Genetic continuum of Swedish hunter gatherers from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic

[Fire Haired]

Yesterday(April 24, 2014) possibly the greatest ancient DNA paper since Lazaridis 2014 (http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/04/02/001552.DC2/001552-3.pdf) 'appeared in Science"Skoglund et al. 2014 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/04/23/science.1253448). I was informed by More ancient Scandinavians (Skoglund, Malmström et al. 2014) (http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2014/04/more-ancient-scandinavians-skoglund.html). I just want to make people aware, i will add my own opinion after reading its Supplementary Materials (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2014/04/23/science.1253448.DC1/Skoglund.SM.pdf).



There is already quite a collection of stone age Swedish hunter gatherer and farmer DNA. The individuals from this study are highlighted. If individuals in older studies were sampled from the same site as samples in Skoglund et al. 2014 but were given a differnt date, I replaced the old date with the one given in this paper. Ancestral Journeys.org (http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/index.shtml) is my source for the stone age Swedish individuals not in Skoglund et al. 2014



Mesolithic Swedish hunter gatherers
StoraFörvar11 aka SfF11(Male), 7,500-7,250 cal. B.P, Stora Karlso Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Stora+Karls%C3%B6/@56.8679813,18.192694,5z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79b219afcc419:0xd28f7a71e03f5 adf): mtDNA=U5a1

6,873 ± 119 BC, Stora Karlso Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Stora+Karls%C3%B6/@56.8679813,18.192694,5z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79b219afcc419:0xd28f7a71e03f5 adf): mtDNA=U4b1

Motala1(Female), 6,000BC Motala Sweden: mtDNA=U5a1

Motala2(Male), 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=I* (I P38+, I PF3742+, I L41+, I1 S108-, I1 L845-, I1 M253-, I2a1b CT1293-, I2a2 L37-), mtDNA=U2e1

Motala3(Male) 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=I2a1b*(I M258+, I PF3742+, I2 L68+, I2a1 P37.2+, I2a1b CTS7218+, I2a1b CTS1293+, I2a1b CTS176+, I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b3 L621-), mtDNA=U5a1

Motala4(Female) 6,000BC Motala Sweden: mtDNA=U5a2d

Motala6(Male) 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=? (Q1 L232- Q1a2a L55+), mtDNA=U5a2d

Motala9(Male) 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=I* (I P38+, I1 P40-), mtDNA=U5a2

Motala12(Male) 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=pre-I2a1b or brother lineage to I2a1b(I PF3742+, I M258+, I M170+, I2 L68+, I2a L460+, I2a1 P37.2+, I2a1b CTS7218+, I2a1b CTS5985+. I2a1b L178+, I2a1b CTS1293+, I2a1b CTS176+, I2a1b CTS5375-, I2a1b CTS8486-, I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b3 L621-), mtDNA=U2e1


Neolithic Swedish hunter gatherers of the Pitted Ware culture (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPitted_ Ware_culture&ei=9qBZU8akGoiiyASstoCwAw&usg=AFQjCNHYVS7Fs4KD5uFFA4fHuWePhKDiPw&sig2=4kR4uD9xdNK3pCq_c_ppag&bvm=bv.65397613,d.aWw)

Ajv52A(Male), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=V

Ajv59(Male), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U

Ajv53(Female), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U4d

Ajv58(Male), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): Y DNA=I2a1-P37.2, mtDNA=U4d

Ajv70(Male), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U4d

Ire8(Male), 5,100-4,150 cal. B.P, Ire, Hangvar, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ire+Vattenbruk/@57.7821,18.79283,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f6fc63bb964b41:0x82d2a a8af77e08d4): mtDNA=U4d

Ajv13(?), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U4

Ajv52b(?), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U4

Ajv66(?), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U4

Ajv54(?), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U5

Ajv36(?), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U5

Ajv5(?), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U5a

Ajv29a(?), 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eksta+Ajvide/@57.2867896,18.1345203,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f79d08dd3452bb:0x9f063 41a4fdf8dc3): mtDNA=U5a

Fir15(?), 2800-2000 BC,Fridtorp, Västerhejde, Gotland: mtDNA=U4

Fir22(?), 2800-2000 BC,Fridtorp, Västerhejde, Gotland: mtDNA=U4

Fir4(?), 2800-2000 BC,Fridtorp, Västerhejde, Gotland: mtDNA=U5

Fir27(?), 2800-2000 BC,Fridtorp, Västerhejde, Gotland: mtDNA=U5a

Ire6b(?), 5,100-4,150 cal. B.P, Ire, Hangvar, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ire+Vattenbruk/@57.7821,18.79283,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f6fc63bb964b41:0x82d2a a8af77e08d4): mtDNA=T2b

Ire9(?), 5,100-4,150 cal. B.P, Ire, Hangvar, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ire+Vattenbruk/@57.7821,18.79283,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f6fc63bb964b41:0x82d2a a8af77e08d4): mtDNA=U4

Ire3(?), 5,100-4,150 cal. B.P, Ire, Hangvar, Gotland Sweden (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ire+Vattenbruk/@57.7821,18.79283,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x46f6fc63bb964b41:0x82d2a a8af77e08d4): mtDNA=U4



Neolithic Swedish Farmers of the TRB culture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture), Frälsegården, Gokhem Sweden
(https://www.google.com/maps/place/FR%C3%84LSEG%C3%85RDEN/@57.9135788,13.8603064,7z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x465ae8d553c5f65b:0x81e457e04d258 8)

Gökhem4(Male), 5,050-4,750 cal. years B.P.: mtDNA=H

Gökhem2(Female), 5,050-4,750 cal. years B.P.: mtDNA=H1c

Gökhem7(Female), 5,050-4,750 cal. years B.P.: mtDNA=H24

Gökhem5(Female), 5,280-4,890 cal. B.P.: mtDNA=K1e

Ste7(Female), 5,280-4,890 cal. B.P.: mtDNA=T2b

Ste7(Female), 5,280-4,890 cal. B.P.: mtDNA=J

The mtDNA of the Stone age Swedish farmers and hunter gatherers is 100% constant with what has been found in stone age farmers and hunter gatherers from other regions of Europe. The hunter gatherers have about 100% U5, U4, and U2, and the farmers mainly have modern European-specfic subclades of haplogroups which are most diverse and originated in the middle east. Since mDNA H1 and H3 are most popular in western Europe today, i bet that Neolithic west Europeans like the ones in Sweden had a very high amount and mtDNA samples from them so far is great evidence this is true. So far all U5 samples from Swedish hunter gatherers are U5a(mainly U5a1, but also U5a2 and U5a2d), like Mesolithic Russians(specifically U5a1) and unlike Mesolithic central-west Europeans who had mainly U5b(mainly U5b2) and the only U5a subclade found are U5a2(including U5a2c3* and U5a2a). The U5a in Swedish hunter gatherers may be from east European-very ANE like ancestors,, while their Y DNA I2a1-P37.2 is probably descended of central-west European ancestors.

