Native Americans

[Black Wolf]

This thread is about Native Americans from all over the Americas. I have always found their cultures and histories to be very interesting. Part of this stems from the fact that I have had many Native friends growing up and as a result I got to know parts of their cultural heritage. There was much cultural diversity and variety among the Native groups of the Americas before Europeans arrived. Native American cultures ranged from pure hunter-gatherers to highly specialized farmers who created large empires. As we know after Europeans arrived Native American cultures underwent drastic declines, cultural and physical death which was quite unfortunate but indeed a small percentage did fortunately survive and we can see their descendants today trying to bring back elements of their old cultures. I am currently reading a book entitled ''An Ethnography of the Huron Indians 1615-1649'' by Elisabeth Tooker and I must say that so far is is a very informative and fascinating read for someone who is interested in Native American cultures and histories. It is about Huron tribe just at they were coming into contact with Europeans (French) so it is an account of a relatively untouched (by Europeans) Native American society. The Hurons were/are an Iroquoian tribe from the Northeastern Woodlands region and topics covered include dress, modes of travel, trade, war, sociopolitical organization, subsistence activities, and religious beliefs and practices. Chime in if you wish on this broad topic.

[Trogdor]

Yes, it's nice to see in recent years that Native Americans are bringing back their respective cultural traditions. Good thread.

[Black Wolf]

Yes, it's nice to see in recent years that Native Americans are bringing back their respective cultural traditions. Good thread.

Indeed there is a cultural renaissance happening among the youth of many Native American groups throughout the Americas I believe. It is definitely happening up here in Canada which is good.

[Mars06]

It's a shame that Native Americans have been reduced to such a state as they are in. Their languages are dying out and their tribes no longer exist in pure forms. The worst part of it might be those "1/128th Native American" types.

I live near a reservation, and I really do hope that the Amerindian tribes can attain some sort of autonomy and maintain their traditional way of life.

[Black Wolf]

It's a shame that Native Americans have been reduced to such a state as they are in. Their languages are dying out and their tribes no longer exist in pure forms. The worst part of it might be those "1/128th Native American" types.

I live near a reservation, and I really do hope that the Amerindian tribes can attain some sort of autonomy and maintain their traditional way of life.

I do agree that it is sad that they have been reduced drastically both physically in numbers and culturally. Even here in Canada there are not many pure ones left.

[SupaThug]

Very interesting topic!I have amerindian ancestry so I am interested their culture as well!Many of my city's streets,neighborhoods,parks,metro stations have amerindian names,it's very interesting to see how their culture still affect us.

[Trogdor]

It's a shame that Native Americans have been reduced to such a state as they are in. Their languages are dying out and their tribes no longer exist in pure forms. The worst part of it might be those "1/128th Native American" types.

I live near a reservation, and I really do hope that the Amerindian tribes can attain some sort of autonomy and maintain their traditional way of life.

Yeah, I have heard many Native Americans get annoyed when someone comes along and says "my great great great grandmother was Cherokee" or something like that.

[Black Wolf]

Very interesting topic!I have amerindian ancestry so I am interested their culture as well!Many of my city's streets,neighborhoods,parks,metro stations have amerindian names,it's very interesting to see how their culture still affect us.

Yes all over Canada there are many place names and locations that are from or in Native languages as well.

[Trogdor]

Indeed there is a cultural renaissance happening among the youth of many Native American groups throughout the Americas I believe. It is definitely happening up here in Canada which is good.

The First Nations in Canada also experienced a lot of persecution. I do hope that Native Americans can continue to share their cultural traditions with the younger generations.

[SupaThug]

Yeah, I have heard many Native Americans get annoyed when someone comes along and says "my great great great grandmother was Cherokee" or something like that.

And those statements might be false!They are almost always very doubtful!

[Black Wolf]

Yeah, I have heard many Native Americans get annoyed when someone comes along and says "my great great great grandmother was Cherokee" or something like that.

I believe they get annoyed because half the time those people are actually wrong about their genealogy and even if their Native ancestry is real they do not participate much in modern day Native American cultural traditions or community life really.

[SupaThug]

Yes all over Canada there are many place names and locations that are from or in Native languages as well.

