A genetic characterization of 109 BBC individuals

[Peterski]

This is a huge paper, which is going to ultimately prove the Kurgan Theory of PIE. It is not yet published, but very soon.

Olade, Reich, et al., "Western Europe during the third millennium BCE: A genetic characterization of the BBC":

Abstract:

"The Bell Beaker Complex (BBC) was the first widely distributed archaeological phenomenon of western Europe, arising after 2800 BCE probably in Iberia and spreading to the north and east before disappearing at the latest by 1800 BCE. An open question is the extent to which the cultural elements associated with the BBC spread through movement of ideas or people. We present new genome-wide DNA data from 196 Neolithic and Bronze Age Europeans – the largest report of genome-wide data in a single study to date – and merge it with published data to form a dataset with 109 BBC individuals that provides a genomic characterization of the BBC across its geographic and temporal range. In contrast to people of the Corded Ware Complex who were partly contemporaries of the BBC in central and eastern Europe and who brought steppe ancestry into central Europe through mass migration and replacement of local populations, we show that the initial spread of the BBC into central Europe from the Iberian Peninsula was not mediated by a large-scale migration but rather through communication of ideas. However, the further spread of the BBC beyond central Europe did involve mass movement of people. Focusing on Britain, which includes 81 of our new samples in a time transect from 3900-1300 BCE, we show that the arrival of the BBC around 2400 BCE was mediated by migration from the continent: British individuals associated with Beakers are genetically indistinguishable from continental individuals associated with the same material culture and genetically nearly completely discontinuous with the previously resident population. Such discontinuity persists through to samples from the Bronze Age, documenting a demographic turnover at the onset of the Bronze Age that was crucial to understand the formation of the present-day British gene pool. The arrival of the BBC in Britain can thus be viewed as the western continuation of the massive movement of people that brought the Corded Ware Complex and steppe ancestry into central Europe a few hundred years before."

In other words, Steppe Indo-European people brought R1b BBC to Britain:

http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?202513-Homelands-of-R1a-and-R1b-people-until-6000-years-ago&p=4225322&viewfull=1#post4225322

https://media.giphy.com/media/JA4zHDeZ1Jib6/giphy.gif


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpbjquTQT98


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmHXBXG7Loo


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNNePv5Hu5Y

[Rethel]

I thought, that it is about people working in BBC who were tested :)

[Rethel]

The arrival of the BBC in Britain can thus be viewed as the western continuation of the massive movement of people that brought the Corded Ware Complex and steppe ancestry into central Europe a few hundred years before."

But if it started in Iberia, then who did start it? Maybe V88 :)

[TenaciousTopologist]

was expecting this to be about BBC, turned out to be about "BBC"

disappointed

[Peterski]

was expecting this to be about BBC, turned out to be about "BBC"

disappointed

It actually is about BBC.

Because IE admixture from the Steppe was heavily male-biased:

http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/04/03/122218.full.pdf

http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/03/122218

So we are talking mostly about Bell Beaker Cocks (R1b), indeed.

[Ülev]

But if it started in Iberia, then who did start it? Maybe V88 :)

Hello R1b folk


https://youtu.be/A3I8BISQfWc

http://i40.tinypic.com/14tu5xt.jpg

http://i44.tinypic.com/293bwup.jpg


more here ---> http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1458/white-males

[Peterski]

I thought, that it is about people working in BBC who were tested :)

That would be too obvious: 100% of Jewish admixture. :)

[LoLeL]

This is a huge paper, which is going to ultimately prove the Kurgan Theory of PIE.

It will make some members butthurt again. :lol00001:

[Lisa]

http://s019.radikal.ru/i621/1702/fa/3f12a7380c17.jpg (http://radikal.ru)

[Rethel]

It will make some members butthurt again. :lol00001:

Then just repeat to them, what Łysy used to: don't be butthurt
little jewish/finnish/hamitic/wuhagean/farmer/etc brother... :laugh:

[Peterski]

Hello R1b folk

V88 migrated to Africa from Europe or from the Middle East. Not the other way around.