At least paternally modern Balts and Scandinavians don't show evidence of a high amount of Mesolithic Swedish ancestry. I2a1-P37.2 today is very very rare in Scandnavians and Balts(much of it is probably east European=specfic I2a1b1a-L147.2), there are some Scandinavian P27.2 samples in FTDNA's database who have not been tested for I2a1-P37.2 subclades i bet at least have unknown specific Scandinavian SNPs and are a brotherclade to I2a1b. Y DNA I2a1-P37.2 is likely a marker of Europeans who took refuge in south-western Europe during the last ice age, today it is most diverse in western Europe and so far has been shown to be the main lineage of Mesolithic central-west-north Europeans.

Ancient and modern mtDNA are great evidence that Mesolithic Europeans at least maternally largely descended of humans who arrived in Europe over 30,000 years ago. There are no Y DNA samples from Upper Palaeolithic Europe, but the fact that Y DNA I is most diverse in Europe, 6/7 Mesolithic Europeans tested have Y DNA I, and that it is estimated to be 20,000-25,000 years old is great evidence that many Upper Palaeolithic Europeans belonged to Y DNA I. There are other ancient and exclusively European Y DNA haplogroups like C1a2-V20 which is what Mesolithic Spaniard La Brana-1 had, but also F-96 and maybe others i don't know of. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian MA1 belonged to Y DNA haplogroup R* and he was a pure west Eurasian, it is possibly that some Upper Paleolithic European belonged to Y DNA R, Q, or another descendant of P.

Autosomal DNA shows that Mesolithic Europeans all descended from the same ancient source, that their modern descendants are largely confined to Europe, and that they are likely descended of very early Europeans who arrived i think at least before the last Ice age.

Autosomal DNA
By using D-statistics Skoglund et al. 2014 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/04/23/science.1253448) found that Ajv58 fits as a clade with La brana-1, modern Sardinians fit as a clade with Otzi, and Gok2 has more hunter gatherer ancestry than Otzi. They found that all non-west Eurasian non Africans share more drift with Ajv58, which is because Gok2 had some basal Eurasian ancestry which does not have the shared drift between west and east Eurasians. The modern Europeans who share more dirft with either Ajv58 or Gok2 is constant with how Mesolithic European and near eastern ancestry is distributed in Europe. Northern and central Europeans are closer to Ajv58 while southern Europeans(incl. French) are closer to Gok2.

Not surprisingly modern Sardinians share much more dirft with Gok2 than any other modern populations. I was shocked to see that Sami(specifically from Norrbotten, Sweden) share much more drift with Ajv58 than any other modern Europeans, they share as much drift with Ajv58 as Sardinians do with Gok2. This suggests that Sami (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSami_pe ople&ei=5rdaU7LOIKasyAH20IDQDA&usg=AFQjCNFiWiOdZvqDvwcsLRIrDEkDZsRn-Q&sig2=l2XU7eZiK5bKS4pdFDAloA&bvm=bv.65397613,d.aWc) have the highest amount of Mesolithic European hunter gatherer ancestry today, and coincidentally are the last Europeans who are traditionally hunter gatherers.

Ajv58 may have had no farmer ancestry but Gok2 probably had around 30-40% hunter gatherer ancestry. So the D-statistics mean that Mesolithic European hunter gatherer ancestry is probably over 40% in much of northern and central Europe.

Skoglund et al. 2014 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/04/23/science.1253448) created admixture graphs like Lazaridis 2014 (http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/04/02/001552.DC2/001552-3.pdf) with ancient and modern samples, and came to the same conclusions.

Four key admixture events shown by their tree


1. Gene flow from Denisovans to Australian aboriginal populations (48, 97, 98)
2. Gene flow from the MA1 lineage to Native American ancestors (Anzick1 and
Saqqaq) (13)
3. Gene flow from the MA1 lineage to Ajvide58, see main text and Table S13.
4. Gene flow from Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (La Brana 1) to early
farmers (Gökhem2 and Iceman) (18).


Their admixture graphs like Lazardis suggest early European farmers harbored a significant amount of basal Eurasian ancestry(44+or-3% for Otzi, 33+or-6% for Gok2) and the rest of their ancestry formed a clad with European hunter gatherers. Most of their European hunter gatherer-like ancestry, descends from near easterns who were closely related to Mesolithic Europeans. Gok2 though is estimated to have 21% more than Otzi, and that 21% extra is defintley European hunter gatherer ancestry, Gok2 may have been as much as 40% Mesolithic European.

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-f0SM6wmjxww/U1lq1koSSwI/AAAAAAAAJks/_csA2iCuNGM/s1600/skoglund.png

In their fitted model Ajv58(not La Brana-1) is the best fit for the hunter gatherers that contributed ancestry to Gok2 and Otzi. This is because Gok2's and Otzi's hunter gatherer ancestors were probably from central Europe(for Gok2 also northern Europe and Scandinavia) and were more related to Ajv58 a Swedish hunter gatherer than to La Brana-1 an Iberian hunter gatherer. Similarly Lazardis found that Stuttgart is more related to Loschbour and Motala12 than to La Brana-1, because her hunter gatherer ancestors were also probably from around central Europe.

Skoglund et al. 2014 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/04/23/science.1253448) fitted Ajv58 a Neolithic Swedish hunter gatherer as a mixture of MA1 and La Brana-1, like how Lazaridis 2014 (http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/04/02/001552.DC2/001552-3.pdf) fit Mesolithic Swedish hunter gatherer Motala12 as a mixture of MA1 and Loschbour. The predicted percentages of ANE(~25%) and WHG(~75%) ancestry in Ajv58 are very similar to what Lazaridis 2014 (http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/04/02/001552.DC2/001552-3.pdf) predicted for Motala12(19% ANE, 81% WHG). It was already noticed by Laz that Neolithic Swedish hunter gatherers cluster very closely to Mesolithic ones because they shift more towards MA1 in PCAs than La Brana-1 and Loschbour do. La Brana-1 like Loschbour did not fit as having any ANE ancestry.

This PCA of the ancient genomes with modern west Eurasians, are constant with Lazardis's and Davidski's(Eurogenes blog) PCAs.
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-d4Ac-Xpfgpg/U1oAIqvU8TI/AAAAAAAAAdg/hMM8a0mjIAg/w400-h348-no/Skoglund_2014_PCA_small.png

24,000BP Siberian MA1 clusters more closely with European hunter gatherers than with near easterns, which is probably because he and European hunter gatherers(some farmer ancestry for La Brana-1, and probably for the Neolithic Swedish hunter gatherers) are pure west Eurasians, unlike middle eastern specific ancestry which has a high amount of basal Eurasian.

The Neolithic Swedish farmers are much farther up towards European hunter gatherers than Otzi is. They cluster most closely with Basque, who are one of few modern Europeans who fitted as a mix of Stuttgart and Loschbour in Laz, and have the highest amount of WHG ancestry in southern Europe. One of the Neolithic Swedish farmers is shifted about as far up as central-north Europeans. In my opinion the Swedish Neolithic farmers had 30%- 40% WHG ancestry. They may have more hunter gatherer ancestry than Otzi and Stuttgart because they were the first farmers in Scandinavia.