My own street has an amerindian name,but unfortunaly I can't find the meaning of this name!

[Black Wolf]

The First Nations in Canada also experienced a lot of persecution. I do hope that Native Americans can continue to share their cultural traditions with the younger generations.

Yes indeed they have faced and continue to face persecution in Canada. Here we had what were called Residential Schools which in fact were really basically prisons for Native American children. The Canadian government enacted cultural genocide on the Native peoples here by taking Native children away from their homes and parents and putting them in Residential Schools where they were not aloud to speak their original languages and were forced to basically drop everything they new about their own Native cultures. Many were punished severely at these schools and many children also unfortunately died in them. The damage that those schools did to Native communities is astounding actually. The survivors grew up hating themselves and when they returned to their communities many turned to alcoholism and other forms of substance abuse. They were taught in those schools that the way you discipline children is through both physical and mental abuse. This created cycles of abuse in their communities that they are still dealing with today. It really is quite sad. The last Residential School in Canada closed in 1996.

[Jacques de Imbelloni]

From:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche

The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as Mapudungun speakers. Their influence once extended from the Aconcagua River to the Chiloé Archipelago and spread later eastward to the Argentine pampa. Today the collective group makes up 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile, and about 9% of the total Chilean population[1] They are particularly concentrated in Araucanía. Many have migrated to the Santiago area for economic opportunities.

The term Mapuche is used both to refer collectively to the Picunche (people of the north), Huilliche (people of the South) and Moluche or Nguluche from Araucanía, or at other times, exclusively to the Moluche or Nguluche from Araucanía. The Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture; their traditional social organisation consists of extended families, under the direction of a lonko or chief. In times of war, they would unite in larger groupings and elect a toki (meaning "axe, axe-bearer") to lead them. They are known for the textiles woven by women, which have been goods for trade for centuries, since before European encounter.

The Araucanian Mapuche inhabited at the time of Spanish arrival the valleys between the Itata and Toltén rivers. South of it, the Huilliche and the Cunco lived as far south as the Chiloé Archipelago. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, Mapuche groups migrated eastward into the Andes and pampas, fusing and establishing relationships with the Poya and Pehuenche. At about the same time, ethnic groups of the pampa regions, the Puelche, Ranquel and northern Aonikenk, made contact with Mapuche groups. The Tehuelche adopted the Mapuche language and some of their culture, in what came to be called Araucanization.

Historically the Spanish colonizers of South America referred to the Mapuche people as Araucanians (araucanos). However, this term is now mostly considered pejorative[3] by some people. The name was likely derived from the placename rag ko (Spanish Arauco), meaning "clayey water".[4][5] The Quechua word awqa, meaning "rebel, enemy", is probably not the root of araucano.[4]

Some Mapuche mingled with Spanish during colonial times, and their descendants make up the large group of mestizos in Chile. But, Mapuche society in Araucanía and Patagonia remained independent until the Chilean Occupation of Araucanía and the Argentine Conquest of the Desert in the late 19th century. Since then Mapuches have become subjects, and then nationals and citizens of the respective states. Today, many Mapuche and Mapuche communities are engaged in the so-called Mapuche conflict over land and indigenous rights in both Argentina and in Chile.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_family_of_Araucauians_%28Chile%29.jpg/446px-A_family_of_Araucauians_%28Chile%29.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG/800px-Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mapuche_people.jpg/600px-Mapuche_people.jpg
http://www.hipernova.cl/LibrosResumidos/Historia/Mapuches/Images/mapucheMujeresRuca.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Mapuche_Machis.jpg
http://img2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20120610190346/loshumanitos/es/images/5/5b/Mujer_Mapuche.jpg
http://ecmia.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Yessenia-Huenchullan.jpg
http://www.observatorio.cl/sites/default/files/images/mujeres_mapuche.jpg
http://chileabroad.gov.cl/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/12/home_12-950x275.jpg

[SupaThug]

This picture shows São Paulo's main park,Ibirapuera,in the Tupi language Ibirapuera means rotten tree

http://radioboanova.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ibirapuera.jpg

[Brighton]

I think Native American cultures are so interesting and I proudly am 25% Mapuche myself.. they're Chile's most important Amerindian group – 85% of Amerindians here happen to be Mapuches. here are some photos of them.