[catgeorge]

What were the Khazars?

[Rethel]

What were the Khazars?

Conglomerate with R1a on the top. :p

[catgeorge]

Conglomerate with R1a on the top. :p

Ugh.

Top reason why I do not like Hg nationalism.

[Peterski]

What were the Khazars?

There was a Russian paper with 4 samples from Saltovo-Mayaki culture.

Among 3 samples of Y-DNA there was one R1a-Z93, one G and one J2a:

A80301 - R1a1a1b2a (Y-DNA), I4a (mtDNA)
A80302 - D4m2 (mtDNA)
A80410 - G (Y-DNA)
A80411 - J2a (Y-DNA)

Saltovo-Mayaki = Khazar Khaganate, but its population was multi-ethnic:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki

"Saltovo-Mayaki is the name given by archaeologists to the early medieval culture of the Pontic steppe region roughly between the Don and the Dnieper Rivers. Their culture was a melting pot of Onogur, Khazar, Pecheneg, Magyar, Alan, and Slavic influences. During the ninth century the Saltovo-Mayaki culture was closely associated with the Khazar Khaganate, and archaeological sites from this period are one way that historians track the geographic scope of Khazar influence."

I also recall that there was another more recent paper in which one sample from the Khazar Khaganate turned out to be R1a-L657, which is the Indo-Aryan lineage common among Brahmins. I think that those were remnants of L657 which remained on the Steppe after the bulk of L657 invaded India.

R1a-L657 invaded India during the Copper-Bronze Age, while this sample is Medieval.

[catgeorge]

There was a Russian paper with 4 samples from Saltovo-Mayaki culture.

Among 3 samples of Y-DNA there was one R1a-Z93, one G and one J2a:

A80301 - R1a1a1b2a (Y-DNA), I4a (mtDNA)
A80302 - D4m2 (mtDNA)
A80410 - G (Y-DNA)
A80411 - J2a (Y-DNA)

Saltovo-Mayaki = Khazar Khaganate, but its population was multi-ethnic:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki

"Saltovo-Mayaki is the name given by archaeologists to the early medieval culture of the Pontic steppe region roughly between the Don and the Dnieper Rivers. Their culture was a melting pot of Onogur, Khazar, Pecheneg, Magyar, Alan, and Slavic influences. During the ninth century the Saltovo-Mayaki culture was closely associated with the Khazar Khaganate, and archaeological sites from this period are one way that historians track the geographic scope of Khazar influence."

I also recall that there was another more recent paper in which one sample from the Khazar Khaganate turned out to be R1a-L657, which is the Indo-Aryan lineage common among Brahmins. I think that those were remnants of L657 which remained on the Steppe after the bulk of L657 invaded India.

Khazars practiced phallic culture before converting to Judaism... not sure Magyar, Allan and Slavs influenced such a religion?

[Kriptc06]

Is this some hard trolling?
WHAT?
http://i.imgur.com/cS9wEevm.png

[jingorex]

There was a Russian paper with 4 samples from Saltovo-Mayaki culture.

Among 3 samples of Y-DNA there was one R1a-Z93, one G and one J2a:

A80410 - G (Y-DNA)

Saltovo-Mayaki = Khazar Khaganate, but its population was multi-ethnic:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki

"Saltovo-Mayaki is the name given by archaeologists to the early medieval culture of the Pontic steppe region roughly between the Don and the Dnieper Rivers. Their culture was a melting pot of Onogur, Khazar, Pecheneg, Magyar, Alan, and Slavic influences. During the ninth century the Saltovo-Mayaki culture was closely associated with the Khazar Khaganate, and archaeological sites from this period are one way that historians track the geographic scope of Khazar influence."

I also recall that there was another more recent paper in which one sample from the Khazar Khaganate turned out to be R1a-L657, which is the Indo-Aryan lineage common among Brahmins. I think that those were remnants of L657 which remained on the Steppe after the bulk of L657 invaded India.


https://media.giphy.com/media/FWzc3gCKTLV9S/giphy.gif

[Peterski]

(...)

