Neanderthal DNA in Native Americas

[Tropico]

http://dna-explained.com/2013/12/26/native-americans-neanderthal-and-denisova-admixture

Denisovan gene flow in mainland Asia

We used the two high-coverage archaic genomes and a hidden Markov model (HMM) to identify regions of specifically Neanderthal and specifically Denisovan ancestry in 13 experimentally phased present-day human genomes (Supplementary Information sections 4 and 13). In the Sardinian and French genomes from Europe we find genomic regions of Neanderthal origin and few or no regions of Denisovan origin. In contrast, in the Han Chinese, the Dai in southern China, and the Karitiana and Mixe in the Americas, we find, in addition to regions of Neanderthal origin, regions that are consistent with being of Denisovan origin (Zscore54.3 excess relative to the Europeans) (Supplementary Information section 13), in agreement with previous analysis based on low-coverage archaic genomes. These regions are also more closely related to the Denisova genome than the few regions identified in Europeans (Supplementary Information section 13). We estimate that the Denisovan contribution to mainland Asian and Native American populations is ,0.2% and thus about 25 times smaller than the Denisovan contribution to populations in Papua New Guinea and Australia. The failure to detect any larger Denisovan contribution in the genome of a 40,000-year-old modern human from the Beijing area suggests that any Denisovan contribution to modern humans in mainland Asia was always quantitatively small. In fact, we cannot, at the moment, exclude that the Denisovan contribution to people across mainland Asia is owing to gene flow from ancestors of present-day people in Oceania after they mixed with Denisovans. We also note that in addition to this Denisovan contribution, the genomes of the populations in Asia and America appear to contain more regions of Neanderthal origin than populations in Europe (Supplementary Information sections 13 and 14).
The fascinating part of this, aside from the fact that Native people also carry both Denisovan and Neanderthal DNA, and that they carry more than Europeans, is that the Denisovan and Neanderthal DNA that they carry is different than that carried by Europeans. In fact, it appears that not all Europeans carry Denisovan DNA and this paper lowers the estimated percentage of Neanderthal for all Europeans.

This difference in the Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA might be able to help solve a long-standing mystery, and that’s whether or not part of the Native population of the Eastern seaboard, and in particular, the far Northeast part of that region, was populated by or admixed with Europeans long before the time of Columbus and other European pre-colonial explorers. This information, of course would have to come from pre-contact burials, but they do exist and with this new information in hand, they might just yield answers never before available.

[Tropico]

Dr. Ricki Lewis, in her DNA Science Blog, mentioned something else quite interesting culled from a Christmas Day issue of Nature titled “Sequence variants in SLC16A11 are a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Mexico.” In a nutshell, from article introduction, we find this commentary:

“The risk haplotype carries four amino acid substitutions, all in SLC16A11; it is present at ~50% frequency in Native American samples and ~10% in east Asian, but is rare in European and African samples. Analysis of an archaic genome sequence indicated that the risk haplotype introgressed into modern humans via admixture with Neanderthals.”

Ricki extrapolated on this further:

“Researchers determine the degree to which a mutant gene differs from the most common sequence (wild type), then impose a time scale in the form of known mutation rates. The SLC16A11 five-site haplotype is so divergent that it goes back to nearly 800,000 years ago — before our ancestors expanded out of Africa.

The most plausible explanation, unexpected I suspect, seemed to be that the haplotype came from an archaic human – a Neanderthal or Denisovan or their as-yet unnamed contemporaries. And the haplotype indeed shows up in the skeleton of a Neanderthal found in the Denisovan cave in Siberia.”

And so, it seems that the Native American people today indeed inherited their propensity for type 2 diabetes from their ancient Neanderthal ancestors who lived in the Altai Mountains. It also appears that this genetic predisposition did not carry forward to Europe, if indeed this group of Neanderthals was ancestral to Europeans at all.

[Tropico]

bump

[zhaoyun]

All non-Africans have Neanderthal genes to some degree.

[Tropico]

All non-Africans have Neanderthal genes to some degree.

I just wanted to show the extent in went into Native Americans. And it showed that Natives of the Americas had MORE Neanderthal DNA but it also showed the DNA carried was different. Theres a lot to explore here genetically.