MAPUCHE PEOPLE (CHILE)



The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia.

Today the collective group makes up 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile. They are particularly concentrated in The Araucanía, in Southern Chile.

Most Mapuches live in Southern Chile in places like this:

http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6017/5925415335_e983816d0f_b.jpg

http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6006/5925942550_e6ccd00074_b.jpg

http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6006/5925902956_9de144114d_b.jpg

http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6018/5925239449_a7400acff1_b.jpg


MAPUCHE PEOPLE


http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2600/5785986315_96b72fb202_z.jpg

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http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5478/10387233553_e4fd5a51a8_z.jpg

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http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5012/5498179843_599b2b2eb2_z.jpg

http://farm1.staticflickr.com/54/143452330_374f94a85b_z.jpg



MAJOR MAPUCHE SPORT, "CHUECA"

http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5212/5498179757_b46325991a_b.jpg

http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6002/5925323869_a5ae3ebb65_b.jpg

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http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6140/5925884928_7bc75eee81_z.jpg

[Brighton]

This is very off-topic but I find their –Mapuche people- cheekbones to be so attractive.. and I inherited them. So happy about that haha.

[Black Wolf]

^They are playing a stick ball game in some of those photos that looks very similar to Lacrosse that some Native groups up here in Canada played traditionally.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse

[FeederOfRavens]

^They are playing a stick ball game in some of those photos that looks very similar to Lacrosse that some Native groups up here in Canada played traditionally.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse

Norsemen also played a similar game in Iceland called Knattleikr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattleikr

[Jacques de Imbelloni]

From: http://www.bariloche.com.ar/museo/MAPUING.HTM

Some mapuche music

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTL71pQpmb4
NGUILLATUN
The NGUILLATUN is the main religious celebration of the Mapuches. They meet every year to thank and ask deities and ancestors for the common welfare.
In agricultural communities, the celebration takes place in harvest time during the full moon, at the moment when it gives fertility to farms. In Argentina, since the communities of R¡o Negro, Neuqu‚n and Chubut live basically on ovine and caprine cattle, prayers are generally offered in March to ask for the fertility of animals. Floods, earthquakes, long draught or other calamities may also be the reason to call for a NGUILLATUN.

The ceremony lasts four days. It is celebrated in a plain farm where they set a ritual space in "U" shape open to the West., the sacred part of the World.

For the celebration, they set up an altar or REWE made of canes (Chusquea culeou) forming a ladder decorated with yellow, blue or white flags and also with branches of maitenes (Maitenus boaria), lengas (Notophagus pumilia) , coihues (Notophagus dombeyi) and other trees.
In Argentina, the ceremony is conducted by the NGUEMPIN, a lay celebrant, while in Chile it is directed by the Machi. During the celebration, there are alternate rituals, dances, prayers, sacred songs, riding on horseback around the sacred place (AWUN), and offerings to the Earth , where they spread MUDAI or CHICHA, mate, tobacco and the blood of sacrificed animals.
Traditional musical instruments like the KULTRUN, the TRUTRUKA and the PIFILKA play a very important role in the celebration of the NGUILLATUN.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmo1z954Bvo

HOUSING
The traditional Mapuche dwelling or RUCA is a big wooden hut with a thatched roof, for one family. Before the Spanish harassment, rukas were far from one another, but war made them gather in small villages sorrounded by a protective foss or palisade.

When the Mapuches settled in the pampa, they adopted the Tehuelche tent, except for permanent settlements, where they maintained their traditional dwelling.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Ruca_Mapuche_1930.jpg
http://www.uchile.cl/uchile/ImageServlet?idDocumento=46169&indice=6
http://bligoo.com/media/users/1/88810/images/public/9953/ruca1.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/46484425.jpg
http://img4.adsttc.com/media/images/52f1/3e7b/e8e4/4e0b/6d00/0087/large_jpg/fk.jpg?1391541880

[Jacques de Imbelloni]

^They are playing a stick ball game in some of those photos that looks very similar to Lacrosse that some Native groups up here in Canada played traditionally.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Ball_players.jpg

[Brighton]

I attended an alternative private school in La Florida, Santiago which focused a lot on Mapuche culture –because it was a school meant for middle class leftist families-, so we had Nguillatuns and stuff haha it was quite cool! We never learnt Mapudungün though haha since it's not very useful.. so yah we rather had English classes.

