Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe

[Ilma]

http://img11.hostingpics.net/pics/808668451.jpg (http://www.hostingpics.net/viewer.php?id=808668451.jpg)
Excavated near Belfast in 1855, the bones of this farmer had lain in a Neolithic tomb chamber for 5,000 years. Her DNA has now been sequenced. Photograph: Daniel Bradley, Trinity College Dublin.

Tim Radford

Monday 28 December 2015.

Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe

Genome analysis shows mass migration of Stone Age farmers from Fertile Crescent and Bronze Age settlers from eastern Europe was foundation of Celtic population.

Scientists from Dublin and Belfast have looked deep into Ireland’s early history to discover a still-familiar pattern of migration: of stone age settlers with origins in the Fertile Crescent, and bronze age economic migrants who began a journey somewhere in eastern Europe.

The evidence has lain for more than 5,000 years in the bones of a woman farmer unearthed from a tomb in Ballynahatty, near Belfast, and in the remains of three men who lived between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago and were buried on Rathlin Island in County Antrim.

Scientists at Trinity College Dublin used a technique called whole-genome analysis to “read” not the unique characteristics of each individual, but a wider history of ancestral migration and settlement in the DNA from all four bodies.

They confirm a picture that has been emerging for decades from archaeological studies. Migrant communities did not compete with the original Irish. They became the Irish.

The ancestors of the Stone Age farmers began their journey in the Bible lands, where agriculture first began, and arrived in Ireland perhaps via the southern Mediterranean. They brought with them cattle, cereals, ceramics and a tendency to black hair and brown eyes.


http://img11.hostingpics.net/pics/250776512.jpg (http://www.hostingpics.net/viewer.php?id=250776512.jpg)
A reconstruction of the Ballynahatty Neolithic skull by Elizabeth Black. Her genes tell us she had black hair and brown eyes. Photograph: Barrie Hartwell.

These settlers were followed by people, initially from the Pontic steppe of southern Russia, who knew how to mine for copper and work with gold, and who carried the genetic variant for a blood disorder called haemochromatosis, a hereditary genetic condition so common in Ireland that it is sometimes called Celtic disease.

These people also brought with them the inherited variation that permits the digestion of milk in maturity – much of the world becomes intolerant to the milk sugar lactose after infancy – and they may even have brought the language that became what is now Irish. Some of them, too, had blue eyes.

“There was a great wave of genome change that swept into Europe from above the Black Sea into Bronze Age Europe and we now know it washed all the way to the shores of its most westerly island,” said Dan Bradley, professor of population genetics at Trinity College Dublin.

“And this degree of genetic change invites the possibility of other associated changes, perhaps even the introduction of language ancestral to western Celtic tongues.”

The Dublin team and colleagues from Queens University Belfast report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that the two great changes in European prehistory – the emergence of agriculture and the advance of metallurgy – were not just culture shifts: they came with new blood. An earlier population of hunter gatherers was successively overwhelmed by new arrivals. And in Ireland, these new settlers began to define a nation.

“These findings,” the authors say, “suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 years ago.”



https://youtu.be/R1ffyUFRURk
Geneticists from Trinity College Dublin, and archaeologists from Queens University Belfast, speak about their discoveries.

Working from the principle that any human DNA tells a story not just of individual identity but of ten thousand years of ancestry, researchers have begun to piece together the entire story of Homo sapiens. The story is incomplete, and under constant revision, but the outline of the settlement of Europe and Asia told by DNA confirms and illuminates the archaeological evidence.

Modern humans arrived in the British Isles relatively late after the end of the Ice Age. Evidence of early settlement in Ireland is sketchy and indirect: in 2013, researchers looked at the DNA of the Irish banded wood snail and identified it as closely related to the species found in the French Pyrenees. The best explanation so far is that these snails may have arrived 8,000 years ago as the leftovers from the packed lunch, so to speak, of a much earlier community of European traders or migrants. Nobody can say who these people may have been, or why they arrived with a taste for escargots.

But the latest study throws more light on the birth of a nation. All three dead men from Rathlin Island carried what is now the most common type of Irish Y chromosome, inherited only from male forebears.

“It is clear that this project has demonstrated what a powerful tool ancient DNA analysis can provide in answering questions which have long perplexed academics regarding the origins of the Irish,” said Eileen Murphy, who lectures in osteoarchaeology at Queen’s in Belfast.

And Lara Cassidy, a researcher in genetics at Trinity College Dublin and another co-author, said “Genetic affinity is strongest between Bronze Age genomes and modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, suggesting establishment of central attributes of the insular Celtic genome 4,000 years ago.”

