My tree of R1 haplogroup (with a timeline and ethno-linguistic data)

[Peterski]

I've made a genealogical / phylogenetic tree of R1 haplogroup, with a focus on Indo-Europeans.

I've added a timeline, as well as proposed ethno-linguistic associations for its major branches:

Large version (link): http://s7.postimg.org/6gf8nevmx/PIE_Tree.png

Small version:

http://s10.postimg.org/3tv4muvbt/PIE_Tree_Small.png

I'm not sure about M458 and Z280. Most likely these subclades aren't exclusively Slavic and / or exclusively Balto-Slavic.

But I'm not sure with what other linguistic branches can they be associated - apparently these branches are extinct by now.

However, for example M458 could be partially Hellenic (or Graeco-Phrygian), and Z280 could be partially Armenian.

Then of course some of the Indo-European groups listed at the bottom come to mind (Daco-Thracians, Cimmerians, etc.).

[Plague Doctor]

Nice, but what do you think about the non-IE carriers of R1*?

[Peterski]

You mean what do I think about the area from which they originally came from?

[FeederOfRavens]

I've made a genealogical / phylogenetic tree of R1 haplogroup, with a focus on Indo-Europeans.

I've added a timeline, as well as proposed ethno-linguistic associations for its major branches:

Large version (link): http://s22.postimg.org/vkhatmngf/PIE_Tree.png

Small version:

http://s29.postimg.org/42r6xobmv/PIE_Tree_Small.png

I'm not sure about M458 and Z280. Most likely these subclades aren't exclusively Slavic and / or exclusively Balto-Slavic.

But I'm not sure with what other linguistic branches can they be associated - apparently these branches are extinct by now.

However, for example M458 could be partially Hellenic (or Graeco-Phrygian), and Z280 could be partially Armenian.

Then of course some of the Indo-European groups listed at the bottom come to mind (Daco-Thracians, Cimmerians, etc.).

What makes R1a-L664 Celto-Germanic?

[Peterski]

Nowadays it is found almost exclusively in North-Western and Western Europe (same with CTS4385).

Also one of Corded Ware R1a samples from Eulau belonged to CTS4385 subclade, if I recall correctly.

Corded Ware extended in the west as far as the Rhine River, and into Scandinavia in the north-west.

[Peterski]

Nice, but what do you think about the non-IE carriers of R1*?

The Karelian location of that M459* (as well as the "Ancient North Eurasian" - or ANE - autosomal component) reminds me of:

"The Arctic Home in the Vedas" theory:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arctic_Home_in_the_Vedas


The Arctic Home in the Vedas is a book on the origin of Aryans by Lokmanya Bâl Gangâdhar Tilak, a mathematician turned astronomer, historian, journalist, philosopher and political leader of India during 1880 to 1920. It propounded the theory that the North Pole was the original home of Aryans during pre-glacial period which they had to leave due to the ice deluge around 8000 B.C. and had to migrate to the Northern parts of Europe and Asia in search of lands for new settlements. In support to his theory Tilak has presented certain Vedic hymns, Avestic passages, Vedic chronology and Vedic calendars with interpretations of the contents in detail. The book was written at the end of 1898, but was first published in March 1903 in Pune.

(...)

Evidence in support of the theory:

1) Vedic Evidences

Particulars of Hymns and Verses in ten Mandalas of Rigveda are given. For example Hymn 1, Verse 2, Page 459.
Particulars of Passages in Taittiriya Samhita are given. For example Passage I, 3, 9, 2, Page 91.
Particulars of Hymns in Vajasaneyi Samhita are given.
Particulars of Sama Veda Samhita are given.
Particulars of Atharva Veda Samhita are given.
Particulars of Aitareya Brahmana are given.
Particulars of Kaushitaki Brahmana are given.
Particulars of Taittiriya Brahmana are given.
Particulars of Shatapatha Brahmana are given.
Particulars of Tandya Brahmana are given.
Particulars of Sadvimsha Brahmana are given.
Particulars of Taittiriya Aranyaka are given.
Particulars of Upanishads are given.

2) Avestic Evidences

Particulars of Vendidad passages are given.
Particulars of Yashts passages are given.
Particulars of Yasna passages are given.

Influence:

The Arctic Home in the Vedas has been cited in the works of Julius Evola, Savitri Devi, Rene Guenon, Jean Haudry and John G. Bennett.

