🐟 12 Of The Most Astounding 'Living Fossils' Known To Science 🐊

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12 Of The Most Astounding 'Living Fossils' Known To Science

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Coined by Charles Darwin, the term “living fossils” is used to describe living creatures that have stood the test of time — hardy and resilient organisms that have remained largely unchanged for millions of years. Here are some of of the most incredible examples of nature not fixing what ain’t broke.

Top image: Comb Jelly. Credit: Stefan Siebert/Brown University

To be clear, “living fossils” is not a scientific term per se, and there’s no consensus on a formal definition. But for the purposes of this article, we’re going to define a 'living fossil' as an ancient species that (1) hasn’t gone extinct, (2) has not produced, or “radiated,” many new species (i.e. low taxonomic diversity), and (3) has remained relatively unchanged over the course of millennia.

On this last point, that’s not to suggest these animals haven’t stopped evolving (which is a kind of myth associated with living fossils). All organisms, no matter how old, have continually adapted to changing environments, including rising and falling temperatures, changes in atmospheric composition, and other novel conditions. But for the most part, these species have settled on environmental niches in which morphological forms and behavioural modes haven’t required a lot of tweaking. In many cases, they’ve attained a fitness peak in environments that continually reinforce a certain physicality.

There are literally dozens upon dozens of living fossils, but these are some of the most fascinating:

http://io9.gizmodo.com/12-of-the-most-astounding-living-fossils-known-to-sci-1506539384

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1. Cyanobacteria

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Though not often considered a 'living fossil', cyanobacteria have been kicking around for practically forever and will continue to do so well into the future. In fact, like many other strains of bacteria, they’re one of the most successful groups of organisms this planet has ever seen, and include some of the first life forms to evolve on Earth. Stromatolites — layered structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding, and cementation of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria — provide the most ancient records of life on Earth dating back an astounding 3.5 billion years.

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Image stromatolites in Shark Bay, Wikimedia Commons.

2. Ctenophores

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW3sqB…

But if cancerous tumours are not our great-grandparents, these guys most certainly are. Also known as the comb jelly, ctenophores first emerged 700 million years ago. They look like striped jelly blobs that flit through the sea propelled by rows of cilia. Biologists say these are the oldest known animals — and not sea sponges as previously believed — meaning we’re actually descended from these things. And most remarkable of all, as a 'living fossil', they’re still kicking around.

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3. Coelacanths

We used to think that coelacanths went extinct around the same time as the dinosaurs, about 65 million years ago. But their “re-discovery” in 1938 off the coast of South Africa reset our notions of how durable some species truly are. Coelacanths have been traced as far back as 80 million years ago, and were at one time a large group comprising about 90 different species. Today, there are two known species living in populations that have been separated for at least several million years.

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Coelacanths have some unique features that aren’t seen in any other living vertebrate, including a rostral organ in the snout that’s part of its electrosensory system, and an intracranial joint or hinge in the skull that allows the anterior portion of the cranium to swing upwards, greatly enlarging the gape of the mouth.

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4. Elephant Sharks

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Located off the waters of Australia and New Zealand, elephant sharks, or Callorhinchus milii, are members of a branch of cartilaginous fish known as chimaeras. They’re distantly related to sharks and rays, so technically speaking they’re not actually sharks. Recently, scientists mapped the genome of this creature, revealing DNA that’s barely changed for nearly 420 million years. To put that into perspective, dinosaurs didn’t emerge until the Triassic period, some 230 million years ago. Owing to this new analysis, elephant sharks are the slowest-evolving vertebrates we know of.

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5. Crocodiles

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Crocodiles have a good thing going. They’re basically the killer app of predators — creatures that rest in water bodies waiting for their prey to come to them. Cos eventually, everybody’s got to grab a drink. It’s an evolutionary strategy that’s worked for millennia (I often like to think of the various animals crocodiles have feasted upon — from ancient lizards and dinosaurs all the way up to modern mammals). Descended from marine super-predators (of course), they made their first dreaded appearance some 55 million years ago. Today, saltwater crocodiles are the largest of all living reptiles and are the largest terrestrial apex predators in the world.

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6. Horseshoe Crabs

Horseshoe crabs are the quintessential 'living fossils.' They look like something right out of an artistic rendering of the Cambrian Explosion.

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Credit: Heinrich Harder/Florilegius

These atavistic creatures, which can still be found today crawling around muddy ocean floors, first emerged in the late Ordovician period some 450 million years ago. They resemble crustaceans, but they’re part of the Chelicerata subphylum, so they’re more closely related to arachnids, like spiders and scorpions. Despite surviving a number of mass extinctions, their numbers are now declining because of habitat destruction in Japan and overharvesting along the east coast of North America.

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7. Fig Wasps

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Back in the 1920s, a 34 million-year-old fossil of a fig wasp was discovered, but incorrectly identified as an ant. The fossil was re-analysed back in 2010, revealing its true identity — an extant species that has barely changed for tens of millions of years. Remarkably, fig wasps and fig trees have been evolving together for over 60 million years. As the University of Leeds reported:

The edible figs we eat today are produced on specialised female plants that trick the wasps into entering the figs and strip off their wings, but then prevent them from laying any eggs. As a result, the figs produce only seeds and no wasp offspring. The length of the ovipositor - the organ the wasp uses to lay its eggs - of the Isle of Wight fig wasp shows that its host fig tree had already evolved this method of cheating on its partner.
Remarkably, fig wasps can travel further than any other insect, covering 100 miles in two days.