The D-statistic above shows that MA1 is much closer to Lithuanians(arguable the most Mesolithic-like modern Europeans) than to Sardinians(the most Neolithic-like modern Europeans), like European hunter gatherers. He and StoraForvar11 are almost exactly as distant from Sardinians but La Brana-1 and the Swedish Neolithic hunter gatherers are less distant from Sardinians, probably because they had some farmer ancestry. MA1 has constantly been shown to be a close relative of stone age European hunter gatherers, but this is because he and stone age European hunter gatherers are the only samples known of pure or close to pure west Eurasians. Middle eastern-specific ancestry comes primarily from a source more related to European hunter gatherers than MA1 is, but its basal Eurasian ancestry makes them less related to European hunter gatherers than MA1 is.


Pigmentation

Ajv58 had ancestral "dark skin" alleles in SNPs rs1426654, like La Brana-1 and Loschbour but unlike Mesolithic Swede Motala12 who had the derived "light skin" alleles. Ajv58 also had ancestral 'dark skin" alleles in SNP rs16891982 like Loschbour and La Brana-1 but unlike Mesolithic Swede Sf11 who had the derived "light skin" alleles. So most Mesolithic Europeans had the ancestral "dark skin" alleles in those two SNPs, but a minority had the derived "light skin" alleles.

Early European farmers Otzi, Gok2, and Stuttgart all had the derived "light skin" alleles in SNP rs1426654, Stuttgart had the ancestral 'dark skin" alleles in SNP rs16891982, while Gok2 and Otzi had the derived light skin alleles in SNP rs16891982. "Light skin" alleles in SNP rs1426654 were probably fixated in early European farmers, as they are in modern Europeans and west Asians. SNP rs16891982 is also associated with hair color, one study claims that if a European individual has the ancestral alleles there is a 7x better chance that individual has black hair. That's why the derived alleles are less popular in southern Europe than in northern Europe, and less popular in the middle east than in Europe.

Maybe since these two "light skin" mutations existed in both European hunter gatherers and farmers but at differnt rates, when the two populations mixed their descendants had these mutations at the same rate of their farmer ancestors. Like i have said in this thread (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupedia.com%2Fforum%2Fthreads %2F29789-Revised-Laz-Ancient-genomes-suggest-three-ancestral-populations-for-Europeans&ei=eaRaU42YAqSbygG2-4HwAw&usg=AFQjCNHIw3jMHNFjJin0Ba8GL14cW2df1g&sig2=i1AQuYJU7tYTRVcx48KCmg&bvm=bv.65397613,d.aWc) and other times the science behind human skin color is not very well known and it's impossible to say what skin color these ancient people had.

Neolithic European farmers defintley had light skin, since they had all the mutations associated with light skin in west Eurasia today and modern Sardinians are pracituclley no differnt genetically are generally light skinned. I tend towards saying stone European hunter gatherers had dark skin, because it cant be random that they are missing nearly every mutations associated with European light skin that are fixated in modern Europeans. There are alot of possibilities though, maybe both hunter gatherers and farmers had light skin. Today it seems all light pigmentation in Europe correlates with WHG ancestry, so possibly the hunter gatherers had light skin and some light hair, not just light eyes.

I was hoping Skoglund et al. 2014 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/04/23/science.1253448) would help find the origin of high amounts of light hair in modern Europeans. In supplementary pages 36-37 they have a horrible pigmentation predictor, so that's disappointing. In my opinion light hair in Europe today is either mainly descended of European hunter gatherers, or first became popular in hunter/farmer mutts. Since 3/4 Stone age European hunter gatherers tested so far are missing the L374F they were probably very dark haired. Near eastern ancestry today in Europe correlates with dark hair, Sardinians are the most early European farmer descended modern Europeans and are also the darkest haired Europeans so early European farmers were also probably very dark haired.

[Black Wolf]

Very interesting! The mtDNA haplogroup V and especially T2b result among the Neolithic Swedish hunter-gatherers no doubt comes from intermarriage with Neolithic farmers. The rest of the Neolithic Swedish hunter-gatherers are U types when it comes to mtDNA which makes perfect sense.

[Black Wolf]

I would also like to point out that some mtDNA U5b results have been found among Northeast European Mesolithic hunter-gatherer samples. One Kunda culture and two Narva culture samples turned out to be U5b from Lithuania. This is the furthest East any mtDNA U5b has been found among ancient hunter-gatherer samples.

[Jackson]

Wonder when my U5a1b4 got to Britain, as far as i know U5a1b4 is restricted to the British Isles.

Very interesting post, thanks for bringing all this information together Fire Haired!

[Anglojew]

No 6 has a similar combo to me

[Fire Haired]

23andme may have just revealed that i have known someone with Mesolithic European-like skin color my whole life. I will tell more soon in a new thread.

[Argang]

On Dienekes' blog someone noted that Ajv58 shares high drift with Amerindians (Mal'ta and East Asian mixes) according to supplementary figure 13, and it seems he's right. Ajv has more shared drift with Anzick-1 (over 50% East Asian and rest ANE from MA-1) than with MA-1 who is fully ANE.

[1stLightHorse]

Nice thread Fire Haired, i always enjoy your posts.

[SobieskisavedEurope]

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-f0SM6wmjxww/U1lq1koSSwI/AAAAAAAAJks/_csA2iCuNGM/s1600/skoglund.png

Neolithic farmers appear to be half way between Africans & Neolithic hunter gatherers + La Brana!

[Fire Haired]

Neolithic farmers appear to be half way between Africans & Neolithic hunter gatherers + La Brana!

The idea is that early European farmers were around 44% basal Eurasian and 66% something closely related to European hunter gatherers(mostly from the near east but also some European hunter gatherer). West and east Eurasians share drift in which basal Eurasian did not, basal Eurasian broke off very early from the non Africa aka Eurasian family. Early European farmers mainly descended from the same source as do modern middle easterns.

[SobieskisavedEurope]

The idea is that early European farmers were around 44% basal Eurasian and 66% something closely related to European hunter gatherers(mostly from the near east but also some European hunter gatherer). West and east Eurasians share drift in which basal Eurasian did not, basal Eurasian broke off very early from the non Africa aka Eurasian family. Early European farmers mainly descended from the same source as do modern middle easterns.

So Neolithic farmers had already mixed with Mesolithic Europeans on arrival!?

[Not a Cop]

So as far as i understand Mesolithic farmers=Megalithic culture?

I remember reading the book of russian anthropologist Bunak, where he stated that Swedes are basicly a mixture of UP, Megalithics and Cordeds, so is there any info on Cordeds, or they also come as Neolithic farmers?

[Fire Haired]

So as far as i understand Mesolithic farmers=Megalithic culture?

I remember reading the book of russian anthropologist Bunak, where he stated that Swedes are basicly a mixture of UP, Megalithics and Cordeds, so is there any info on Cordeds, or they also come as Neolithic farmers?