[Jacques de Imbelloni]

I attended an alternative private school in La Florida, Santiago which focused a lot on Mapuche culture –because it was a school meant for middle class leftist families-, so we had Nguillatuns and stuff haha it was quite cool! We never learnt Mapudungün though haha since it's not very useful.. so yah we rather had English classes.
In Argentina, it's common that middle upper class white families uses mapuche names to name their sons and daughters, it's a hippie trend that starts in the 60s.
Most of the "Nahuel"s and "Ayelen"s I know have blond hair and blue eyes:rotfl::pound::lol:.

[Brighton]

In Argentina, it's common that middle upper class white families uses mapuche names to name their sons and daughters, it's a hippie trend that starts in the 60s.
Most of the "Nahuel"s and "Ayelen"s I know have blond hair and blue eyes:rotfl::pound::lol:.

Hahaha I know a Nahuel who is a blue-eyed blonde haha :P

Another Mapuche names common here are Rayén and Millaray haha

Rayen Araya

http://images.lun.com/lunservercontents/Imagenes%20de%20la%20galeria%20de%20la%20foto//2011/jul/11/m1_768_rayen_araya_08.jpg

Millaray Viera

http://static.glamorama.cl/20120419/1518016.jpg

It's funny though haha it's actually middle class "less Amerindian" families the ones who use Mapuche names.. whilst very Amerindian working-class families use Spanish –or sometimes English which I find tacky as fuck- names.

[de Burgh II]

I guess it would be good for Native Americans to find their own autonomy again. Something that governments don't comprehend in that respect. Revive their own traditions and values for what they are. Regain what has been lost one step at a time until their traditions are whole again.

[RMuller]

I have Chichimeca blood.

The Chichimeca Jonaz are a group of indigenous people living in Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí. In Guanajuato State the Chichimeca Jonaz people live in a community of San Luis de la Paz municipality. The settlement is 2,070 m above sea level. They call this place Rancho Úza (Indian Ranch) or Misión Chichimeca.

Their language belongs to the Pamean sub-branch of the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family, the closest relative of the Chichimeca Jonaz language is the Pame language.

The Chichimeca War (1550–1590) was a military conflict waged between Spanish colonizers and their Indian allies against a confederation of Chichimeca Indians. It was the longest and most expensive conflict between Spaniards and the indigenous peoples of New Spain in the history of the colony.[1]

The Chichimeca wars began eight years after the Mixtón Rebellion of 1540–1542. It can be considered as a continuation of the rebellion as the fighting did not come to a halt in the intervening years. Unlike in the Mixtón rebellion, the Caxcanes were now allied with the Spanish. The war was fought in the Bajío region known as La Gran Chichimeca, specifically in the Mexican states of Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, and San Luis Potosi.

The Chichimecas were nomadic and semi-nomadic people who occupied the large desert basin stretching from present day Saltillo and Durango in the north to Queretaro and Guadalajara in the south. Within this area of about 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2) the Chichimecas existed primarily by hunting and gathering, especially mesquite beans, the edible parts of the agave plants, and the fruit (tunas) and leaves of cactus. In favored areas some of the Chichimeca grew corn and other crops. Their numbers are difficult to estimate, although based on the average density of nomadic populations they probably numbered 30,000 to 60,000.[4] The Chichimecas lived in rancherias of crude shelters or caves, frequently moving from one area to another to take advantage of seasonal foods and hunting. The characteristics most noted about them by the Spanish was that both women and men wore few if any clothes, grew their hair long, and painted and tattooed their bodies. They were often accused of cannibalism.[5]

The Chichimecas were not a single tribe or a united nation, but consisted or four different ethnic groups: Guachichiles, Pames, Guamares, and Zacatecos. None of these groups were politically united but rather consisted of many different independent tribes and bands.[6] Their territories overlapped and other Indian groups also joined one or another of the Chichimeca groups in raiding on occasion.

