is very surprising that all the I's from Sweden were negative for I1, which takes up about 35-40% of Swedish-Norwegian Y DNA and 20-30% of Finnish-Sami. I1a2 L22 is pre Germanic and pre bronze age in Scandinavia but possibly not Mesolithic origin like I and Eupedia thought. There are other I1a subclades which are mainly within Germanic people including Swedish-Norwegian, also subclade I1b which is extremely rare has only been found in central Europe. I think Y DNA I1 descends from Mesolithic hunter gatherers of central Europe and I1a arrived in Scandinavia after the Mesolithic or possibly along with I2a1b, and maybe other I in the Mesolithic.
My take on the pigmentation
The most likely blue eyes of the ~8,000 year old hunter gatherer from Luxemburg is no surprise since blue eyes were just found in an ~7,000 year old Mesolithic hunter gatherer from northern Spain. What is kind of surprising to me is he had very dark hair, I excepted light hair since it correlates with the distribution of Mesolithic ancestry in modern Europeans. I am also surprised the hunter gatherer from Luxemburg was probably darker skinned than the 7,500BP farmer from Germany. That means the Luxemburg hunter gatherer most likely had very dark hair, blue eyes, and tannish skin, the 7,500BP LBK farmer from Germany probably had very dark hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.
In my opinion both the Near eastern farmers that spread to Europe and the native hunter gatherers had pale skin. I think modern light hair and eyes which are very exclusive to Europeans descend from the hunter gatherers, and that the farmers were almost only dark haired and eyed. It is really hard to say when light hair and eyes began or became popular. The most famous age estimate for blue eyes was a estimate in the Neolithic, but we now know blue eyes are older and were probably popular in Mesolithic west Europe(and maybe other areas), and estimates for when the first person with blonde hair lived I saw on Wikpedia are 11,000ybp so the begging of the Mesolithic. I think it is just as likely light hair and eyes have been popular for only 8,000-15,000 years or for over 15,000 years, we need ancient DNA to figure it out. It is definitely possibly some Mesolithic Europeans were pretty dark, but most modern Europeans descend from the lighter ones, there are a lot of possibilities.
Sadly we haven't been able to learn anything in ancient DNA about the origin of the greatest hair color, Red. Except that there is a 3,000 year old Tocharian? mummy in west China named Charchen man who had a red beard. It was probably popular in early Germanic- Celts-Italics of west Europe who brought the red hair from eastern Europe, Indo Iranians-Tocharian's of Asia who originally came from Russia, and some Uralic tribes of Russia. My best guess is red hair first got over 1% in Mesolithic or upper Palaeolithic Russian hunter gatherers who had mainly mtDNA U5a, U4, and U2e, probably some type of Y DNA I, R1a, and maybe even R1b. I think red hair was spread to other areas of Eurasia(very exclusive to west Europe) in the metal ages with Mesolithic Russians Indo European speaking descendants. The common ancestors of all living humans almost without a doubt had very dark skin, brown eyes, and black hair, the common ancestors of all modern west Eurasians probably had the pigmentation of modern west Asians or north Africans. So at some point Europeans ancestors depigmentated. All the different light features in Europe I think originated in the common ancestors of modern day near easterns and Europeans, because the same genes for pale skin, light hair and eyes, and red hair also exist in near easterns with very low amounts of European ancestry.
Autosomal DNA
Here is the abstract of the study Lazaridis et al. 2013 "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". I choose to highlight the same stuff Eurogenes did.
Analysis of ancient DNA can reveal historical events that are difficult to discern through study of present-day individuals. To investigate European population history around the time of the agricultural transition, we sequenced complete genomes from a ~7,500 year old early farmer from the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture from Stuttgart in Germany and an ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from the Loschbour rock shelter in Luxembourg. We also generated data from seven ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Motala in Sweden. We compared these genomes and published ancient DNA to new data from 2,196 samples from 185 diverse populations to show that at least three ancestral groups contributed to present-day Europeans. The first are Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who are more closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians than to any present-day population. The second are West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), related to the Loschbour individual, who contributed to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners. The third are Early European Farmers (EEF), related to the Stuttgart individual, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model the deep relationships of these populations and show that about ~44% of the ancestry of EEF derived from a basal Eurasian lineage that split prior to the separation of other non-Africans.