The Swedish farmers sampled in this study were apart of the TRB culture (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDgQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFunnelb eaker_culture&ei=XvpaU7yHGcmOyAT3zYLYAg&usg=AFQjCNEeaDqLpJEdmYQw6jmYXoZfdWHhng&sig2=gMUfwpYpaoMZsorf6kga0A&bvm=bv.65397613,d.aWw) and were buried in Megalithics, genetically though they were no differnt from the first farmers in central Europe(LBK culture, a sample has already been tested) and probably all early European farmers, who all except i think maybe the forest steppe descend from the same early farmers in Greece around 9,000 years ago. Modern day Swedes probably have a decent amount of ancestry from the TRB farmers, based on mtDNA. The Swedish hunter gatherers though didn't survive well and probably contributed a tiny winy bit of ancestry to modern ones. Indo Europeans peoples from the Corded ware and Nordic bronze age cultures are probably the main ancestors of modern Norse. Nearlly all of modern Norse paternal lineages arrived in the copper and bronze ages. Finnish and Sami's ancestors probably also arrived in Scandnavia during the metal ages. The assumption many people make that Scandinavians have been up there since the stone age has been proven incorrect with ancient DNA.

Nearly all modern Europeans trace 100% of their ancestry to three stone age populations (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupedia.com%2Fforum%2Fthreads %2F29789-Revised-Laz-Ancient-genomes-suggest-three-ancestral-populations-for-Europeans&ei=s_taU-a0DI6VyASC-oEQ&usg=AFQjCNHIw3jMHNFjJin0Ba8GL14cW2df1g&sig2=y9m89lQy8JoBPkgWY54vBw&bvm=bv.65397613,d.aWw). Norse trace over 50% of their ancestry to Mesolithic Europeans, probably around 17% to west Eurasians who lived in Siberia during the Upper Palaeolithic age, and 33% to near easterns(mainly the ones who gave Europe farming).

[Fire Haired]

So Neolithic farmers had already mixed with Mesolithic Europeans on arrival!?

No. Mesolithic Europeans had close relatives in the near east who mixed with basal Eurasian to create early farmers(the mix is probably older than farming). Those early farmers migrated to Europe and mixed with Mesolithic Europeans. All modern day middle easterns are a mix of what early farmers were plus either Sub Saharan African, ANE, east asian, and south Asian.

[Black Wolf]

I may be wrong but it seems rather likely that the autosomal ancestry that the Neolithic farmers have that is related to the WHG component/clade may be connected to Y-DNA haplogroup J. Since Y-DNA halogroup I is the main Y-chromosome haplogroup of the WHG population and I is most closely related to J then it would make sense that the autosomal component/clade among the farmers that is similar to the WHG component come from probably a Near Eastern population high in Y-DNA haplogroup J.

[Stimpy]

Intresting that so many hunter-gatherers from Gotland have U5a, would be cool they're direct ancestors of mine.

[Stimpy]

23andme may have just revealed that i have known someone with Mesolithic European-like skin color my whole life. I will tell more soon in a new thread.

Would be cool if you could post an example of someone with this type of skin colour. I've always wondered what ''dark skin'' means exactly in La Brana and other hunter-gatherers, like what kind of shade it is.

[Black Wolf]

Intresting that so many hunter-gatherers from Gotland have U5a, would be cool they're direct ancestors of mine.

Same goes for me with La Brana. Well my maternal line ancestors were certainly quite similar to his I think.

[Stimpy]

Same goes for me with La Brana. Well my maternal line ancestors were certainly quite similar to his I think.

Yeah, U5 is certainly a very intresting haplogroup.

It's really cool that I, a Gotlander, who live on Gotland belong to the same direct maternal line as the people who lived on this island 6000 years ago. It makes me feel a special connection to this piece of land.

[Black Wolf]

Yeah, U5 is certainly a very intresting haplogroup.

It's really cool that I, a Gotlander, who live on Gotland belong to the same direct maternal line as the people who lived on this island 6000 years ago. It makes me feel a special connection to this piece of land.

Oh for sure that is very cool! You are a Gotland aboriginal! :D

[Fire Haired]

Here is a northern European with very similar alleles associated with pigmentation as Mesolithic European Loschbour

Ancestry: North-west European+2% Native American: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
A/A(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

EEF:46.9

WHG:37.7

ANE:15.3

Loschbour: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
G/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

He is light skinned but can tan very well, black haired, and blue eyed. Besides A/A alleles in SNP rs1426654 he is almost a perfect match with Loschbour. This suggests that these light skin mutations don't make a huge effect on skin color, and Mesolithic Europeans may have been light skinned. My uncle's dark skin can be explained by his non European ancestry.

I found that a very large number of people with T/T alleles in SNP rs12203592 have blue eyes, i wonder if that combination is some type of Mesolithic European haplotype.

I am still very undecided on the pigmentation of typical Mesolithic Europeans but my guess at this point is black haired, dark or light skinned, and blue eyed. Hopefully i will get feed back soon from the other Europeans missing light skin mutations. If i have strong faith in these SNPs then Motala12 should have been very light skinned, but why would skin color vary from brown to white in small family tribes?

[Black Wolf]

Here is a northern European with very similar alleles associated with pigmentation as Mesolithic European Loschbour

Ancestry: North-west European+2% Native American: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
A/A(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

EEF:46.9

WHG:37.7

ANE:15.3

Loschbour: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
G/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

He is light skinned but can tan very well, black haired, and blue eyed. Besides A/A alleles in SNP rs1426654 he is almost a perfect match with Loschbour. This suggests that these light skin mutations don't make a huge effect on skin color, and Mesolithic Europeans may have been light skinned. My uncle's dark skin can be explained by his non European ancestry.

I found that a very large number of people with T/T alleles in SNP rs12203592 have blue eyes, i wonder if that combination is some type of Mesolithic European haplotype.

I am still very undecided on the pigmentation of typical Mesolithic Europeans but my guess at this point is black haired, dark or light skinned, and blue eyed. Hopefully i will get feed back soon from the other Europeans missing light skin mutations. If i have strong faith in these SNPs then Motala12 should have been very light skinned, but why would skin color vary from brown to white in small family tribes?

I unfortunately can't get my maternal grandfather tested as he is no longer alive but he was of 100% Irish/British Isles descent as far as we know and he had dark skin (for a Caucasian) that could tan very easily, jet black hair and blue eyes.

[1stLightHorse]

Here is a northern European with very similar alleles associated with pigmentation as Mesolithic European Loschbour

Ancestry: North-west European+2% Native American: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
A/A(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

EEF:46.9

WHG:37.7

ANE:15.3

Loschbour: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
G/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

He is light skinned but can tan very well, black haired, and blue eyed. Besides A/A alleles in SNP rs1426654 he is almost a perfect match with Loschbour. This suggests that these light skin mutations don't make a huge effect on skin color, and Mesolithic Europeans may have been light skinned. My uncle's dark skin can be explained by his non European ancestry.

I found that a very large number of people with T/T alleles in SNP rs12203592 have blue eyes, i wonder if that combination is some type of Mesolithic European haplotype.

I am still very undecided on the pigmentation of typical Mesolithic Europeans but my guess at this point is black haired, dark or light skinned, and blue eyed. Hopefully i will get feed back soon from the other Europeans missing light skin mutations. If i have strong faith in these SNPs then Motala12 should have been very light skinned, but why would skin color vary from brown to white in small family tribes?