The Guachichiles’ territory centered on the area around what would become the city of San Luis Potosi. They seem to have been the most numerous of the four ethnic groups and the de facto leaders of the Chichimecas. Their name meant ‘head colored red” and they colored both their skin and clothing that color. Living in close proximity to the silver road between Queretaro and Zacatecas, they were the most feared of the Indian raiders.[7]

The Pames lived north of Queretaro and south and east of the Guachichiles. They were the least warlike and dangerous of the Chichimecas – primarily raiders of livestock. They had absorbed some of the religious and cultural practices of the more urbanized Indian nations to their south.[8]

The Guamares lived mostly in present day Guanajuato. They possibly had more political unity than the other Chichimecas and were considered by one writer as the most "treacherous and destructive of all the Chichimecas and the most astute.”[9]

The Zacatecos lived in the present day states of Zacatecas and Durango. They had participated in the earlier Mixton War and thus were experienced fighters against the Spanish. Some of the Zacatecos grew maize; others were nomadic.

The nomadic lifestyle and dispersed settlements of the Chichimecas contributed to the difficulty the Spanish had in defeating them. The bow was their principal weapon and one experienced observer said the Zacatecos were “the best archers in the world.” Their bows were short, usually less than four feet long, their arrows were long and thin and made of reed and tipped with obsidian. Despite the apparent fragility of the arrows they had excellent penetrating qualities, even against Spanish armor which was de rigueur for soldiers fighting the Chichimeca. Many-layered buckskin armor was preferred to chain mail as arrows could penetrate the links of the mail.[10]

Chichimeca battle tactics were mostly ambushes of travelers and caravans, livestock raids, and attacks on isolated settlements of sedentary Indians and Spanish colonists. Although some of their raids were conducted by up to 200 men, groups of 40 to 50 warriors were more common. During the war, the Chichimecas learned to ride horses and use them in war. This was perhaps the first time that the Spanish in North America faced mounted Indian warriors.[11]

The conflict proved much more difficult and enduring than the Spanish anticipated. The Chichimecas seemed primitive and unorganized. But they proved to be a many-headed hydra. Although the Spanish often attacked and defeated bands of Chichimecas, Spanish military successes had little impact on other independent groups who continued the war. The first outbreak of hostilities was in late 1550 when Zacatecos attacked a supply caravan of Tarascan Indians en route to Zacatecas. A few days later they were attacking ranches less than 10 miles (16 km) south of Zacatecas. In 1551 the Guachichile and Guamares joined in, in one instance killing 14 people near the outpost of San Miguel de Allende and forcing its temporary abandonment. Other raids near Tlaltenango were reported to have killed 120 people, mostly Indians friendly to the Spanish, within a few months. The most damaging raids of the early years of the war took place in 1553 and 1554 when two large wagon trains on the road to Zacatecas were attacked, people killed, and the very substantial sums of 32,000 and 40,000 pesos in goods stolen or destroyed. (By comparison, the annual salary of a Spanish soldier was only 300 pesos.) By the end of 1561 it was estimated that more than 200 Spaniards and 2,000 Indian allies and traders had been killed by the Chichimecas. Prices for imported food and other commodities in Zacetacas had doubled or tripled due to the dangers of transporting the goods to the city. In the 1570s the rebellion spread as Pames began raiding near Queretaro.[12]

The Spanish government first attempted measures of both carrot and stick to attempt to damp down the war, but, those failing, in 1567 it adopted the policy of a “war of fire and blood” (fuego y sangre) – promising death, enslavement, or mutilation to the Chichimeca. The top priority of the Spaniards throughout the war was to keep the roads open to Zacatecas and the silver mines – especially the Camino Real from San Miguel de Allende. To do so they created a dozen new presidios (forts), staffed by Spanish and Indian soldiers, and encouraged settlers in new areas, including what would be the nucleus of the future cities of Celaya, León, Aguascalientes, and San Luis Potosi.