[Amud]

There were different types of Neanderthals, as we now know. It would seem the Natives were admixed with a different race of Neanderthals than the Europeans were, indicating that there were multiple admixture events at different places and times.

[Stimpy]

I don't know much about native americans but I've noticed some northern native americans have the most unreduced neanderthal features I've seen. Ever.

This guy really looks like a purebred neanderthal.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m63r4XlOgo4/TwcJjAd2T0I/AAAAAAAAByo/zZlH6xuD3ds/s1600/Chief+Wolf+Robe.jpg
Notice his very short sloping forehead, very long lower face, long protruding nose, wide mouth and very thin lips.
They're very intresting people, too bad pretty much all individuals who look like the man above are dead.



South american amerindians, however, show pretty much the opposite of neanderthal features. This guy below doesn't even look like he's the same race as the guy above, their facial structure look pretty much as different as that of a Kongolese and a Frenchman. I think we know very, very little about the different ancestral groups of native americans.
http://i821.photobucket.com/albums/zz138/yoyochickenkfc/purelookingamerindianfrombrazilyanomami_zpse0c8623 f.jpg

[Figaro]

interesting also blood type distribution of certain groups. Vast majority of nearly "pure" to "pure" natives are type O+, but there are seemingly 'random' (not so much) instances of populations with exception- such as the Blackfoot indians of the southwest U.S who have a lot of "A". "B", however, was utterly 100% absent from Native Americans.

Most latinos to this day are still O+.

[Xenomorph]

All non-Africans have Neanderthal genes to some degree.

True, although there's evidence that people in parts of central and west Africa interbred with an unknown hominid.

[Harkonnen]

Have you people seen the 'denisovan tooth'. It is extremely large compared to any modern or ancient hominins. So far what we have from denisovans is a finger bone and that tooth. But from that tooth alone there's a good reason to speculate that at least the skull must have been enormous.



South american amerindians, however, show pretty much the opposite of neanderthal features. This guy below doesn't even look like he's the same race as the guy above, their facial structure look pretty much as different as that of a Kongolese and a Frenchman. I think we know very, very little about the different ancestral groups of native americans.


These have been very small populations where due founder effects certain features can decrease/increase very rapidly. There's also a lot of variation in South America, there are fex people like the Andeans known for their prominent nose, or Selk'nam from the Land of Fire, a more cold adapted folk with higher noses (yes also Inuits belong to this posse). The Amazonians are ofc tropically adapted, hence the broader flatter noses.

[Xenomorph]

Have you people seen the 'denisovan tooth'. It is extremely large compared to any modern or ancient hominins. So far what we have from denisovans is a finger bone and that tooth. But from that tooth alone there's a good reason to speculate that at least the skull must have been enormous.

That may be evidence that denisovans aren't just another race of neanderthals but a separate species, as neanderthals were relatively short and squat.

[Harkonnen]

That may be evidence that denisovans aren't just another race of neanderthals but a separate species, as neanderthals were relatively short and squat.

You are indeed right that they are separate from neanderthals, but they are still closer to neanderthal than to homo sapiens. The first branching starts from the line which leads to modern humans, and then the other that leads to neanders/denisovans, which again later branch from each other. It's difficult to speculate on height, but at least the skull must have been bigger to that of the already impressive neander skull.

[Tropico]

I don't know much about native americans but I've noticed some northern native americans have the most unreduced neanderthal features I've seen. Ever.

This guy really looks like a purebred neanderthal.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m63r4XlOgo4/TwcJjAd2T0I/AAAAAAAAByo/zZlH6xuD3ds/s1600/Chief+Wolf+Robe.jpg
Notice his very short sloping forehead, very long lower face, long protruding nose, wide mouth and very thin lips.
They're very intresting people, too bad pretty much all individuals who look like the man above are dead.