See page 152:

https://www.academia.edu/15713987/Афанасьев_Г.Е._Вень_Ш._Тун_С._Ван_Л._Вэй_Л._Добров ольская_М.В._Коробов_Д.С._Решетова_И.К._Ли_Х.._Хаз арские_конфедераты_в_бассейне_Дона_Естественнонауч ные_методы_исследования_и_парадигма_современной_ар хеологии._М._2015._С.146-153

http://i.imgur.com/76aAjaQ.png

[Ülev]

V88 migrated to Africa from Europe or from the Middle East. Not the other way around.

but, but according to this: http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1458/white-males


I recently found out about R-V88 in certain peoples from the Levant ie Bedouins Tribesmen, This paper not only further confirms the presence of this Central African marker in the Levant. But also this Central African marker presence in Sardinia, Corsica, Persia and Iberia. Always updating our knowledge is so important.
(...)
Interestingly, attempts to date the Y-STR-based diversity of R1b-M269 chromosomes in populations from Europe and Turkey have yielded Holocene expansion times in BOTH regions.7,22,23 These findings have led to the reappraisal that R1b-M269 in Europe is young and likely associated with a Neolithic demic expansion from the Near East through Anatolia.22,23
(...)
Although the frequency of R1 lineages is currently the highest in Europe, the phylogeographic argument for their origin outside Europe, likely somewhere in West Asia, arises from the geographic distribution of the primary splits in the R1 phylogeny: at least three basic R-M207-derived haplogroups – R1a-M420*, R1b-M343* and R2 – occur mostly outside Europe.

With the exception of rare incidences of R1b-V88 in Corsica, Sardinia13 and Southern France (Supplementary Table S4), there is nearly mutually exclusive patterning of V88 across trans-Saharan Africa vs the prominence of P297- related varieties widespread across the Caucasus, Circum-Uralic regions, Anatolia and Europe. The detection of V88 in Iran, Palestine and especially the Dead Sea, Jordan (Supplementary Table S4).
(...)
Major R1b Founder Effect in West Europe R1b-M412 appears to be the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe (70%), while being virtually absent in the Near East, the Caucasus and West Asia (Figure 1f).
Recent founder effects could explain why the M412-L11 assemblage of chromosomes is abundant and restricted to Western parts of Europe
Our estimate of 8870±1708 years BP, based on 757 M412 chromosomes, suggests that theM412 lineage evolved in Europe soon after the arrival of a L23* ancestor.
(...)
Subsequent studies dealing with the MSY diversity in Africa have confirmed the presence of R-P25*(xM269) in northern Cameroon at high frequencies23 and, at lower frequencies (mean 5%, range 0–20%), of R-P25* immediately south of Cameroon, in several populations from Gabon.25 Interestingly, chromosomes of haplogroup R-P25/R-M173, ancestral for M269 as well as for other ‘EURASIAN’ DOWNSTREAM MARKERS, have been found to be present in northern Africa (1% in Algeria, 4% in Tunisia, and 2–4% in Egypt).20,23,26 The presence of R-P25 Y chromosomes has also been reported in population groups from the Sudan;27 however, as no internal markers were typed, the sub-haplogroup affiliation of these chromosomes remains undefined. To shed some light on the past demographic processes that determined the present distribution of R-P25* in Africa, we searched for new MSY mutations refining the phylogeny of haplogroup R1b, and surveyed a wide range of African populations (4180 males from 69 populations) for the presence of the R1b haplogroup. More than 3500 subjects from Europe and Asia were also analyzed for the same haplogroup to obtain a better insight into the Asia-to-Africa back migration associated with this haplogroup.
(...)
We resequenced about 0.15Mb of the MSY for each of the four R1b subjects and found six new mutations (V7, V8, V35, V45, V69, and V88). The V45 mutation is phylogenetically EQUIVALENT to M173. Among the other five mutations, V88 defines a new monophyletic clade (R-V88 or R1b1a), which includes haplogroups R-M18 (R1b1a1, formerly R1b1a), R-V88 (R1b1a2), R-V35 (R1b1a3, further subdivided by the V7 mutation to R1b1a3* and R1b1a3a), and R-V69 (R1b1a4) (Figure 1).