The increase in Spanish soldiers in the Gran Chichimeca was not entirely favorable to the war effort as the soldiers often supplemented their income by slaving, thus reinforcing the animosity of the Chichimeca. Moreover the Spanish were short of soldiers, often staffing their presidios with only three Spaniards. They relied heavily, as they had in the past, on Indian soldiers and auxiliaries, especially the Caxcans (whom they had defeated in the Mixton War), the Tarascans, and the Otomi. The Indian allies were rewarded with lands and stipends and were allowed to ride horses and carry swords, formerly banned for use by Indians.[13]

Peace by Purchase

As the war continued unabated, it became clear that the Spanish policy of a war of fire and blood had failed. The royal treasury was being emptied by the demands of the war. Churchmen and others who had initially supported the war of fire and blood now questioned the policy. Mistreatment and enslavement of the Chichimeca by Spaniards increasingly came to be seen as the cause of the war. In 1574, the Dominicans, contrary to the Augustinians and Franciscans, declared that the Chichimeca War was unjust and caused by Spanish aggression.[14] Thus, to end the conflict, the Spanish began to work toward an effective counter insurgency policy which rewarded the Chichimeca for peaceful behavior while taking steps to assimilate them.

In 1584, the Bishop of Guadalajara made a proposal for a “Christian remedy” to the war: the establishment of new towns with priests, soldiers, and friendly Indians to gradually domesticate and Christianize the Chichimecas. The Viceroy, Alvaro Manrique de Zuniga, followed this idea in 1586 with a policy of removing many Spanish soldiers from the frontier as they were considered more a provocation than a remedy. The Viceroy opened negotiations with Chichimeca leaders and promised them food, clothing, land, priests, and tools to encourage them through “gentle persuasion” to settle down. He forbade military operations to seek out and capture and kill hostile Indians. One of the key people behind these negotiations was Miguel Caldera, a captain who was of both Spanish and Guachichile desecent. Beginning in 1590 and continuing for several decades the Spanish implemented the “Peace by Purchase” program by sending large quantities of goods northward to be distributed to the Chichimecas. In 1590 the Viceroy declared the program a success and the roads to Zacatecas safe for the first time in 40 years.[15]

The next step, in 1591, was for a new Viceroy, Luis de Velasco, with help from others such as Caldera, to persuade 400 families of Tlaxcalan Indians, old allies of the Spanish, to establish eight settlements in Chichimeca areas. They served as Christian examples to the Chichimecas and taught animal husbandry and farming to them. In return for moving to the frontier, the Tlaxcalans extracted concessions from the Spanish, including land grants, freedom from taxes, the right to carry arms, and provisions for two years. The Spanish also took steps to curb slavery on Mexico’s northern frontier by ordering the arrest of members of the Carabajal family and Gaspar Castano de Sosa. An essential part of their strategy was conversion of the Chichimeca to Catholicism. The Franciscans sent priests to the frontier to aid in the pacification effort.[16]

The Peace by Purchase program worked. Hostilities died down and the majority of the Chichimecas gradually became sedentary, Catholic or nominally Catholic, and peaceful.

The Spanish policy which evolved to pacify the Chichimecas had four components: negotiation of peace agreements, converting Indians to Christianity with missionaries, resettling Native Americans allies to the frontier to serve as examples and role models, and providing food, other commodities, and tools to potentially hostile Indians to encourage them to become sedentary. This established the pattern of Spanish policy for assimilating Native Americans on their northern frontier. The principal components of the policy of peace by purchase would continue for nearly three centuries and would not be uniformly successful, as later threats from hostile Indians such as Apaches and Comanches would demonstrate.

Over time most of the Chichimeca people lost their ethnic identities and were absorbed into the mestizo population of Mexico. The Zacatecos and Guamares totally disappeared as distinct peoples.

The Huicholes are believed to be the descendants of the Guachichiles.[17][18] About 20,000 of them live in an isolated area on the borders of Jalisco and Nayarit. They are noted for being conservative, successfully preserving their language, religion, and culture.[18][19]

There are about 10,000 speakers of the Pame languages in Mexico, primarily in the municipality of Santa Maria Acapulco in an isolated region in southeastern San Luis Potosi province. They are conservative and nominal Catholics, but mostly still practicing their traditional religion and customs.[20][21] Another group of about 1,500 Chichimeca Jonaz live in the state of Guanajuato and San Luis Potosi.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chichimeca_Nations.png/400px-Chichimeca_Nations.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Chichimeca_warrior.jpg
A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Queretaro


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Festival_de_la_Toltekidad.jpg
Members of the Chichimeca Jonaz tribe perform ritual dance.