Here are the ancient samples and MA1 autosomal DNA K=19 results.
http://abload.de/img/malboy_k19qyzbt.png
You can see all the hunter gatherers have 100% N. European(blue), which is exactly what was excepted. The 7,500BP LBK farmer has mainly purple(Meditreaen?) and some N. European which is similar with what has been found in pre historic European farmers Otzi and Gok4. The blue I am pretty sure is connected with the WHG type ancestry in modern Europeans, but doesn't exist in Near eastern the study say they have found. The 24,000 year old Siberian, MA1 aka ANE(Ancient north Eurasian) is also similar to his results in K=9. His highest ancestral groups are N. European, Amerindian, and something that is popular around central and south Asia(Caucasus+Gedrosia), and he also has a little amount of Oceania type ancestry, but this one MA1 has 0.85% type Pygmy.
My PC cant download any of the paper so I am going off quotes other people found. Here is a description of the K=14 results of these ancient samples.
shows the appearance of a component that is maximized in the Kalash and that is widely distributed in South Asia, the Caucasus, the Near East, and in diminishing strength in Europe. It is absent in Sardinians, Basques, and all ancient Europeans, although it is present in MA1. This component also does not appear in North and East Africa where other West Eurasian admixture is observed. This is consistent with MA1 having contributed some ancestry to present-day Europeans not accounted for by West Eurasian Hunter Gatherers and Early European Farmers. The presence of this component in the Near East contrasts with its absence in Stuttgart, consistent with the widely shared negative f3(Near East; Stuttgart, MA1) statistics (Table 1) indicating that present-day Near
Easterners have been affected by gene flow not present in early Near Eastern migrants into Europe.
So, there is a component in K=14 that peaks in the Kalash and is widely distributed in south Asia, the Caucasus, the Near east, and has diminished strength in Europe, but is absent in these new ancient European samples. This reminds me a lot of Gedrosia in K12b(click here (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml) for a Eupedia map), based on Gedrosia's distribution it would make sense this component in K=14 was spread to Europe with Y DNA R1b(almost all L23) starting in probably the Neolithic, and spread in west Europe possibly with Indo European(Germanic, Celtic, and Italic) languages from 3,000-1,000BC. Gedrosia in K12b is also absent in all the pre historic European hunter gatherer and farmer samples found before this study. The component mentioned in K=14 being absent in Sardinia and Basque is consistent with them being the most related modern people to Neolithic European farmers. Gedrosia is 9.8% in French Basque, and 0% in Sardinians.
Here is another quote from the study I found someone posting.
"Loschbour and Stuttgart had little or no ANE ancestry, indicating that it was not as pervasive in central Europe around the time of the agricultural transition as it is today. (By implication ANE ancestry was also not present in the ancient Near East; since Stuttgart which has substantial Near Eastern ancestry lacks it.) However, ANE ancestry was already present in at least some Europeans (Scandinavian hunter-gatherers) by ~8,000 years ago, since MA1 shares more alleles with Motala12 than Loschbour:."
So ANE type ancestry is absent in the ~8,000 year old hunter gatherer from Luxemburg and the 7,500BP LBK farmer from Germany so also absent in at least some near easterns in the early Neolithic, but ANE ancestry was present in Sweden 8,000 years ago since MA1 shares more alleles with the Swedish hunter gatherers than the one from Luxemburg. mtDNA from 7,500BP hunter gatherers in near by Karelia, Russia show typical European hunter gatherer U5, U4, and U2e but also east Eurasian C1. They actually had their own distinct lineage C1f which hasn't been found in modern people(click here (http://anthropogenesis.kinshipstudies.org/2012/11/yuzhnyi-olenii-ostrov-ancient-mtdna-evidence-for-amerindian-admixture-in-europe/)). According to that link there were skeletal remains found there that were typically Caucasoid and typically Mongoloid. Meaning there was some mixture with people probably from eastern Asia. I know MA1 didn't show any east Asian type ancestry but I think it is a possibility that some of these pre historic east Asians did. That probably isn't the source, its just a thought. The author of Eurogenes thinks that ANE ancestry was spread in Europe with Y DNA R period which mainly spread with Indo European languages in the late Neolithic/early Bronze age(R1b L23(or L11), and R1a M417).
Continued..........
