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11-14-2014, 10:36 AM
Who's the daddy? Animal mothers trick multiple males they are the father of their young to prevent infanticide
Animal mothers-to-be such as mouse lemurs (pictured) mate with multiple partners in a short space of time so there is less chance of males killing their babies.
University of Cambridge researchers have identified a strategy used by females from certain species to prevent infanticide
Female creatures such as mouse lemurs mate with multiple partners
They do this to trick males into thinking they're the father of their offspring
Males want to carry on their genes in a group so they don't kill the babies
Infanticide is common in groups where a few males live with many females
Males have to create more sperm to fertilise multiple partners and over generations, their sex organs become larger
By SARAH GRIFFITHS FOR MAILONLINE
PUBLISHED: 19:00 GMT, 13 November 2014 | UPDATED: 19:00 GMT, 13 November 2014
Promiscuous mothers-to-be encourage ‘sperm wars’ by tricking multiple partners into thinking they are the father of their young, to stop infants being killed off, scientists claim.
It is already known that that infanticide by male mammals - from mice to gorillas - is common in species where the females live in social groups dominated by one or a few powerful males.
But now experts have uncovered the clever strategy used by females of certain species, such as the mouse lemur, to protect their offspring - and over time, their plan leads to infanticide dying out.
University of Cambridge researchers compared detailed field observations for 260 mammalian species.
They explained that when a rival male takes over groups of animals, they will kill infants to make sure they can produce their own offspring.
To guard against this risk, females mate with as many males as possible in a short amount of time to confuse the paternity of their infants.
The strategy means that any murderous male risks killing off his own offspring.
Dr Dieter Lukas, from the university’s department of zoology, explained: 'The finding that females can actually, by mating with multiple males, stop them from killing her offspring, had not been proved before.
'It had been shown in individual species but it wasn’t clear that it was in response to infanticide.’
In species such as the mouse lemur, males must concentrate on producing larger quantities of sperm to ensure they can reproduce with lots of females.
This causes the testis of male mouse lemurs to swell up to 10 times larger than normal in breeding season.
Female bonobo monkeys can mate with every male in the troop of between 10 and 12 to protect their offspring (stock image) .Male bonobos have testes that are roughly 15 per cent larger than chimpanzees, who are very closely related and do commit infanticide
HOW DOES THE STRATEGY STOP INFANTICIDE?
‘In species in which infanticide occurs, testes size increases over generations, suggesting that females are more and more promiscuous to confuse paternity,’ Dr Lukas explained.
‘Once sperm competition has become so intense that no male can be certain of his own paternity, infanticide disappears, since males face the risk of killing their own offspring and might not get the benefit of siring the next offspring.’
‘Female mouse lemurs only get sexually receptive on a single night during the whole year.
‘On that night she gets chased by all the males who are around, meaning six at a time can pile up trying to mate with her.
‘Several of them will actually mate with the female and the successful one will be the one who actually gives her the most sperm.
Dr Lukas explained: ‘In species in which infanticide occurs, testis size increases over generations, suggesting that females are more and more promiscuous to confuse paternity.
‘Once sperm competition has become so intense that no male can be certain of his own paternity, infanticide disappears - since males face the risk of killing their own offspring, and might not get the benefit of siring the next offspring.’
Closely related species that differ in infanticide and testes size include chimpanzees, where the males commit infanticide, versus bonobos, where males have not been observed to kill offspring.
Bonobos have testes that are roughly 15 per cent larger than those of chimpanzees.
Similarly, male Canadian Townsend voles do not commit infanticide and have 50 per cent larger testes compared to infanticidal males of close relatives the North American meadow voles, Dr Lukas added.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2833436/Animal-mothers-trick-multiple-males-father-prevent-infanticide.html
Animal mothers-to-be such as mouse lemurs (pictured) mate with multiple partners in a short space of time so there is less chance of males killing their babies.
University of Cambridge researchers have identified a strategy used by females from certain species to prevent infanticide
Female creatures such as mouse lemurs mate with multiple partners
They do this to trick males into thinking they're the father of their offspring
Males want to carry on their genes in a group so they don't kill the babies
Infanticide is common in groups where a few males live with many females
Males have to create more sperm to fertilise multiple partners and over generations, their sex organs become larger
By SARAH GRIFFITHS FOR MAILONLINE
PUBLISHED: 19:00 GMT, 13 November 2014 | UPDATED: 19:00 GMT, 13 November 2014
Promiscuous mothers-to-be encourage ‘sperm wars’ by tricking multiple partners into thinking they are the father of their young, to stop infants being killed off, scientists claim.
It is already known that that infanticide by male mammals - from mice to gorillas - is common in species where the females live in social groups dominated by one or a few powerful males.
But now experts have uncovered the clever strategy used by females of certain species, such as the mouse lemur, to protect their offspring - and over time, their plan leads to infanticide dying out.
University of Cambridge researchers compared detailed field observations for 260 mammalian species.
They explained that when a rival male takes over groups of animals, they will kill infants to make sure they can produce their own offspring.
To guard against this risk, females mate with as many males as possible in a short amount of time to confuse the paternity of their infants.
The strategy means that any murderous male risks killing off his own offspring.
Dr Dieter Lukas, from the university’s department of zoology, explained: 'The finding that females can actually, by mating with multiple males, stop them from killing her offspring, had not been proved before.
'It had been shown in individual species but it wasn’t clear that it was in response to infanticide.’
In species such as the mouse lemur, males must concentrate on producing larger quantities of sperm to ensure they can reproduce with lots of females.
This causes the testis of male mouse lemurs to swell up to 10 times larger than normal in breeding season.
Female bonobo monkeys can mate with every male in the troop of between 10 and 12 to protect their offspring (stock image) .Male bonobos have testes that are roughly 15 per cent larger than chimpanzees, who are very closely related and do commit infanticide
HOW DOES THE STRATEGY STOP INFANTICIDE?
‘In species in which infanticide occurs, testes size increases over generations, suggesting that females are more and more promiscuous to confuse paternity,’ Dr Lukas explained.
‘Once sperm competition has become so intense that no male can be certain of his own paternity, infanticide disappears, since males face the risk of killing their own offspring and might not get the benefit of siring the next offspring.’
‘Female mouse lemurs only get sexually receptive on a single night during the whole year.
‘On that night she gets chased by all the males who are around, meaning six at a time can pile up trying to mate with her.
‘Several of them will actually mate with the female and the successful one will be the one who actually gives her the most sperm.
Dr Lukas explained: ‘In species in which infanticide occurs, testis size increases over generations, suggesting that females are more and more promiscuous to confuse paternity.
‘Once sperm competition has become so intense that no male can be certain of his own paternity, infanticide disappears - since males face the risk of killing their own offspring, and might not get the benefit of siring the next offspring.’
Closely related species that differ in infanticide and testes size include chimpanzees, where the males commit infanticide, versus bonobos, where males have not been observed to kill offspring.
Bonobos have testes that are roughly 15 per cent larger than those of chimpanzees.
Similarly, male Canadian Townsend voles do not commit infanticide and have 50 per cent larger testes compared to infanticidal males of close relatives the North American meadow voles, Dr Lukas added.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2833436/Animal-mothers-trick-multiple-males-father-prevent-infanticide.html