Source : https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/28/origins-of-the-irish-down-to-mass-migration-ancient-dna-confirms

[Grace O'Malley]

This is the dna report. The headlines are a bit unfortunate. Most newspaper articles do not do a good job explaining genetics.


The 3 Rathlin genomes are closer to modern day Irish and are all R1b-L21 hinting at population turnover in the Bronze Age.

http://www.pnas.org/content/113/2/368.full.pdf

Sorry missed out about the Neolithic woman. She was European Farmer with HG and was closest to modern day Sardinians and Spanish. The Sardinians are the closest population to ENF so that makes sense.

[Ibericus]

It's sensationalist and politically correct bullshit from the media, as if they want you to believe it's a mix of modern middle-easterns and east-europeans, it's not like that. The farmers were Sardinian-like, europeans already, and the "east-europeans" was the Steppe input (Yamnaya-like) brought from continental bronze age europeans, who were nordic-like mostly. The Bronze Age Rathlin scores mostly Norwegian on the autosomal calculators.

[Numidia]

It's sensationalist and politically correct bullshit from the media, as if they want you to believe it's a mix of modern middle-easterns and east-europeans, it's not like that. The farmers were Sardinian-like, europeans already, and the "east-europeans" was the Steppe input (Yamnaya-like) brought from continental bronze age europeans, who were nordic-like mostly. The Bronze Age Rathlin scores mostly Norwegian on the autosomal calculators.

:bump2:

[Ibericus]

:bump2:
You can laugh all you want, it's like that.

[Numidia]

You can laugh all you want, it's like that.

Sardinians are only mediterranean

[Grace O'Malley]

Here's one of the Rathlin Islander's Eurogenes K13 and K15

K13

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 North_Atlantic 49.94
2 Baltic 27.52
3 West_Asian 7.16
4 West_Med 6.48
5 South_Asian 3.40
6 Amerindian 2.20
7 Sub-Saharan 1.91
8 Red_Sea 1.06


Finished reading population data. 204 populations found.
13 components mode.

--------------------------------

Least-squares method.

Using 1 population approximation:
1 Norwegian @ 5.854991
2 Swedish @ 6.378155
3 Danish @ 6.435699
4 North_Dutch @ 6.943228
5 North_German @ 7.111557
6 Irish @ 8.086287
7 Orcadian @ 8.527667
8 West_Scottish @ 8.822106
9 Southeast_English @ 10.981000
10 Southwest_English @ 11.587136
11 North_Swedish @ 12.113091
12 South_Dutch @ 14.523604
13 West_German @ 15.031170
14 East_German @ 17.276731
15 Austrian @ 17.773823
16 Southwest_Finnish @ 21.165777
17 French @ 21.226280
18 Hungarian @ 21.971560
19 South_Polish @ 25.624912
20 La_Brana-1 @ 26.125484

Using 2 populations approximation:
1 50% Danish +50% Swedish @ 5.763251


Using 3 populations approximation:
1 50% Swedish +25% Swedish +25% West_Scottish @ 5.718463


Using 4 populations approximation:
1 Irish + Norwegian + Swedish + Swedish @ 5.654887
2 Danish + Irish + Swedish + Swedish @ 5.673533
3 Danish + Norwegian + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.695946
4 Irish + Swedish + Swedish + Swedish @ 5.708336
5 Norwegian + Swedish + Swedish + West_Scottish @ 5.714194
6 North_German + Norwegian + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.717242
7 Swedish + Swedish + Swedish + West_Scottish @ 5.718463
8 Irish + North_German + Swedish + Swedish @ 5.726860
9 Danish + Norwegian + Swedish + Swedish @ 5.727204
10 Danish + Swedish + Swedish + West_Scottish @ 5.735286
11 North_German + Swedish + Swedish + West_Scottish @ 5.738239
12 North_German + Norwegian + Norwegian + Norwegian @ 5.744429
13 Danish + Danish + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.755604
14 Norwegian + Norwegian + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.760739
15 Danish + Danish + Swedish + Swedish @ 5.763251
16 Irish + Norwegian + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.771631
17 Irish + North_German + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.772011
18 Danish + North_German + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.800724
19 Danish + Norwegian + Norwegian + Norwegian @ 5.815938
20 Danish + Irish + Norwegian + Swedish @ 5.816245

Eurogenes K15

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 Atlantic 32.45
2 North_Sea 31.58
3 Baltic 12.95
4 Eastern_Euro 11.65
5 West_Asian 3.29
6 South_Asian 3.17
7 Amerindian 1.87
8 Sub-Saharan 1.59
9 West_Med 1.39


Finished reading population data. 207 populations found.
15 components mode.