My father, his father and his grandfather all had black hair, and were all 100% british isles ancestry from haplogroup I2b1, not sure what the new nomenclature is. All of them had grey/blue eyes. My father and his father were exceptionally dark looking from a distance though, could tan easily. People thought my father was italian when he was in school. He was also a foot taller than everyone else in his class. He did however, end up with serious skin cancer on his arms in later life.

I'll see if i can do some scans of his old school photos.

[Fire Haired]

I unfortunately can't get my maternal grandfather tested as he is no longer alive but he was of 100% Irish/British Isles descent as far as we know and he had dark skin (for a Caucasian) that could tan very easily, jet black hair and blue eyes.

It would be very interesting to see if he had similar alleles to Mesolithic Europeans, i have heard there are alot of dark skinned people in the British isles and they are called black Irish or black Scots. I know there must be some Europeans who have the same alleles as Loschbour who could give us an idea what many Mesolithic Europeans looked like in person. The fact that the north European person i named above has identical alleles to Loschbour in major skin pigmentation SNPs besides rs1426654(which near easterns are also fixated for) is evidence Mesolithic Europeans were light skinned, but my uncle is evidence they were dark skinned.

[Black Wolf]

It would be very interesting to see if he had similar alleles to Mesolithic Europeans, i have heard there are alot of dark skinned people in the British isles and they are called black Irish or black Scots. I know there must be some Europeans who have the same alleles as Loschbour who could give us an idea what many Mesolithic Europeans looked like in person. The fact that the north European person i named above has identical alleles to Loschbour in major skin pigmentation SNPs besides rs1426654(which near easterns are also fixated for) is evidence Mesolithic Europeans were light skinned, but my uncle is evidence they were dark skinned.

Well I think it is pretty clear now that a lot of or even the majority of Mesolithic Europeans were dark skinned.

[Stimpy]

Here is a northern European with very similar alleles associated with pigmentation as Mesolithic European Loschbour

Ancestry: North-west European+2% Native American: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
A/A(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

EEF:46.9

WHG:37.7

ANE:15.3

Loschbour: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
G/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

He is light skinned but can tan very well, black haired, and blue eyed. Besides A/A alleles in SNP rs1426654 he is almost a perfect match with Loschbour. This suggests that these light skin mutations don't make a huge effect on skin color, and Mesolithic Europeans may have been light skinned. My uncle's dark skin can be explained by his non European ancestry.

I found that a very large number of people with T/T alleles in SNP rs12203592 have blue eyes, i wonder if that combination is some type of Mesolithic European haplotype.

I am still very undecided on the pigmentation of typical Mesolithic Europeans but my guess at this point is black haired, dark or light skinned, and blue eyed. Hopefully i will get feed back soon from the other Europeans missing light skin mutations. If i have strong faith in these SNPs then Motala12 should have been very light skinned, but why would skin color vary from brown to white in small family tribes?

Can you post an example of someone with the same skin colour, so that we can get an insight on how it looks like?

[Fire Haired]

My father, his father and his grandfather all had black hair, and were all 100% british isles ancestry from haplogroup I2b1, not sure what the new nomenclature is. All of them had grey/blue eyes. My father and his father were exceptionally dark looking from a distance though, could tan easily. People thought my father was italian when he was in school. He was also a foot taller than everyone else in his class. He did however, end up with serious skin cancer on his arms in later life.

I'll see if i can do some scans of his old school photos.

Did he or any relatives take a DNA test? Depending on the company you can see if they are missing light skin mutations. The combination of very dark hair, blue eyes(highest in British-Irish Celts and Scandinavians), and darkish skin seems to be common in Celts of the British isles. The Romans described Britons as olive and dark haired. I wonder if it's descended of Mesolithic Europeans.

[Fire Haired]

Here are photos of the skin of two north-west Europeans i found who have similar alleles in pigmentation-associated SNPs as did Mesolithic European samples.

1.
46657

2.
46658

1.Ancestry: North-west European+2% Native American: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
A/A(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

EEF:46.9

WHG:37.7

ANE:15.3

2.Ancestry north-west European: rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654 A/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs12203592 C/C, rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 A/A(in gene TYR), and has the same mutations for blue eyes.

8,000BP pure Mesolithic European named Loschbour from loschbour, Luxembourg: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654, G/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

The picture of 2.'s skin color is during the summer and in the sun. Both 1. and 2. are typical light skinned Europeans despite missing so many mutations that are suppose to give Europeans light skin. Both individuals probably have close to 50% or majority Mesolithic European ancestry so are pretty good representatives of what skin color Loschbour had. 1. says he can tan very well, but his skin doesn't look dark in pictures. 1. and 2. are evidence that Mesolithic Europeans were light skinned, and are the source of modern European light skin.

[Fire Haired]

I found a north-west European with C/C alleles in SNP rs16891982 and A/C alleles in SNP rs2877 like Loschbour, hopfully i will get feedback. I expect another ordinary pale skinned European.

[Stimpy]

Intresting that they found Y-DNA I-M258 from 6000 BC. That must be the source of the predominant I-M253/I1 in all of Scandinavia nowadays. Because I-M253 evolved from I-M258 about 3000 BC somewhere in Scandinavia, right?

http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTcxNjk=.jpg?download=1

[Fire Haired]

Intresting that they found Y-DNA I-M258 from 6000 BC. That must be the source of the predominant I-M253/I1 in all of Scandinavia nowadays. Because I-M253 evolved from I-M258 about 3000 BC somewhere in Scandinavia, right?

http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTcxNjk=.jpg?download=1

On the first page i have a list of all stone age Swedish individuals with their Y DNA and mtDNA results. All of the Y DNA is I but all were tested for at least one I1 SNP(there are over 20) and all were negative. I2a1-P37.2(specifically pre-I2a1b) was probably the main Y DNA haplogroup of stone age Swedish hunter gatherers, while I1 probably arrived after the stone age. Besides Finnish-specfic I1 subclades, it seems to have mainly been spread by Germanic people. My best guess is that I1 was born in northern Europe during the Neolithic or copper age, and first spread in a major way during the Corded ware culture and with Germanic tribes.

I found out through 23andme that some of my cousins in Norway who are apart of the same paternal lineage as my great great grandfather who immigrated to America belong to Y DNA I1.

[Stimpy]

On the first page i have a list of all stone age Swedish individuals with their Y DNA and mtDNA results. All of the Y DNA is I but all were tested for at least one I1 SNP(there are over 20) and all were negative. I2a1-P37.2(specifically pre-I2a1b) was probably the main Y DNA haplogroup of stone age Swedish hunter gatherers, while I1 probably arrived after the stone age. Besides Finnish-specfic I1 subclades, it seems to have mainly been spread by Germanic people. My best guess is that I1 was born in northern Europe during the Neolithic or copper age, and first spread in a major way during the Corded ware culture and with Germanic tribes.

I found out through 23andme that some of my cousins in Norway who are apart of the same paternal lineage as my great great grandfather who immigrated to America belong to Y DNA I1.
Maybe I misunderstood, it says inside the parenthesis.