In total, 997 chromosomes belonging to the haplogroup R1b were found. The paragroup R-M343*, earlier reported in a single subject from Turkey,28 was not observed. The overall scenario was characterized by a STRONG INTER-CONTINENTAL DIFFERENTIATION (Table 1). All the African R1b chromosomes, with the exception of one eastern- and A FEW northern-African R-M269 chromosomes, turned out to belong to the haplogroup R-V88. About one third of the African R-V88 chromosomes carried mutation V69, which was not observed outside Africa.
(...)
Outside central Africa, haplogroup R-V88 was only observed in Afroasiatic-speaking populations from northern Africa, with frequencies ranging from 0.3% in Morocco, to 3.0% in Algeria, and to 11.5% in Egypt, where a particularly high frequency (26.9%) was observed among the Berbers from the Siwa Oasis. Although the presence of the haplogroup R-V88 at non-negligible frequencies in some Niger- Congo-speaking populations from the central Sahel can be accounted
(...)
and
Notice Sardinia has the greates variability of R-M269
http://i39.tinypic.com/fvzp6b.jpg
(...)

[Ülev]

Some may think as an Africanist why am I obsessed with Sardinia. But I am first a Humanist. What part does Sardinia play in all of this. To me they are THE major player. And I am not the only one who thinks that….read on.

Notice the unique Sardinian R-M18 is on the Cameroonian R-V88 branch of R1b. Also true European R-M269 is only at about 17%.
And for the geographically challenged…a picture.

Note also R1a, R1b and R2 - the 3 older branches of the MAJOR clades are ALL represented in Sardinia . The hg-I clade- which is a dead end of the tree is worth investigating.
Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian – Contu et al(2008)

How old is this population? What is the explanation for the numerous founder effects observed for the genetic systems so far studied?


An advanced civilisation developed in the Bronze Age, characterized by the building of fortified towers, called Nuraghe, throughout the island. For instance, in 1627 AD a fiscal survey estimated the population to be 297,000.

Nuraghe from Sardinia
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Nuraghe_Losa.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe

and compare it with walls from Great Zimbabwe ruins

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe

R1b was African as hell

[Peterski]

R1b both in Europe and in the Middle East is now associated with migration from the Steppe.

As for African R1b-V88, the oldest lineages of this branch can be found in Europe, actually:

https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-V88/

When it comes to ancient DNA, V88 has been found only in samples from Neolithic Europe.


(...)

But there is no R1b-V88 in South Africa (Zimbabwe). The highest concentration is in Chad.

Sardinian nuraghes are much older than Great Zimbabwe:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragic_civilization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe

And if anything it is possible that Great Zimbabwe was constructed by Eurasian immigrants.

One theory says that Jews who came to South Africa built it:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people#DNA_testing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people#Jewish_or_Arab_links

[Ülev]

But there is no R1b-V88 in South Africa (Zimbabwe).

there is no ... yet, how many people were tested? 0,01%?

[Peterski]

(...)

Maybe there is some among Lemba people, who are descended from Jews:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people


(...) Early genetic testing supported some Lemba oral traditions related to origin of male ancestors in the Middle East.[37] A Y-DNA genetic study in 1996 of 49 Lemba males suggested that more than 50% of the Lemba Y-chromosomes are West Asian in origin, and shared by both Arabs and Jews.[7] (...)

http://i.imgur.com/BXYFCLL.png

Perhaps Jews from Yemen came to South Africa and built Great Zimbabwe?

[Ülev]

Here is something I came across on Black Iranians. What is really suprising is that 16% of the Black Iranians carry European M-269 - L23. And another 16% carry the sibling clade. That blew me away. This is the first time I have seen this.
http://i43.tinypic.com/287goqq.jpg

[LoLeL]

R1b both in Europe and in the Middle East is now associated with migration from the Steppe.