I don't know that much about this new study Lazaridis et al. 2013 "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" click here (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/12/ancient-human-genomes-suggest-three.html) for a Eurogenes thread about it and here for Dienekes click here. (http://dienekes.blogspot.hu/2013/12/europeans-neolithic-farmers-mesolithic.html) Just that they think that three ancient populations formed modern Europeans: pre Neolithic European hunter gatherers, early European farmers(came from near east), and a ancient north Eurasian population MA1 was apart of. I know my thread wont have all the info. I cant wait though to spread the news that Y DNA I has finally been found in pre Neolithic Europe. Since this study(click here (http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297%2807%2962002-3)) in 2004, and probably before that, it has been the opinion of many that Y DNA I descends from pre historic stone age hunter gatherers of Europe. Here Eupedia page for Y DNA I1"Orignal paternal lineage of Nordic Europe", (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml) I2"Contiental Europe's Mesolithic paternal lineage". (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I2_Y-DNA.shtml)
Here are the new results from Mesolithic and Neolithic Europe. The reason I have the haplogroup name for the stuff the Y DNA is - for, is because ISOOGG (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk12.html) gave the haplogroup names and their defining mutations.
Loschbour, Heffingen Luxemburg (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Heffingen+Luxemburg&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47955989bb3c04bf%3A0x4f15 bcdf4508e8c8!3m8!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6 917302!3m2!1i1024!2i623!4f13.1!4m2!3d49.7699031!4d 6.2398053)6220-5990 BC, mtDNA=U5b1a(already known, Delsate 2009 reported as U5a, not sure if new studies found it to be U5b1a, or if that's Jean Manco's opinon), Y DNA=I2a1b*(I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b2 L161.1-, I2a1b3 L621-)
97.5% probability dark hair, 52.4% probability blue eyes, 26.8% probability intermediate, 20.7% probability brown eyes.
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC, mtDNA=U5a1, Female so no Y DNA
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC, mtDNA=U2e1, Y DNA=I*(I1 M253-, I2a2 L37-, I2a1b3 L621-, I2a1a CTS595-).
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC, mtDNA=U5a1, Y DNA=I2(I2b L417-, I2a2 L81-)
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U5a2d, female so no Y DNA
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U5a2d, Y DNA=?(L55+ would make it Q1a2a but L232- forces it out of Q1)
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U5a2, Y DNA=I*(I1 P40-)
Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) 6000 BC mtDNA=U2e1, Y DNA=I2a1b*(I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b3 L621-)
Stuttgart, Germany (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x4799db34c1ad8fd3%3A0x79d5 c11c7791cfe4!3m8!1m3!1d33447!2d6.24983!3d49.768075 !3m2!1i1024!2i623!4f13.1!4m2!3d48.7754181!4d9.1817 588), LBK culture (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinear_ Pottery_culture&ei=tsq5UpHOIsaIygG3zYGoBA&usg=AFQjCNE3wbYFfyJwW8VTxfWFlWJ9FM8zvQ&sig2=SAyt1TYT6YHyeqBGkQ7lhw&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc), 7,500BP mtDNA=T2c1d1, This is a female so no y DNA. 99.8% probability of dark hair, 99.4% probability of brown eyes, probably paler skin than the Loschbour individual.
My take on the mtDNA
The new mtDNA from Sweden and the LBK girl are not surprises at all. mtDNA T2 out of now 115 mtDNA samples from LBK is over 20%. The new mtDNA from these hunter gatherers is even more evidence Mesolithic Europeans were dominated by mtDNA U5, U4, and U2e. All five U5's from Motola Sweden were under U5a, like the 3 U5 subclades from Gotland's hunter gatherer Pitted ware culture dating to 2,000-2,800BC, like all 28 pre historic U5 subclades from Russia and Ukraine, and unlike the rest of the U5 subclades from pre historic Europe which are mainly under U5b.