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https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5PVTm4PGam2NU05fffG4PbX2tZznSn U61r2zP0fd3cG1qX_Jt

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https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQb6s6lC4Xr5gI7PXeQ-1DRniD_SLsl26T5IQ-A1J79vwC3Pwku

https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2166/2320071920_2cf7d0ccfa.jpg

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT5XL2URp8PKXe6Ij45bV1SlQpVkBrpA GuxVD5tnLw8T99EWe_A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSEzUCO5HCj6SE3_ktyNCOtZdO70UwJT 6t9xRMOJh3wF9WcyRIS

https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3078/2328136020_a40d1abb36.jpg

https://40.media.tumblr.com/e485f91bdac09e2f43130ccd90ff4e1d/tumblr_muwa5ebesE1r3jy3oo1_500.jpg

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2KiKt1ngQMcTq5_YVKxYVeVXEY0emo SzULAKvFVcuZxOAIdtu

https://36.media.tumblr.com/dc9957e7bdd83516d231aeb3a0453426/tumblr_na3xrsYrGs1r3jy3oo2_500.jpg

http://ru.iis.sociales.unam.mx/jspui/bitstream/IIS/932/1/0556-Chichimecas.png

http://img3.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20130711015039/indigenous-amerindians/images/a/a5/616524_505853902780343_471027144_o.jpg

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ6o8CxgH20EvJIhNXZkonTY2hy9QM69 ZyAjcK-MamAH0EhysY-

http://guanajuatoinforma.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/lenguaindigenaesc-600x450.jpg

http://www.imagenpoblana.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/full_interna/2012/11/15/ni%C3%B1o.jpg

[RMuller]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnCLv1JqG40

[Black Wolf]

I guess it would be good for Native Americans to find their own autonomy again. Something that governments don't comprehend in that respect. Revive their own traditions and values for what they are. Regain what has been lost one step at a time until their traditions are whole again.

Natives here in Canada are striving for autonomy of their communities for some time now. They are called First Nations here. It has been a long hard road for them and who knows how likely it is for them to ever get true autonomy from Canada. Unfortunately their traditions will never be completely regained or whole again though as to much traditional knowledge has been forgotten and lost over the years.

[Black Wolf]

Here is a link with some background information on the Huron which are the people who are the focus of the book that I am reading right now.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_people

[Gooding]

Here are a few links to the Indigenous People of Virginia:http://virginiaindians.pwnet.org/, http://www.monacannation.com/, http://www.patawomeckindians.org/, http://www.nottowayindians.org/home.html, http://www.cied.org/,http://www.uppermattaponi.org/. Some of my own ancestors probably had dealings with this Nation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doeg_tribe. Here is an update on some of their descendants today: http://virginiaindians.pwnet.org/today/

[Black Wolf]

An excellent video of the history of the origins of the Iroquois Confederacy.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFIgq8D3oRk

[Aodhan]

No culture should be destroyed!

[SupaThug]

No culture should be destroyed!

Most shouldn't!Brazilian funk culture and African-american mainstream shit should :)

[Aodhan]

Most shouldn't!Brazilian funk culture and African-american mainstream shit should :)

since when funk is culture?
Nunca serão!
http://www.scrotos.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/a-verdade-sobre-capitao-nascimento-tropa-de-elite-wagner-moura-scrotural-scrotos.jpg

[SupaThug]

since when funk is culture?
Nunca serão!
http://www.scrotos.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/a-verdade-sobre-capitao-nascimento-tropa-de-elite-wagner-moura-scrotural-scrotos.jpg

It may even be,but it's an inferior culture that should be abolished!

[Jacques de Imbelloni]

The Toba or Qom are an ethnic group in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. They are part of a larger group of indigenous inhabitants of the Gran Chaco region, called the Guaycurues. As of 2005, there are 47,951 Toba in Argentina, living in the provinces of Chaco, Formosa and Santa Fe.