Motala3(Male) 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=I2a1b*(I M258+, I PF3742+, I2 L68+, I2a1 P37.2+, I2a1b CTS7218+, I2a1b CTS1293+, I2a1b CTS176+, I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b3 L621-)
The most popular belief I heard of is that I1 evolved from I-M258 in southern Scandinavia, probably Denmark around 3000BC and then spread from there.

But I find it very intresting that I1 is so extremely popular in such an very large amount everywhere from Far-Northern Finns and Samis to Far-Southern Scandinavians, and it doesn't really correlate with Germanic tribes expansion or ancestry either. Wouldn't it make sense that this is the main original paternal line of Scandinavia together with I2? As far as I know we mostly have samples from some pretty restricted areas of Sweden. Isn't it possible that some other Scandinavian ''tribe'' or people had I1 and maybe that population was alot smaller and bottlenecked at first and then somehow became much more succesful to later become the main Scandinavian paternal line?

[Raven_]

I was shocked to see that Sami(specifically from Norrbotten, Sweden) share much more drift with Ajv58 than any other modern Europeans, they share as much drift with Ajv58 as Sardinians do with Gok2. This suggests that Sami have the highest amount of Mesolithic European hunter gatherer ancestry today, and coincidentally are the last Europeans who are traditionally hunter gatherers.


from eurogenes blog (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/)

http://imagizer.imageshack.us/a/img842/5388/kudv.png



Interestingly, the Northern European sample with the lowest affinity to Ajvide58 are the Saami from Norrbotten, Sweden. This is most likely due to relatively recent Siberian ancestry among the Saami, which is essentially East Asian admixture and, as per above, not found among the Neolithic and pre-Neolithic North Eurasian hunter-gatherers or European farmers.

http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/

[Fire Haired]

=

The most popular belief I heard of is that I1 evolved from I-M258 in southern Scandinavia, probably Denmark around 3000BC and then spread from there.

But I find it very intresting that I1 is so extremely popular in such an very large amount everywhere from Far-Northern Finns and Samis to Far-Southern Scandinavians, and it doesn't really correlate with Germanic tribes expansion or ancestry either. Wouldn't it make sense that this is the main original paternal line of Scandinavia together with I2? As far as I know we mostly have samples from some pretty restricted areas of Sweden. Isn't it possible that some other Scandinavian ''tribe'' or people had I1 and maybe that population was alot smaller and bottlenecked at first and then somehow became much more succesful to later become the main Scandinavian paternal line?

It is possible other Scandinavian hunter gatherers had I1 but i doubt it. Besides Finnish-specific I1a2-L22 subclades, I1 correlates very well with Germanic people. In my opinion i became popular in post Mesolithic times, and probably originated in central-northern Europe.

[Fire Haired]

from eurogenes blog (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/)

http://imagizer.imageshack.us/a/img842/5388/kudv.png




http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/


Their east Asian ancestry is why they share less drift with Ajv58 than anyother northern Europeans. If you take out their east asian ancestry though they may be the post Mesolithic-descended modern Europeans. It is incredible how much Mesolithic ancestry still exists in the Baltic, i bet at least some is descended of relatives to these Swedish hunter gatherers.

[Argang]

Their east Asian ancestry is why they share less drift with Ajv58 than anyother northern Europeans. If you take out their east asian ancestry though they may be the post Mesolithic-descended modern Europeans. It is incredible how much Mesolithic ancestry still exists in the Baltic, i bet at least some is descended of relatives to these Swedish hunter gatherers.

You can mostly ignore the PCA, the ancient samples are affected by projection bias and are not in their right places.

The shared drift stat shows the Saami issue better(easy to spot out), but apparently the statistic could also be affected by their genetic drift.

http://oi58.tinypic.com/e9vn2v.jpg

[Prisoner Of Ice]

Here are photos of the skin of two north-west Europeans i found who have similar alleles in pigmentation-associated SNPs as did Mesolithic European samples.

1.
46657

2.
46658

1.Ancestry: North-west European+2% Native American: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654
A/A(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

EEF:46.9

WHG:37.7

ANE:15.3

2.Ancestry north-west European: rs16891982 C/G(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654 A/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs12203592 C/C, rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 A/A(in gene TYR), and has the same mutations for blue eyes.

8,000BP pure Mesolithic European named Loschbour from loschbour, Luxembourg: rs12203592 T/T(in gene IRF4), rs16891982 C/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs28777 A/C(in gene SLC45A2), rs1426654, G/G(in gene SLC24A5), rs1042602 C/C(in gene TYR), and h1 haplotype for blue eyes.

The picture of 2.'s skin color is during the summer and in the sun. Both 1. and 2. are typical light skinned Europeans despite missing so many mutations that are suppose to give Europeans light skin. Both individuals probably have close to 50% or majority Mesolithic European ancestry so are pretty good representatives of what skin color Loschbour had. 1. says he can tan very well, but his skin doesn't look dark in pictures. 1. and 2. are evidence that Mesolithic Europeans were light skinned, and are the source of modern European light skin.

GOOD WORK FH

[Äijä]

Yeah, U5 is certainly a very intresting haplogroup.

It's really cool that I, a Gotlander, who live on Gotland belong to the same direct maternal line as the people who lived on this island 6000 years ago. It makes me feel a special connection to this piece of land.

What DNA tests have you done and want to tell the results? Gotlanders are very interesting.

[Fire Haired]

What DNA tests have you done and want to tell the results? Gotlanders are very interesting.

He should be no differnt from mainland Swedes.

[Äijä]

He should be no differnt from mainland Swedes.

Lol, only if there was total population change, Gotland should be tested more, present and ancient.

Gotlanders are not Sveas or Geats, you really shoud know about the Baltic area and tribes before making sweeping statements about any of us.

[Fire Haired]

Ukko, you should take your own DNA test. Learning about yourself is very interesting. Also, Gotlanders are typical Swedes, I know that because they have been tested. I would not be surprised if there are still European hunter gatherers in an Arctic or Atlantic island.

[Argang]

Ukko, Skoglund et al 2014 study has tested people from Gotland among other Swedish regions for shared drift with hunter-gatherers and farmers.
http://s29.postimg.org/m8agq38qu/skoglund.jpg




I would not be surprised if there are still European hunter gatherers in an Arctic or Atlantic island.

I wouldn't hold my breath waiting for someone to find any Lost Worlds around Europe. If there was a hidden tribe of mesolithic hunter-gatherers surviving on any arctic island, it would have been discovered long ago.

[Fire Haired]

I wouldn't hold my breath waiting for someone to find any Lost Worlds around Europe. If there was a hidden tribe of mesolithic hunter-gatherers surviving on any arctic island, it would have been discovered long ago.

You never know. They were all over the Baltic sea, Scandinavia, and northern Russia just 3,500-5,000 years ago, they may be hiding in Siberia or somewhere even farther north and east.

http://assets.knowledge.allianz.com/img/allianz_finance_hunter_gatherer_rtr2tqxx_ah_59291. jpg

[Argang]

You never know. They were all over the Baltic sea, Scandinavia, and northern Russia just 3,500-5,000 years ago, they may be hiding in Siberia or somewhere even farther north and east.