Two out of seven samples from Motola, Sweden had U2e1, U2e has been found at a high amount in pre historic hunter gatherers and metal age Indo Iranians from Russia, also there was a high amount of U4 found in Gotland's hunter gatherer Pitted ware culture, and a 8,600 year old U4b1 sample from an island very close to Gotland. I think this means the hunter gatherers who lived around Scandinavia may have had similar ancestry to the hunter gatherers in far eastern Europe.
mtDNA U5(including U5a), U4, and U2e have all now been found in Mesolithic hunter gatherers of Sweden(U4 in Gotland), Russia, and Germany. There are two 31,155 year old "pre U5's" that have been found in Czech republic and one over 30,000 year old U2(X U2e, another lineage) found in European Russia. This probably means these Mesolithic hunter gatherer's of Europe had deep maternal ancestry in Upper Palaeolithic Europe. There was also a U8 found with those "pre U5's", there have been multiple U*(X all known lineages)'s found in Palaeolithic Europe, along with for sure members or likely members of the RO family(HV, H and V). So pre Neolithic European mtDNA is more complicated than U5, U4, and U2e.
My take on the Y DNA
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=42220&d=1388000518
Distribution map of Y DNA I, which was found in all 5 Y DNA samples from Mesolithic European hunter gatherers.
I am not surprised at all that all 5 Mesolithic European y DNA samples had haplogroup I. Like I said in the begging it has been believed by many to be descended from pre Neolithic European hunter gatherers and to have originated in Europe or arrived anywhere from 20,000-30,000ybp. There were a total of four I's from Motola Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=motala+sweden&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6917302! 4m12!2m11!1m10!1s0x465bdcd950a4d43d%3A0x1fd1c7707f 1ccb4f!3m8!1m3!1d23716!2d-87.6659235!3d42.0106749!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1) and one from Loschbour, Heffingen Luxemburg (https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=Heffingen+Luxemburg&data=!4m15!2m14!1m13!1s0x47955989bb3c04bf%3A0x4f15 bcdf4508e8c8!3m8!1m3!1d1722204!2d15.1414369!3d58.6 917302!3m2!1i1024!2i623!4f13.1!4m2!3d49.7699031!4d 6.2398053), two from Motola, Sweden were found to be I2, one I2a1b, the one from Luxemburg also had I2a1b. Meaning I2a1b was probably very spread out in Mesolithic Europe.
Today Y DNA I2a1b is one of the main haplogroups of eastern Europe, it is the most popular Y DNA haplogroup of former Yugoslavia. But both the I2a1b's were negative for I2a1b3 L621, which is the typical branch in eastern Europe. I2a1b2 L161.1 is mainly(but very very rare) in north-western Europe, but the one from Luxemburg was negative for that to. Today there is about 1-5% I2a1 P37.2 in Sweden and according to Eupedia I2a1a1 M26 is restricted to other areas, so possibly some I2a1b from Mesolithic Sweden survived. The I2a1b from Luxemburg was negative for all three known modern branches, the one from Sweden was negative for the main branch in eastern Europe I2a1b2 L621 and also I2a1b1 M359.2.
These two Mesolithic I2a1b's may have been apart of lineages that are extremely rare today, or were ancestral to some modern ones. I excepted Y DNA I from Mesolithic Europe but not I2a1b in Sweden and Luxemburg. I2a1b may be a very old haplogroup in Europe and in the Mesolithic was probably much more popular and spread out than today. I2a1b3 could be the branch descended from hunter gatherers in eastern Europe, and I2a1b1 L161.1 from northwestern Europe. I2a1 P37.2 has been hypothesized to have arrived in Europe in the Neolithic from the near east, we now know it probably originated in Europe, possibly over 11,000ybp in the Upper Palaeolithic.
Y DNA I2a1a CTS595 has many branches, the most popular I2a1a1 M26 is exclusive to western Europe and northwest Africa(mixing with Iberians), it is most popular in Sardinia at 37% and Basque at 9%. The only I2a1a1 M26 found negative for I2a1a1a1 L60 according to Eupedia are found in Ireland(possibly descended from Mesolithic Ireland). I2a1 has also been found in Neolithic farmers from France meaning it probably descends from Mesolithic hunter gatherers of west Europe. There are other very rare branches of I2a1 P37.2 that are scattered acroos north-west Europe according to Eupedia, and probably descended from north-west European Mesolithic hunter gatherers. Y DNA I2a2 P214 is decently popular in central Europe, Germanic peoples overall, and spread across Europe usually around 1%, 90% of I2a2 P214 is under I2a2a M223. It has been argued to have a Mesolithic origin in central Europe, there are also non I2a lineages of I2 spread across mainly Europe but also western Asia.