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8. Ginkgo Biloba

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Credit: Fossil Museum

If there was ever a seed plant that deserves the title of “living fossil” it is the maidenhair tree, or Ginkgo biloba. The plant is native to China and has no living relatives. Fossilised leaf imprints of this tree have been found in sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic and Triassic Periods dating 135 to 210 million years ago — a time when dinosaurs still roamed the earth. The unique, fan-shaped leaves and naked seeds of living Ginkgo biloba trees have changed very little in more than 200 million years. Today, when taken as an extract, Ginkgo biloba is used to improve memory and concentration.

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9. Cycads

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Cycads are remarkable seed plants that flourished during the days of the dinosaurs. In fact, they were so numerous during Mesozoic times (65 to 230 million years ago), this era is sometimes referred to as the “Age of Cycads and Dinosaurs.” Cycads have a slow-growing columnar trunk that’s 3 to 50 feet tall, and a crown of leaves that superficially resembles a palm. Its seeds can reach three feet in length and are the largest of all cone-bearing plants. Some massive seeds can weigh up to 95 pounds. Today, cycad populations are seriously threatened with extinction due to extensive collecting and diminishing habitats.

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10. P. Palau Cave Eel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOXiDj…

This eel was only recently discovered in a cave 35 meters underwater in the Republic of Palau. It’s so unlike other eel-like critters that it forced biologists to create a whole new family to describe it: Protoanguillidae. Analysis of the fish showed that it has evolved independently for over 200 million years, resulting in the retention of a large head, short body, and collar-like gill openings. In fact, some of the laundry list of different features are so primitive that they’re deemed older than the most ancient fossil remains, such as having fewer than 90 vertebrae.

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11. Nautilus

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These marine mollusks have remained largely unchanged for 500 million years. They first appeared in the Late Cambrian period and became a significant group of sea predators during the Ordovician period. They’re the sole living cephalopods (a group that includes octopuses) whose bony body structure is externalized as a shell. And interestingly, they’re much closer to the first cephalopods that appeared 500 million years ago than the early modern cephalopods that appeared about 100 million years later.

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12. Cancerous Tumours

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This is a bit controversial, but some scientists have proposed that cancerous cells qualify as 'living fossils' — the last remnant of a crucial evolutionary juncture some 600 million years ago. It’s been surmised that cancer dates back to the beginning of multicellular animals, an evolutionary innovation that required cells to stop replicating independently and start coordinating with the rest of the organism. But according to Charles Lineweaver and Paul Davies, it’s cancer that’s our earliest animal ancestor. They suggest these organisms were the first to figure out some measure of control over cell replication, but they lacked more precise control over cell growth.

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Cancerous Tumours Might Be Our Oldest Evolutionary Ancestors

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Cancer is one of the most difficult foes medical science has ever faced, but a controversial new idea might just show a way to victory. A group of scientists have evidence that cancer might be an evolutionary throwback to our most distant animal ancestor.

Astrobiologists Charles Lineweaver of the Australian National University and Paul Davies of Arizona State have proposed that cancerous cells are a so-called "living fossil", the last remnant of a crucial evolutionary juncture some 600 million years ago. It's been proposed before that cancer dates back to the beginning of multi-cellular animals, an evolutionary innovation that required cells to stop replicating whenever they wanted and start coordinating with the rest of the organism.

Cancer is what happens when these very ancient controls on cell replication break down, causing runaway cellular replication. But here's where Lineweaver and Davies take the idea a step further - they suggest cancer actually is our earliest animal ancestor. They suggest these organisms were the first to figure out some measure of control over cell replication, but they lacked more precise control over cell growth.

This hypothesis, they argue, fits known tumour behaviour better than the view that all cancer cells act independently. They point to angiogenesis, in which cancer cells built blood vessel networks to bring nutrients into the tumour, which suggests cooperation amongst the cells. Indeed, the very act of metastasising, in which cancerous cells move to other tissue areas, is hard to explain if all the cells are acting independently.

Now, not all of Lineweaver and Davies's peers accept their new hypothesis. While their framework and predictions have received some praise, the idea that cancer is actually a 'living fossil' for the earliest animal life has been met with controversy. It may be that their hypothesis ends up being more of a useful metaphor for understanding how cancer cells work together than as an actual literal explanation.

Still, assuming this idea is correct, how does it help any of us? Well, Lineweaver and Davies suggest that, if cancer really is our evolutionary ancestor, then its genetic toolkit has been locked in place for 600 million years, and its repertoire of survival methods is infinitely more limited than that of, say, bacteria, which has the capacity to evolve resistance to practically any therapy.

By comparison, cancer may have a relatively limited set of ways to resist therapies, and its methods shouldn't be anything that its evolutionary descendants - such as ourselves - are capable of. Lineweaver is hopeful genetic profiling will offer experimental support for his and Weaver's hypothesis. Obviously, even a limited survival toolkit has served cancer well in the decades medical science has spent trying to stop it, but in the long run, it should mean that cancer will run out of places to hide.

http://io9.gizmodo.com/5781614/cancerous-tumors-might-be-our-oldest-evolutionary-ancestors

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