Lets just say I have a hunch.

But you might want to google Sihirtya/Sirte. Maybe aspiring searchers should dig ;).

[Fire Haired]

Source (http://genetiker.wordpress.com/2014/05/11/y-snp-calls-for-prehistoric-swedes/).

Ajv59, hunter gatherer PWC culture 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden: ?(E-, G-)


Gok4, farmer TRB culture, 5,050-4,750YBP Frälsegården Sweden: I2 (I2a1a L159.1/S169.1-, I2a2a L622-, and I2a2a1c1 L701-)


Ire8, hunter gatherer PWC culture 5,100-4,150 cal. B.P, Ire, Hangvar, Gotland Sweden: F(G-, I1 CTS11042/S66-, I1a-DF29/S438-, I1a2b1 Z2541-, I1a3a2 S15301-, I2a2a L622-, I2a2a1b-L1229-, I2a2a1c2a2a1a Z190-)


Sf11, hunter gatherer, 7,500-7,250YBP, Stora Karlso Sweden: F(G-, I1 L121/S62-, I1a2 S244/Z58-, I1a2b PF2805.2/Z2540.2-, I2a1b L178/S328-, I2a1b M423-, I2a2 L37/PF6900/S153-, I2a2a P223/PF3860/S117-, I2a2a1c2 Z161-, I2a2b L38/S154-, I2a2b L39/S155-.


Ajv52, hunter gatherer PWC culture, 4,900-4,600 cal B.P Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden: I2a2a1-CTS616!!!!!!!!


Ajv70, hunter gatherer PWC, 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden: Probably F, but maybe C(I-, G-, C-V183+, C-P184-,F-P146/PF2623+)


Ajv58, hunter gatherer PWC, 4,900-4,600 cal B.P, Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland Sweden: I2a1*(I2a1a-, I2a1b-, I2a1d-, I2a1e-).


Loschbour, 6,000BC Loschbour Luxembourg: Y DNA=pre-I2a1b or brother lineage to I2a1b(I L41+, I PF3742+, I M258+, I M170+, I P389+, I2 L68+, I2 M438+, I2a L460+, I2a1 P37.2+, I2a1b M423+, I2a1b CTS8239+, I2a1b CTS7218+, I2a1b CTS54985+, I2a1b L178+, I2a1b CTS1293+, I2a1b CTS176+, I2a1b CTS5375-, I2a1b CTS8486-, I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b2 L161.1, I2a1b3 L621-)


Motala2, 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=I* (I P38+, I PF3742+, I L41+, I1 S108-, I1 L845-, I1 M253-, I2a1b CT1293-, I2a2 L37-)


Motala3 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=I2a1b*(I M258+, I PF3742+, I2 L68+, I2a1 P37.2+, I2a1b CTS7218+, I2a1b CTS1293+, I2a1b CTS176+, I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b3 L621-)


Motala6 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=? (Q1 L232- Q1a2a L55+)


Motala9 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=I* (I P38+, I1 P40-)


Motala12 6,000BC Motala Sweden: Y DNA=pre-I2a1b or brother lineage to I2a1b(I PF3742+, I M258+, I M170+, I2 L68+, I2a L460+, I2a1 P37.2+, I2a1b CTS7218+, I2a1b CTS5985+. I2a1b L178+, I2a1b CTS1293+, I2a1b CTS176+, I2a1b CTS5375-, I2a1b CTS8486-, I2a1b1 M359.2-, I2a1b3 L621-)


La Brana-1,~7940-7690YBP, La Braña-Arintero, Leon Spain: C1a2-V20(no reason to list results for haplogroup defining SNPs he was tested for).

I know my list is kind of sloopy, but it does show that there was some noticeable Y DNA diversity in stone age European hunter gatherers. 11/11 have BT, 9/10 have F, 7/9 have hg I, 1/8 have C1a2-V20, 5/7 have I2a, 4/7 have I2a1, 1/9 have I2a2, 1/10 have I2a2a1, 3/9 have I2a1b(most likely pre-I2a1b). 10 have been tested and are negative for at least one I1 defining mutations(there are 25) or were found to have another haplogroup.

[Fire Haired]

Pigmentation of stone age Swedish farmers and hunter gatherers. (http://genetiker.wordpress.com/2014/05/25/pigmentation-snp-genotypes-for-prehistoric-swedes/)

Spreadsheet of stone age European hunter gatherer's and farmer's genotypes in pigmentation SNPs of the 8-plex and Hirisplex system, and SNPs of blue eye haplotypes. (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1I8NhFE8j8TrmNm_fW9QN66TwIiyXE3ZuBZoDolVkPpw/edit?usp=sharing)

Hunter gatherers: Loschbour(6000BC, Loschbour Luxembourg), La Brana-1(5960-5750BC, Leon Spain), Motala12(6000BC, Motala Sweden) Sf11(5500-5250BC, Stora Karlsö Island Sweden), Ajv58(2,600-2,900BC, Gotland Sweden), Ajv52(2,600-2,900BC, Gotland Sweden), Ajv70(2,600-2,900BC, Gotland Sweden), Ire8(2150-3100BC, Gotland Sweden).

Farmers: Stuttgart(5100-4800 BC, Stuttgart Germany), Gok2(2,750-3,050BC, Gokhem Sweden), Gok4(2,750-3,050BC, Gokhem Sweden), Gok7(2,750-3,050BC, Gokhem Sweden).

Neolithic Swedish hunter gatherers and farmers pigmentation results are nearly identical with older European hunter gatherer and farmer results from Europe. Ajv58 and Gok2 got results in almost every SNP of the hirisplex and 8-plex system while the other Neolithic Swedes got results in only a few SNPs and most are not very informative about their pigmentation.


European hunter gatherers were Light eyed and European farmers were Dark eyed

4/4 stone age European hunter gatherers(La Brana-1, Loschbour, Motala12, Ajv58) tested so far have G/G in rs12913832 which means they had light eyes, 3/3(La Brana-1, Loschbour, Motala12) have blue eye alleles in 7 SNPs associated with eye color(labeled BEH), and 2/3(Loschbour, La Brana-1, not Motala12) have the h1 haplotype which has been observed in 97% of modern blue eyed people. According to the 8-plex system Gok2 and Ajv58 had blue eyes, because they had G/G in rs12913832 and T/T in rs12896399, Loschbour though had G/G alleles in SNP rs12896399. It is now safe to assume most stone age European hunter gatherers had light colored eyes.

Farmer Gok2 got his light eyes from his hunter gatherer ancestors. He had much more hunter gatherer ancestry than Stuttgart and Otzi, it was estimated by Skoglund 2014 he had 21% more than Otzi. The D-statistics in Skoglund 2014 showed that Gok2 is much more related to Ajv58 than to La Brana-1 and Sf11, so this means he probably had local Swedish hunter gatherer ancestry. Hunter gatherer ancestry varied in the Swedish TRB farmers from Gok5 who had a littler more than modern Sardinians, to Gok2 who had around as much as modern Basque, to Gok4 who had almost as much as modern northwest Europeans. This suggests there was recent mixing between the TRB farmers and Swedish hunter gatherers, I would not be surprised if some of the farmers like Gok4 had a hunter gatherer grandparent.