It is very surprising that all the I's from Sweden were negative for I1, which takes up about 35-40% of Swedish-Norwegian Y DNA and 20-30% of Finnish-Sami. I1a2 L22 is pre Germanic and pre bronze age in Scandinavia but possibly not Mesolithic origin like I and Eupedia thought. There are other I1a subclades which are mainly within Germanic people including Swedish-Norwegian, also subclade I1b which is extremely rare has only been found in central Europe. I think Y DNA I1 descends from Mesolithic hunter gatherers of central Europe and I1a arrived in Scandinavia after the Mesolithic or possibly along with I2a1b, and maybe other I in the Mesolithic.
My take on the pigmentation
The most likely blue eyes of the ~8,000 year old hunter gatherer from Luxemburg is no surprise since blue eyes were just found in an ~7,000 year old Mesolithic hunter gatherer from northern Spain. What is kind of surprising to me is he had very dark hair, I excepted light hair since it correlates with the distribution of Mesolithic ancestry in modern Europeans. I am also surprised the hunter gatherer from Luxemburg was probably darker skinned than the 7,500BP farmer from Germany. That means the Luxemburg hunter gatherer most likely had very dark hair, blue eyes, and tannish skin, the 7,500BP LBK farmer from Germany probably had very dark hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.
In my opinion both the Near eastern farmers that spread to Europe and the native hunter gatherers had pale skin. I think modern light hair and eyes which are very exclusive to Europeans descend from the hunter gatherers, and that the farmers were almost only dark haired and eyed. It is really hard to say when light hair and eyes began or became popular. The most famous age estimate for blue eyes was a estimate in the Neolithic, but we now know blue eyes are older and were probably popular in Mesolithic west Europe(and maybe other areas), and estimates for when the first person with blonde hair lived I saw on Wikpedia are 11,000ybp so the begging of the Mesolithic. I think it is just as likely light hair and eyes have been popular for only 8,000-15,000 years or for over 15,000 years, we need ancient DNA to figure it out. It is definitely possibly some Mesolithic Europeans were pretty dark, but most modern Europeans descend from the lighter ones, there are a lot of possibilities.
Sadly we haven't been able to learn anything in ancient DNA about the origin of the greatest hair color, Red. Except that there is a 3,000 year old Tocharian? mummy in west China named Charchen man who had a red beard. It was probably popular in early Germanic- Celts-Italics of west Europe who brought the red hair from eastern Europe, Indo Iranians-Tocharian's of Asia who originally came from Russia, and some Uralic tribes of Russia. My best guess is red hair first got over 1% in Mesolithic or upper Palaeolithic Russian hunter gatherers who had mainly mtDNA U5a, U4, and U2e, probably some type of Y DNA I, R1a, and maybe even R1b. I think red hair was spread to other areas of Eurasia(very exclusive to west Europe) in the metal ages with Mesolithic Russians Indo European speaking descendants. The common ancestors of all living humans almost without a doubt had very dark skin, brown eyes, and black hair, the common ancestors of all modern west Eurasians probably had the pigmentation of modern west Asians or north Africans. So at some point Europeans ancestors depigmentated. All the different light features in Europe I think originated in the common ancestors of modern day near easterns and Europeans, because the same genes for pale skin, light hair and eyes, and red hair also exist in near easterns with very low amounts of European ancestry.
Autosomal DNA
Here is the abstract of the study Lazaridis et al. 2013 "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". I choose to highlight the same stuff Eurogenes did.
Analysis of ancient DNA can reveal historical events that are difficult to discern through study of present-day individuals. To investigate European population history around the time of the agricultural transition, we sequenced complete genomes from a ~7,500 year old early farmer from the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture from Stuttgart in Germany and an ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from the Loschbour rock shelter in Luxembourg. We also generated data from seven ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Motala in Sweden. We compared these genomes and published ancient DNA to new data from 2,196 samples from 185 diverse populations to show that at least three ancestral groups contributed to present-day Europeans. The first are Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who are more closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians than to any present-day population. The second are West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), related to the Loschbour individual, who contributed to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners. The third are Early European Farmers (EEF), related to the Stuttgart individual, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model the deep relationships of these populations and show that about ~44% of the ancestry of EEF derived from a basal Eurasian lineage that split prior to the separation of other non-Africans.