The Vedas and the Avesta of course contain founding myths of the Aryans. Those myths were obviously much, much older than times when they were written down on paper. Before that, they had been transmitted orally from one generation to another - like in all illiterate cultures. However, we should not a priori ridicule such oral traditions, and we should not consider them as totally unreliable. There often is a grain of truth in such myths.

For example, Maori founding myths saying that their ancestors "came in 7 great boats" turned out to be - more or less - true:

http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/ancient/AncientRepublish_817069.htm


Whyte also analysed the ‘haplotypes’ (groups of closely linked genes) carried on mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited only through the female line. Each population has a unique range of haplotypes. While Europeans have over 100 haplotypes in a particular region of DNA, studies so far have only found four different Maori haplotypes in the same region.

“The reason for this difference is what we call a genetic bottleneck. When people leave an island to go to the next island, obviously not everybody gets on the boat, so some of the genetic diversity is being lost,” she said. “Some of the maternal lineages may not have got on the boat, so they’re not carried on to the next place.”

Whyte has now identified 10 haplotypes in New Zealand Maori. “From that we have worked out that 56 women came to New Zealand to create the diversity of today’s population,” she added.

Whyte said these findings were consistent with Maori legend.

“The story I was told when I was growing up is that there was a fleet of seven great waka (canoes) that came to New Zealand," she said. "Every tribe knows which waka their ancestors arrived in. My ancestors were in a waka called Takitimu.”

“There might have been 20 people travelling in a canoe the size of a waka. Seven waka, that’s about 140 people. And if, as we think, about half or 56 of these people happen to be women, it does seem to tie in.”

In this case genealogical evidence from ancient DNA extracted from bones indeed seems to be linking the lineage of a hunter who lived around 7,500 years ago in Karelia (see the tree above), with the current predominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Northern India and Central India.

Of course the "North Pole" as an exact location must be dismissed... but Karelia is reasonably close, and indeed sub-Arctic:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate

Map showing areas with sub-Arctic climate (which include Karelia):

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Koppen_World_Map_Dfc_Dwc_Dsc_Dfd_Dwd_Dsd.png

Check also:

"The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales":

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ba...27s_Epic_Tales

And the Seima-Turbino phenomenon:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml#Greek

PIE homeland near Proto-Uralic homeland:

http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812


The strongest geographic indicator of the location where PIE was spoken is the fact that PIE and Proto-Uralic (PU) appear to have been geographic neighbors. They had core vocabulary items that look suspiciously similar ('name', 'water') and similar-looking pronouns (Ringe 1997; Janhunen 2000, 2001; Koivulehto 2001; Kallio 2001; Salminen 2001; Witzel 2003; Parpola 2012). One kind of relationship between PIE and PU that would account for the apparently shared pronouns, noun endings, and basic vocabulary would be ancestral: The two protolanguages could have shared a very ancient common ancestor, perhaps a broadly related set of intergrading dialects spoken by hunters at the end of the Pleistocene.

Finally, Nostratic languages:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostratic_languages

The closest relative of PIE was apparently Proto-Uralic, followed by Proto-Altaic and Kartvelian (the latter spoken in Caucasus region). This shows that PIE homeland was most likely somewhere between the Ural Mountains, the Baltic Sea and the Caucasus.

[Peterski]

We also have R1b-L278* (basal to both Chadic V88 and L389->P297->M269 and Bashkir M478) in Mesolithic Russia and in Neolithic Spain.

Both the Samara hunter and the Els Trocs farmer belonged to L278.

So there is ancient DNA evidence that those very basal pre-IE clades - R1a-M459 and R1a-L278 - lived in Europe. Of course it does not prove definitely, that they lived only in Europe (they could be widespread), and that their downstream haplogroups emerged in Europe.

But there exists a very probable possibility that downstream clades of those basal clades emerged in Europe.

BTW - when it comes to Mesolithic hunters, they were highly mobile groups of people. For example Kennewick Man died near Kennewick, but he spent most of his life ca. 400 km to the west, near the Pacific coast, as his diet suggests (he was eating a lot of marine mammals).

Eastern European hunters such as R1a-M459 and R1b-L278 were probably also very mobile people, just like Kennewick Man.

[Graham]

Interesting, thanks.