Stuttgart like Otzi(~5300BP copper age farmer, born in northern Italy) had A/A alleles in SNP rs12913832 which means they most likely had brown eyes, according to the 8-plex system since Stuttgart had C/C alleles in SNP rs16891982 she had brown eyes. The Levante farmer ancestor's of early European farmers were without a doubt mainly dark eyed, because their blood in Europe today correlates with dark eyes.



Skin color of stone age European farmers(Otzi is early copper age) and hunter gatherers

1/4(Motala12 had it, Loschbour, La Brana-1, and Ajv58 did not) European hunter gatherers have rs1426654 A/A and 3/3 European farmers have rs1426654 A/A, which lightens skin and is fixated in modern west Asians and Europeans. 1/4 European hunter gatherers have rs16891982 G/G(rest have C/C) and 2/3 European farmers have rs16891982 G/G, which lightens skin(the ancestral form darkens hair), is fixated in northern Europeans, anywhere from 70-90% in southern Europe(It really depends where you go), and 40-50% in the middle east.

1/5 European hunter gatherers have rs28777(directly connected with rs16891982) A/A and 1/2 European farmers have rs28777 A/A(the other C/C), which is probably distributed similarly to rs16891982 G/G, and nearly fixated in CEU. 0/4 European hunter gatherers have rs1042602 A/C or A/A and 1/2 European farmers have rs1042602 C/A(The other had C/C), which are 40-50% in Europeans and middle easterns. 0/1(La Brana-1) European hunter gatherers have rs1126809 A/A or A/G, which are around 40% in CEU. 0/5 European hunter gatherers have rs1393350 A/G or A/A and 2/2 European farmers have rs1393350 G/G, which are around 30-40% in CEU. 0/4 European hunter gatherers have rs12821256 C/C or C/T and 2/2 European farmers have rs12821256 T/T, which are around 30% in CEU. 0/1(La Brana-1) of rs35395 C/C or C/T, which are fixated in CEU. 1/3 European hunter gatherers have rs2470102 A/A and 1/1(Stuttgart) European farmers have rs2470102 A/A, which is nearly fixated in CEU.

The info above tells us that European farmers had a much higher percentages of mutations associated with light skin in modern Europeans(for most or all also middle easterns and south Asians), than European hunter gatherers. My best guess is that European hunter gatherers had sometype of dark skin tone, because it can't be random that they are missing multiple light skin mutations which are fixated or popular in modern Europeans. These light skin mutations were probably selected for multiple times in Europe during and after the Neolithic.

Light hair was a Bronze age add on to European pigmentation


All of the stone age European farmer and hunter gatherer samples are constant with having dark hair, and it is very unlikely any had a blonde or red tone. The hunter gatherers were probably uniformly dark haired, because 3/4 have C/C alleles in SNP rs16891982, and C/C or A/C alleles is supposed to give modern Europeans a 7x better chance of having black hair. Today in Europe and the middle east the distribution of C/C or A/C alleles correlate with dark hair. Motala12 probably had rs16891982 G/G and Ajv52 probably had rs16891982 C/C, because Motala12 had rs2877 A/A and Ajv52 had rs2877 C/C. If we assume that is true 4/6 European hunter gatherers so far have rs16891982 C/C.

Farmers Gok2 and Otzi had rs16891982 G/G, and Stuttgart had rs16891982 C/C. Probably around 70-85% of early European farmers had rs16891982 G/G, because that is around what modern Sardinians have, who are almost no differnt genetically to Otzi and Stuttgart. This means if anything stone age European farmers were lighter haired than hunter gatherers. The farmers were probably also almost entirely dark haired, because Sardinians are the darkest haired people in modern Europe (http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?33038-Are-Northern-Italians-really-25-black-haired-(Sardinian-50-)).

Either light hair rapidly grew in popularity in Neolithic and Bronze age Europe or there was an unknown very light haired farmer or hunter gatherer population in a region of Europe were samples have not been tested for pigmentation SNPs yet.

There is a light hair-eye-skin package in modern Europe that is strongest in northern Europe(specifically around the Baltic), and I think was spread during the bronze age with Indo Europeans and other east European groups. Light hair was most likely positively selected for in primarily hunter gatherer descended tribes of people in Neolithic Russia and old hunter gatherer light eyes would have grown in popularity with it. Mutations like rs16891982 G/G which help create light hair probably also lightened their skin, and created the light hair-eye-skin package we see in modern Europeans.

[Fire Haired]

Pigmentation SNPs of MA1 and AG2.

http://genetiker.wordpress.com/2014/05/28/pigmentation-snp-genotypes-for-malta-1-and-afontova-gora-2/

The results confirm that MA1 had dark eyes unlike Mesolithic and Neolithic European hunter gatherers. The results are constant with MA1 and AG2 having dark hair, but there are not enough SNPs to be for sure.

17,000 year old Siberian AG2 had skin lighting mutation rs1426654 A/A, like Motala12, Stuttgart, Otzi, Gok2, and bronze-iron age Siberian Indo Iranians, proving this mutation is very ancient in west Eurasians. AG2 having this mutation is constant with a recent study which estimated this mutation to be 22,000-28,000 years old. I think it is older though because it existed in WHG, ANE, and middle easterns(brother to WHG+basal Eurasian), who are the three main ancestral groups of modern west Eurasians.

MA1 had rs1426654 G/G, like most European hunter gatherer samples, and is evidence the majority of WHG-ANE hunter gatherers did. MA1 had rs28777 C/C so he most likely had rs16891982 C/C, like most European hunter gatherer samples. MA1 had rs12203592 C/C, unlike all the European hunter gatherer samples who had at least one T alleles, meaning it may be a WHG-specific trait. MA1 and AG2 are evidence stone age European hunter gatherer's alleles in known skin pigmentation SNPs hadn't changed for some 30,000 years. It would be interesting to see what alleles AG2 had in blue eye haplotypes. He may have had light eyes like the European hunter gatherers but i doubt it, because native Americans, south Asians, and Siberians have a high amount of ANE ancestry and are fixated for brown eyes.

Y SNP calls for AG2.

http://genetiker.wordpress.com/2014/05/28/y-snp-calls-for-afontova-gora-2/

The results confirm that he had hg F, and probably P. He has the only P mutation he was tested for, P-L781/PF5875/YSC0000255. He is Q1a1-F1215+, but was not tested for anything in between P and Q1a1. AG2 is R1-P245/PF6117+ and R1a1a1-Page7+, but he was R-P224/PF6050-, R1-P286/PF6136-, and R1a1-L122/M448/PF6237-.

Now i understand why others besides Geneticker who did the same tests said he belonged to either R1a1 or Q1a.

AG2 confirms that hg P was popular and probably largely spread with ANE populations.

P was all over Eurasia before the Neolithic. R1b and probably R1a were in west Asia and or central Asia-eastern Europe, R2 was in south Asia, Q was in south Asia-central Asia-Siberia-and the Americas, and P* lineages were in south Asia.