--------------------------------

Least-squares method.

Using 1 population approximation:
1 North_German @ 8.570560
2 Danish @ 9.199459
3 Irish @ 9.273491
4 West_Scottish @ 9.632721
5 Southeast_English @ 10.713849
6 North_Dutch @ 10.812980
7 Orcadian @ 12.363866
8 Southwest_English @ 12.692083
9 South_Dutch @ 13.515372
10 Norwegian @ 13.539064
11 Swedish @ 13.852389
12 North_Swedish @ 14.337133
13 West_Norwegian @ 14.958194
14 Southwest_Finnish @ 15.931392
15 East_German @ 16.537271
16 West_German @ 16.948147
17 Austrian @ 19.163883
18 French @ 19.201525
19 Finnish @ 20.197750
20 La_Brana-1 @ 21.321207

Using 2 populations approximation:
1 50% Irish +50% North_German @ 8.413251


Using 3 populations approximation:
1 50% Irish +25% La_Brana-1 +25% West_Scottish @ 7.791201


Using 4 populations approximation:
1 Irish + La_Brana-1 + West_Scottish + West_Scottish @ 7.791089
2 Irish + Irish + La_Brana-1 + West_Scottish @ 7.791201
3 La_Brana-1 + West_Scottish + West_Scottish + West_Scottish @ 7.810342
4 Irish + Irish + Irish + La_Brana-1 @ 7.810678
5 Irish + Irish + Irish + Southwest_Finnish @ 7.922435
6 Irish + Irish + Southwest_Finnish + West_Scottish @ 7.980188
7 La_Brana-1 + North_German + West_Scottish + West_Scottish @ 7.996135
8 Irish + Irish + North_German + Southwest_Finnish @ 8.002673
9 Danish + Irish + Irish + La_Brana-1 @ 8.004673
10 Danish + Irish + La_Brana-1 + West_Scottish @ 8.007087
11 Irish + La_Brana-1 + North_German + West_Scottish @ 8.020887
12 Danish + La_Brana-1 + West_Scottish + West_Scottish @ 8.028337
13 Irish + North_German + Southwest_Finnish + West_Scottish @ 8.034504
14 Irish + Southwest_Finnish + West_Scottish + West_Scottish @ 8.055216
15 Irish + Irish + La_Brana-1 + North_German @ 8.064316
16 Irish + La_Brana-1 + Southeast_English + West_Scottish @ 8.069336
17 La_Brana-1 + Southeast_English + West_Scottish + West_Scottish @ 8.069387
18 North_German + Southwest_Finnish + West_Scottish + West_Scottish @ 8.080923
19 Irish + Irish + La_Brana-1 + Southeast_English @ 8.087984
20 Irish + Irish + La_Brana-1 + Orcadian @ 8.140745

[Grace O'Malley]

Here is Ballynahatty (the Farmer woman). Her distances are quite large but not too bad in the mixed mode.

Eurogenes K13

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 West_Med 47.68
2 North_Atlantic 35.79
3 East_Med 11.51
4 Red_Sea 2.28
5 Sub-Saharan 1.25


Finished reading population data. 204 populations found.
13 components mode.

--------------------------------

Least-squares method.

Using 1 population approximation:
1 Sardinian @ 17.390408
2 Spanish_Andalucia @ 21.153591
3 Spanish_Aragon @ 21.388075
4 Spanish_Castilla_La_Mancha @ 22.216938
5 Spanish_Cantabria @ 22.655045
6 Southwest_French @ 23.102900
7 French_Basque @ 23.181374
8 Spanish_Valencia @ 23.470150
9 Spanish_Extremadura @ 23.563278
10 Spanish_Murcia @ 24.224382
11 Spanish_Castilla_Y_Leon @ 24.966810
12 Spanish_Galicia @ 25.053259
13 Portuguese @ 25.606810
14 Spanish_Cataluna @ 25.908987
15 North_Italian @ 27.481539
16 Tuscan @ 31.633749
17 French @ 34.293472
18 West_Sicilian @ 36.280457
19 Italian_Abruzzo @ 38.689632
20 Greek_Thessaly @ 40.212597

Using 2 populations approximation:
1 50% French_Basque +50% Sardinian @ 6.013122


Using 3 populations approximation:
1 50% French_Basque +25% Sardinian +25% Sardinian @ 6.013122