South american amerindians, however, show pretty much the opposite of neanderthal features. This guy below doesn't even look like he's the same race as the guy above, their facial structure look pretty much as different as that of a Kongolese and a Frenchman. I think we know very, very little about the different ancestral groups of native americans.
http://i821.photobucket.com/albums/zz138/yoyochickenkfc/purelookingamerindianfrombrazilyanomami_zpse0c8623 f.jpg

I think it's clear they were diverse and not as similar to each other as once though. They might have had less genetic diversity than let's say Africa or Europe but I think it was significant enough . The ones in PR for example were a mix of North Amerindian more recent South Amerindian. The groups had very isolated peoples then more admixed groups as well.

[Dessy]

All non-Africans have Neanderthal genes to some degree.

North africans I heard has some too

[LucvHvce]

Well three of my four mixed blood native grandparents had type two diabetes... And the one that is still living and doesn't have it is only 1/4 native.. The rest had much higher percentages.. So at least with my family the Native American genetic propensity for diabetes holds true. If it's from Neanderthals I don't know. I think it would be kind of cool..

[Kriptc06]

North africans I heard has some too

that might be due to the contact of europeans and also middle easterns with north africans, i think he refereed to Sub Saharan populations

[Taiguaitiaoghyrmmumin]

Natives don't have neanderthal admixture nor modern Humans. First they only match on some segments of Y chromosomes. And even then theres a huge Chunk of Neanderthal DNA missing on Y chromosomes. They only share from common ancestor before human and neanderthal. If they mixed with neanderthal then Haplogroup Q is neanderthal but its obviously not

https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/04/modern-men-lack-y-chromosome-genes-from-neanderthals.html


Previous estimates based on mitochondrial DNA put the divergence of the human and Neanderthal lineages at between 400,000 and 800,000 years ago. The last common ancestor of Neanderthals and humans — based on the Y chromosome DNA sequenced in the study — is about 550,000 years ago. Scientists believe Neanderthals died out about 40,000 years ago.

[Kriptc06]

Natives don't have neanderthal admixture nor modern Humans. First they only match on some segments of Y chromosomes. And even then theres a huge Chunk of Neanderthal DNA missing on Y chromosomes. They only share from common ancestor before human and neanderthal. If they mixed with neanderthal then Haplogroup Q is neanderthal but its obviously not

https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/04/modern-men-lack-y-chromosome-genes-from-neanderthals.html

I think youre mistaken, the article talks about the Y chromosome not being passed and most likely being extinct, but this doesnt mean modern humans do not have Neandethal dna...

Think like this, i dont have my maternal grandpa Y chromosome, but this doesnt mean i am not his descendant.

mtDNA
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/ancient-dna-and-neanderthals/neanderthal-mitochondrial-dna

[neanderthaltraveller]

You need to start citing me for my work, this information was borrowed from me and consists of my 25 years of work in archaeology and genetics, that is all I ask please

[Mr. Anybody]

interesting also blood type distribution of certain groups. Vast majority of nearly "pure" to "pure" natives are type O+, but there are seemingly 'random' (not so much) instances of populations with exception- such as the Blackfoot indians of the southwest U.S who have a lot of "A". "B", however, was utterly 100% absent from Native Americans.

Most latinos to this day are still O+.

what is relevance blood type between race,nationality? is O related african,american,natives?i m O but not relation with this

[gadele]

Here is the distribution of Blood type per country and per ethnic group. Values are conclusive to consider a correlation between Blood type and ethnicity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country

[luc2112]

There's also a lot of variation in South America, there are fex people like the Andeans known for their prominent nose, or Selk'nam from the Land of Fire, a more cold adapted folk with higher noses (yes also Inuits belong to this posse). The Amazonians are ofc tropically adapted, hence the broader flatter noses.

The characteristics are genetic, not climatic. Amazon amerindians is considered the first migration, belong halogroup Q3-M3 has genetic similarities with siberian Kets, altaics and south-west asia has thin features and lighter skin, higher percentage of brachycephalic. Are primitive without sophisticated culture.

82602

Considered the second migration belong halogroup C3 found in eastern South America ( mountainous pacific-cost most cold weather). Some are dark-skinned and traits neanderthal(mongolian) has similarities with north Americans amerindians with more sophisticated culture.

82603

82605

Considered that there is a mixture between the groups (Q3 and C3)

[luc2112]

Siberian Altaic:
82606

Amazon native:

82607