mvbeleg
06-03-2010, 09:32 PM
Morphology
These heavily built and muscled people had a brain volume of 1200 to 1800 cubic centimetres, equal to and even larger than modern human brains. Neanderthals were much more muscular than are modern humans - bulking about 30 percent more in weight. Both their skull (Harvati, 2003) and body morphology are different to archaic and modern H. sapiens morphology (see image of human and Neanderthal skull (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neand_skulls.gif) from Hunterian Museum (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/glosfn.htm#Neanderthal) ). Their faces showed a particular adaptation, with the midface projecting and ending in large front teeth. The mid-facial projection and large nasal sinuses can be seen in Neanderthal skulls from children e.g. La Quina 18 (from a eight year old) and Teshik Tash 1 (from a nine year old) and Le Moustier, a 15 year old. (Neanderthal skull - front view (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_f.jpg)) (Neanderthal skull - oblique view (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_f2.jpg)) (Neanderthal skull - side view (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_s.jpg)) (Neanderthal jaws (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_jaw.jpg)) ©1 (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/copy.htm#%A91) . Neanderthal skull reconstructions provide further evidence that the creatures were a separate species to modern humans. Distinctive Neanderthal skull features were established in early infancy. Physical features in skull development, such as the Neanderthal's receding chin and low, sloping forehead, were fixed by the age of two years. Their hyoid bones, involved in speech, were basically identical to humans. Neanderthal inner ear morphology is now being studied and differences are being found to the human inner ear They had heavy brow ridges, a low sloping forehead and a very large nose. Their teeth usually showed distinct wear from some type of repeated use ( see image (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/ramanank_teeth.gif) from Ramanank (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/glosoz.htm#tool_Ramanank) ). They lacked the projecting chin of modern humans. Their build suggested the possibility of cold adaptations, being very robust or stockily built with the lower legs and forearms short. A similar feature is found in modern-human cold-adapted races, such as Eskimos, and serves to reduce heat loss through the extremities. They must have been very strong and powerfully muscled. Markings on the leg bones show that they squatted habitually.
Strong evidence for the difference between humans and Neanderthals can be found in the morphology of the Neanderthal pelvis (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/pelvis_kebara.jpg), which is different to a human pelvis. neanderthal pelvis There is a different relationship of the pelvis to the hip joints and other features such as the iliac blades (Aiello & Dean, 1990).http://www.ecotao.com/holism/pelvis.jpg
A list of distinctive Neanderthal features is as follows:
* Large round " apical tufts (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neanderthal_hand.jpg) " to the finer tips;
* Robust finger bones;
* Enlarged rib cage, with barrel-chested build;
* Stout, bowed femoral shaft;
* Dorsal sulcus on scapula for more muscle attachments;
* Relatively short, bowed scapula;
* Long pelvic pubis (superior pubic ramus);
* Relatively short tibia and fibula (lower leg);
* Low forehead with occipital bun (chignon, occipital torus) & projecting mid-face (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neanderthal_skulls_compare.gif) ;
* Lack of chin (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neanderthal_skulls_compare.gif) (mental eminence);
* Long clavicle and large shoulder joint;
* Large and thick patella;
* occipital depression ( suprainiac fossa (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neand_skull.gif) );
* supraorbital torus (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neand_skull.gif);
* A mastoid crest located behind the external auditory meatus (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/humanskull1.jpg) ;
* Absence of a canine fossa;
* Presence of a retromolar space
http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm
I am looking for [free] information on the physical anthropology of Homo Neanderthalensis.
I would appreciate the sharing of further information (e.g., detailed morphological data).
These heavily built and muscled people had a brain volume of 1200 to 1800 cubic centimetres, equal to and even larger than modern human brains. Neanderthals were much more muscular than are modern humans - bulking about 30 percent more in weight. Both their skull (Harvati, 2003) and body morphology are different to archaic and modern H. sapiens morphology (see image of human and Neanderthal skull (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neand_skulls.gif) from Hunterian Museum (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/glosfn.htm#Neanderthal) ). Their faces showed a particular adaptation, with the midface projecting and ending in large front teeth. The mid-facial projection and large nasal sinuses can be seen in Neanderthal skulls from children e.g. La Quina 18 (from a eight year old) and Teshik Tash 1 (from a nine year old) and Le Moustier, a 15 year old. (Neanderthal skull - front view (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_f.jpg)) (Neanderthal skull - oblique view (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_f2.jpg)) (Neanderthal skull - side view (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_s.jpg)) (Neanderthal jaws (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/h_neand_jaw.jpg)) ©1 (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/copy.htm#%A91) . Neanderthal skull reconstructions provide further evidence that the creatures were a separate species to modern humans. Distinctive Neanderthal skull features were established in early infancy. Physical features in skull development, such as the Neanderthal's receding chin and low, sloping forehead, were fixed by the age of two years. Their hyoid bones, involved in speech, were basically identical to humans. Neanderthal inner ear morphology is now being studied and differences are being found to the human inner ear They had heavy brow ridges, a low sloping forehead and a very large nose. Their teeth usually showed distinct wear from some type of repeated use ( see image (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/ramanank_teeth.gif) from Ramanank (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/glosoz.htm#tool_Ramanank) ). They lacked the projecting chin of modern humans. Their build suggested the possibility of cold adaptations, being very robust or stockily built with the lower legs and forearms short. A similar feature is found in modern-human cold-adapted races, such as Eskimos, and serves to reduce heat loss through the extremities. They must have been very strong and powerfully muscled. Markings on the leg bones show that they squatted habitually.
Strong evidence for the difference between humans and Neanderthals can be found in the morphology of the Neanderthal pelvis (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/pelvis_kebara.jpg), which is different to a human pelvis. neanderthal pelvis There is a different relationship of the pelvis to the hip joints and other features such as the iliac blades (Aiello & Dean, 1990).http://www.ecotao.com/holism/pelvis.jpg
A list of distinctive Neanderthal features is as follows:
* Large round " apical tufts (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neanderthal_hand.jpg) " to the finer tips;
* Robust finger bones;
* Enlarged rib cage, with barrel-chested build;
* Stout, bowed femoral shaft;
* Dorsal sulcus on scapula for more muscle attachments;
* Relatively short, bowed scapula;
* Long pelvic pubis (superior pubic ramus);
* Relatively short tibia and fibula (lower leg);
* Low forehead with occipital bun (chignon, occipital torus) & projecting mid-face (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neanderthal_skulls_compare.gif) ;
* Lack of chin (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neanderthal_skulls_compare.gif) (mental eminence);
* Long clavicle and large shoulder joint;
* Large and thick patella;
* occipital depression ( suprainiac fossa (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neand_skull.gif) );
* supraorbital torus (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/neand_skull.gif);
* A mastoid crest located behind the external auditory meatus (http://www.ecotao.com/holism/humanskull1.jpg) ;
* Absence of a canine fossa;
* Presence of a retromolar space
http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm
I am looking for [free] information on the physical anthropology of Homo Neanderthalensis.
I would appreciate the sharing of further information (e.g., detailed morphological data).