Using 4 populations approximation:
1 French_Basque + French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 6.013122
2 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Aragon @ 7.722495
3 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Cantabria @ 8.164503
4 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Castilla_La_Mancha @ 8.200594
5 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Southwest_French @ 8.234268
6 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Andalucia @ 8.246581
7 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 8.564336
8 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Extremadura @ 8.763278
9 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Valencia @ 8.798873
10 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Murcia @ 8.827187
11 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Castilla_Y_Leon @ 8.877084
12 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Galicia @ 9.028389
13 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Cataluna @ 9.157233
14 French_Basque + Portuguese + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 9.270640
15 Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Aragon + Spanish_Aragon @ 10.427945
16 French_Basque + North_Italian + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 10.513912
17 Sardinian + Sardinian + Southwest_French + Spanish_Aragon @ 10.754410
18 Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Aragon + Spanish_Cantabria @ 10.825730
19 French + French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 10.903977
20 Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Aragon + Spanish_Castilla_La_Mancha @ 11.011495

K15

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 West_Med 43.20
2 Atlantic 32.67
3 North_Sea 8.68
4 East_Med 6.79
5 Red_Sea 3.22
6 Baltic 2.84
7 Northeast_African 1.36


Finished reading population data. 207 populations found.
15 components mode.

--------------------------------

Least-squares method.

Using 1 population approximation:
1 Sardinian @ 16.882845
2 Spanish_Andalucia @ 22.449144
3 Spanish_Aragon @ 22.657663
4 Spanish_Cantabria @ 23.047537
5 Spanish_Castilla_La_Mancha @ 23.364517
6 Southwest_French @ 23.367498
7 Spanish_Valencia @ 24.162933
8 French_Basque @ 24.407244
9 Spanish_Extremadura @ 25.631145
10 Spanish_Murcia @ 26.030865
11 Spanish_Castilla_Y_Leon @ 26.239521
12 Portuguese @ 26.669016
13 Spanish_Cataluna @ 27.207272
14 Spanish_Galicia @ 27.800713
15 North_Italian @ 28.018848
16 Tuscan @ 32.539291
17 French @ 35.863754
18 West_Sicilian @ 37.222748
19 Mozabite_Berber @ 38.919090
20 Greek @ 39.274750

Using 2 populations approximation:
1 50% French_Basque +50% Sardinian @ 8.355703


Using 3 populations approximation:
1 50% French_Basque +25% Sardinian +25% Sardinian @ 8.355703


Using 4 populations approximation:
1 French_Basque + French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 8.355703
2 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 9.209948
3 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Southwest_French @ 9.627976
4 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Aragon @ 9.637415
5 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Cantabria @ 9.652157
6 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Castilla_La_Mancha @ 9.944328
7 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Andalucia @ 10.103106
8 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Valencia @ 10.352633
9 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Castilla_Y_Leon @ 10.675622
10 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Extremadura @ 10.738104
11 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Murcia @ 10.852541
12 French_Basque + Portuguese + Sardinian + Sardinian @ 10.991737
13 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Cataluna @ 10.996375
14 French_Basque + Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Galicia @ 11.151086
15 Sardinian + Sardinian + Southwest_French + Spanish_Aragon @ 11.601779
16 Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Aragon + Spanish_Aragon @ 11.644949
17 Sardinian + Sardinian + Southwest_French + Southwest_French @ 11.706481
18 Sardinian + Sardinian + Spanish_Aragon + Spanish_Cantabria @ 11.752247
19 Sardinian + Sardinian + Southwest_French + Spanish_Cantabria @ 11.794270
20 Sardinian + Sardinian + Sardinian + Southwest_French @ 11.891145

[Percivalle]

This is the dna report. The headlines are a bit unfortunate. Most newspaper articles do not do a good job explaining genetics..

As usual, and not only with Irish.

[Not a Cop]

It's sensationalist and politically correct bullshit from the media, as if they want you to believe it's a mix of modern middle-easterns and east-europeans, it's not like that. The farmers were Sardinian-like, europeans already, and the "east-europeans" was the Steppe input (Yamnaya-like) brought from continental bronze age europeans, who were nordic-like mostly. The Bronze Age Rathlin scores mostly Norwegian on the autosomal calculators.

Yamnaya were not exactly nordic-like, though significantly influenced by EHGs, where is actually no current population what would've resembeled Yamnaya's genetically.

[johen]

Yamnaya were not exactly nordic-like, though significantly influenced by EHGs, where is actually no current population what would've resembeled Yamnaya's genetically.

Does yamna skulls significantly resemble EHG's?

[Not a Cop]

Does yamna skulls significantly resemble EHG's?