The Toba name themselves Qom-lik, meaning simply "people". The name toba is of Guaraní origin and means "big forehead", which is also the name given to them by first Spanish settlers (frentones). This is because the Toba cut their hair short in the front of the head as a signal of mourning.

History

The Chaco region in the north of Argentina and part of Paraguay was formerly covered with forests. The Toba were originally nomadic hunter-gatherers who, upon the arrival of the Spanish, adopted the horse and resisted colonial encroachment and missionization for several centuries.

In the 1880s the Argentine government began a campaign to occupy new territories, defeating the last organized attempts by the Toba to defend their lands. The Argentine Chaco was divided up in large portions and exploited, especially for the valuable quebracho tree, used for its tannin and its extremely durable timber. This devastated the ecosystem in a relatively short time. The private owners of the Chaco then turned to cotton production, employing the Toba as a cheap seasonal workforce; the conditions did not change substantially for decades.

On July 19, 1924 in Napalpí in the Chaco Province of Northern Argentina 200 Tobas were massacred by the Argentine Police and ranchers.[1]

Beginning in 1982, the region suffered unprecedented floods, which caused the crops to be ruined; and in the 1990s, mechanical harvesters imported from Brazil (at very low prices due to Argentina's low fixed exchange rate) left many Toba without jobs. The provincial government of Chaco resorted to pay a one-way ticket to the Toba willing to migrate south, into Santa Fe.

The majority of the Toba migrants settled in Rosario, which is a large city in the south of Santa Fe and had seen a previous wave of Toba in the 1950s and 1960s. Communication and family ties were kept in time, so the newcomers found a place; job opportunities and government assistance, even if scarce and of poor quality, were considerably more available in an urban setting than in Chaco. An estimated 10,000 Toba came to Rosario in the 1990s, and settled mostly in slums (villas miseria).
A peace pole in Toba.

A current threat to many Toba and other indigenous goups in El Chaco is the loss of their land and livelihood. Soy cultivation has accelerated deforestation. In a lot of cases this also means, that the indigenous communities lose their land to agrobusinesses and suffer under the intense use of fertilizers and pesticides, that poisons the water they depend on. Since 2008, many indigenous people have joined the “Movimiento Nacional Campesino Indígena” (National Movement of Indigenous Peasants) and fight for the legal right to their land and against agribusiness.[2]
Language

The Toba language is a member of the Guaicuruan linguistic group. According to the United Nations, it has around 60,000 speakers, of which 15,000 to 20,000 live in Argentina.

In Rosario there are two peace poles with the message "May peace prevail on Earth" written in the Toba language and in Guaraní, as well as Spanish and Italian (intended as a sample of the local and European cultures that shaped and influenced the community). One of them is in Empalme Graneros, the neighbourhood where the Toba immigrants from Chaco formed the largest community in the 1990s, and the other is located in a somewhat hidden spot near the coast of the Paraná River, a few hundred meters from the National Flag Memorial.

http://pueblosoriginarios.com/lenguas/imagenes/toba.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Tobas_en_el_Pilcomayo_1892.jpg
http://www.perfil.com/export/sites/diarioperfil/img/2013/06/sociedad/0608_qom_g.jpg_1853027551.jpg
http://seprin.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Felix-Diaz.jpg
http://salta21.com/IMG/arton7245.jpg?1358917625
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B_QPRwvr6To/UcIvSNLeQdI/AAAAAAAAS-o/MxNZNeHW5dg/s1600/CORO+TOBA+EN+JUJUY.JPG
http://tizoc.zenfolio.com/img/s3/v23/p120393845-4.jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tX55T0i9Qfg/TjiK-g7hjcI/AAAAAAAAAAc/r0LJem9EBRc/s1600/tobas.jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C69ydtFKhao/TlbIHS-MNbI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/7AJwRTZS3jw/s1600/Familia+toba.JPG
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0BHALQ2CA2M/Uch1xi6ixzI/AAAAAAAACsY/kgcqpgrHg9I/s1600/Garcete.jpg

Toba music:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al_IQnRBTeo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JDtDVFuYTE

[Black Wolf]

A nice song from the Northern Cree singers. :)


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KReOuwlkRE