Here are the ancient samples and MA1 autosomal DNA K=19 results.
http://abload.de/img/malboy_k19qyzbt.png
You can see all the hunter gatherers have 100% N. European(blue), which is exactly what was excepted. The 7,500BP LBK farmer has mainly purple(Meditreaen?) and some N. European which is similar with what has been found in pre historic European farmers Otzi and Gok4. The blue I am pretty sure is connected with the WHG type ancestry in modern Europeans, but doesn't exist in Near eastern the study say they have found. The 24,000 year old Siberian, MA1 aka ANE(Ancient north Eurasian) is also similar to his results in K=9. His highest ancestral groups are N. European, Amerindian, and something that is popular around central and south Asia(Caucasus+Gedrosia), and he also has a little amount of Oceania type ancestry, but this one MA1 has 0.85% type Pygmy.
My PC cant download any of the paper so I am going off quotes other people found. Here is a description of the K=14 results of these ancient samples.
shows the appearance of a component that is maximized in the Kalash and that is widely distributed in South Asia, the Caucasus, the Near East, and in diminishing strength in Europe. It is absent in Sardinians, Basques, and all ancient Europeans, although it is present in MA1. This component also does not appear in North and East Africa where other West Eurasian admixture is observed. This is consistent with MA1 having contributed some ancestry to present-day Europeans not accounted for by West Eurasian Hunter Gatherers and Early European Farmers. The presence of this component in the Near East contrasts with its absence in Stuttgart, consistent with the widely shared negative f3(Near East; Stuttgart, MA1) statistics (Table 1) indicating that present-day Near
Easterners have been affected by gene flow not present in early Near Eastern migrants into Europe.
So, there is a component in K=14 that peaks in the Kalash and is widely distributed in south Asia, the Caucasus, the Near east, and has diminished strength in Europe, but is absent in these new ancient European samples. This reminds me a lot of Gedrosia in K12b(click here (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml) for a Eupedia map), based on Gedrosia's distribution it would make sense this component in K=14 was spread to Europe with Y DNA R1b(almost all L23) starting in probably the Neolithic, and spread in west Europe possibly with Indo European(Germanic, Celtic, and Italic) languages from 3,000-1,000BC. Gedrosia in K12b is also absent in all the pre historic European hunter gatherer and farmer samples found before this study. The component mentioned in K=14 being absent in Sardinia and Basque is consistent with them being the most related modern people to Neolithic European farmers. Gedrosia is 9.8% in French Basque, and 0% in Sardinians.
Here is another quote from the study I found someone posting.
"Loschbour and Stuttgart had little or no ANE ancestry, indicating that it was not as pervasive in central Europe around the time of the agricultural transition as it is today. (By implication ANE ancestry was also not present in the ancient Near East; since Stuttgart which has substantial Near Eastern ancestry lacks it.) However, ANE ancestry was already present in at least some Europeans (Scandinavian hunter-gatherers) by ~8,000 years ago, since MA1 shares more alleles with Motala12 than Loschbour:."
So ANE type ancestry is absent in the ~8,000 year old hunter gatherer from Luxemburg and the 7,500BP LBK farmer from Germany so also absent in at least some near easterns in the early Neolithic, but ANE ancestry was present in Sweden 8,000 years ago since MA1 shares more alleles with the Swedish hunter gatherers than the one from Luxemburg. mtDNA from 7,500BP hunter gatherers in near by Karelia, Russia show typical European hunter gatherer U5, U4, and U2e but also east Eurasian C1. They actually had their own distinct lineage C1f which hasn't been found in modern people(click here (http://anthropogenesis.kinshipstudies.org/2012/11/yuzhnyi-olenii-ostrov-ancient-mtdna-evidence-for-amerindian-admixture-in-europe/)). According to that link there were skeletal remains found there that were typically Caucasoid and typically Mongoloid. Meaning there was some mixture with people probably from eastern Asia. I know MA1 didn't show any east Asian type ancestry but I think it is a possibility that some of these pre historic east Asians did. That probably isn't the source, its just a thought. The author of Eurogenes thinks that ANE ancestry was spread in Europe with Y DNA R period which mainly spread with Indo European languages in the late Neolithic/early Bronze age(R1b L23(or L11), and R1a M417).
Continued..........