To a certain degree yes, Yamnaya skulls were described as being predominantly paleoeuropoid in type, which is a soviet term, similar to what western anthropologists called cromagnoid.

[Ibericus]

Yamnaya were not exactly nordic-like, though significantly influenced by EHGs, where is actually no current population what would've resembeled Yamnaya's genetically.
I didn't say Yamnaya was nordic. I said the central-european bronze age that went to British Isles. The Yamnaya was the responsible for the steppe admixture.

[Not a Cop]

I didn't say Yamnaya was nordic. I said the central-european bronze age that went to British Isles. The Yamnaya was the responsible for the steppe admixture.

Ah, that way you're entirely correct.

[johen]

To a certain degree yes, Yamnaya skulls were described as being predominantly paleoeuropoid in type, which is a soviet term, similar to what western anthropologists called cromagnoid.

If so, why is Russian anthropologists not to mention EHG culture, but "afanasievo, andronovo and yamna", when they say about "paleoeuropid"? Another interesting thing is " afanasievo" was always mentioned first w/o exception.


In Soviet science to paleoevropeytsam decided to apply anthropological designation of " paleo race ." [ 2 ]
Paleo race ( paleo type , proto-European type ( race ), the northern race , severoevropeoidny type , kromanidny type ) is characterized by a massive face , brahikefaliey , large ( acting ) nose , massive physique , svetlopigmentirovannostyu ( that is, hair , eyes , skin .). [ 3 ] The origin of the type associated with the Cro-Magnon , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] are typical representatives of this race were representatives Afanasiev archaeological culture ( III of - the beginning of II thousand . To n . Oe .), Tagar culture ( VIII of - III of centuries . To n . E .), Andronovo culture ( 2300 to n . e -. 1000 to the n . e ), the pit culture ( 3600 - 2300 up to n . e ). carcass cultures ( 1700 - 1200 cc . to n . Oe .), the Scythian population Pazyryk culture ( VII of - II of centuries . to n . e .) and others [ 6 ] . Differences types of races for the different cultures were in the size and proportions of the face spread which is negligible .
Origin paleoevropeytsev
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/668438


Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In physical anthropology and scientific racism, Paleo-European is a term for the supposedly native populations of Europe descended directly from Cro-Magnon. There was a concept of a "Paleo-European race" (палеоевропеоидная раса) in Soviet anthropology, considered a subtype of the Europid race (Европеоидная раса). The type was also called "Proto-European" (протоевропейский), "Nordic" (северная раса, североевропеоидный тип) or "Cro-Magnid" (кроманьидный тип). The type was especially associated with the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age Afanasevo, the Andronovo and the Yamna cultures
Paleo-Europeans
Betascript Publishing (2010-10-15 )

[Not a Cop]

If so, why is Russian anthropologists not to mention EHG culture, but "afanasievo, andronovo and yamna", when they say about "paleoeuropid"? Another interesting thing is " afanasievo" was always mentioned first w/o exception.


http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/668438


Paleo-Europeans
Betascript Publishing (2010-10-15 )

Ehm, because EHG is a name of genetic component and has nothing to do with anthropology?

[Lek]

Most Europeans are a mixture of different Ancient people that came outside Europe

[johen]

Ehm, because EHG is a name of genetic component and has nothing to do with anthropology?

I am not here to debate, but to learn. I think you have lots of knowledge about Russian anthropology.
I think clearly paleo type people appeared at the west steppe during during bronze age. And best sample is afanasivo skull. Do you have any photo of elongated afanasievo skulls to post?
I think the paleo type people spread IndonEuropean language.

[Grace O'Malley]

Most Europeans are a mixture of different Ancient people that came outside Europe

Yes true but the European Neolithic Farmer groups are different than present day Middle Easterners. All populations have been in flux in the past and lots of people have also moved into the Middle East and other areas of the world. The people that were the ancestors of present day Europeans are not the same as the people that now occupy the areas they came from. There are no groups of people exactly like those ancient people present now. The people most similar to ENF now are the Sardinians.

[Dema]

From Caucasus.

[safrax]

It's sensationalist and politically correct bullshit from the media, as if they want you to believe it's a mix of modern middle-easterns and east-europeans, it's not like that. The farmers were Sardinian-like, europeans already, and the "east-europeans" was the Steppe input (Yamnaya-like) brought from continental bronze age europeans, who were nordic-like mostly. The Bronze Age Rathlin scores mostly Norwegian on the autosomal calculators.

a still-familiar pattern of migration: of stone age settlers with origins in the Fertile Crescent, and bronze age economic migrants who began a journey somewhere in eastern Europe.
they pray purely primitive-racist ideologies.