As for African R1b-V88, the oldest lineages of this branch can be found in Europe, actually:

https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-V88/

When it comes to ancient DNA, V88 has been found only in samples from Neolithic Europe.



But there is no R1b-V88 in South Africa (Zimbabwe). The highest concentration is in Chad.

Sardinian nuraghes are much older than Great Zimbabwe:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragic_civilization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe

And if anything it is possible that Great Zimbabwe was constructed by Eurasian immigrants.

One theory says that Jews who came to South Africa built it:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people#DNA_testing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people#Jewish_or_Arab_links

R1* migrated from Europe to Africa? Reason? e.g. cold weather and survival?

[Peterski]

(...)

Afro-Iranians are not fully African. African women mixed with Eurasian men.

African-Americans are also not fully African, they have European admixture.


R1* migrated from Europe to Africa? Reason? e.g. cold weather and survival?

Not R1*, but specifically R1b-V88, which is of course much younger than R1.

Yeah maybe cold weather and survival.

Or just wanderlust and the desire to explore new lands, so common for R1.

[Rethel]

But there is no R1b-V88 in Southern Rhodesia

0.2% of R1 (not sure if it includes whites, probably not).

[Rethel]

R1* migrated from Europe to Africa? Reason? e.g. cold weather and survival?

They were bored and cold in Europe.
So they went to Africa. Like later Vandals did.

BUT there are two interesting factors. One of the highest density of
R1 has folk called Wandala (who did created local empire) and many
R1 is also among Hausa (like germanic word). And the african V88 is
not older than 2000 years, so maybe these are just lost Vandals...

[LoLeL]

Not R1*, but specifically R1b-V88, which is of course much younger than R1.

Yeah maybe cold weather and survival.

Or just wanderlust and the desire to explore new lands, so common for R1.


They were bored and cold in Europe.
So they went to Africa. Like later Vandals did.

BUT there are two interesting factors. One of the highest density of
R1 has folk called Wandala (who did created local empire) and many
R1 is also among Hausa (like germanic word). And the african V88 is
not older than 2000 years, so maybe these are just lost Vandals...

Interesting. Are there any other R1a and R1b subclades in Africa?

[Rethel]

Interesting. Are there any other R1a and R1b subclades in Africa?

Mostly on the north, from Vandals, Celts, Greeks, Slavs and Romans.
In deep Africa probably are some remains of colonizers from last century.
For example Herero people from Südwestia have quite many 12.5%, Idk
what subclade, but maybe it is from Germans? Who knows...

Khoisan supposedly have 1.6% R1b but I guess it is based on partial not
representative research. Source can be from Germans and Africaners.

From Black Africa I only know about Wadaads, who have 1% of R1a. :)

[LoLeL]

Mostly on the north, from Vandals, Celts, Greeks, Slavs and Romans.
In deep Africa probably are some remains of colonizers from last century.
For example Herero people from Südwestia have quite many 12.5%, Idk
what subclade, but maybe it is from Germans? Who knows...

Khoisan supposedly have 1.6% R1b but I guess it is based on partial not
representative research. Source can be from Germans and Africaners.

From Black Africa I only know about Wadaads, who have 1% of R1a. :)

From Turkic dynasties?

[nightrider+]

This is a huge paper, which is going to ultimately prove the Kurgan Theory of PIE.


I'm sorry, this is not going to happen any time soon. Proving the origin of most present R1b =/= proving the the origin of PIE (if it even existed).

[Rethel]

From Turkic dynasties?

Who knows, maybe :)

But I think, that they can be a descendants of Persian, Indian and Greko-Roman traders.

Mogadiuszu is a persian city, Berbera has a greek name, so...

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Indo-Roman_trade.jpg/1024px-Indo-Roman_trade.jpg

[Fantomas]

This is a huge paper, which is going to ultimately prove the Kurgan Theory of PIE. It is not yet published, but very soon.

:hungry:

I hope this time authors will not ignore paleo dna from half of Europe, as it had been done in previous works

[Taiguaitiaoghyrmmumin]

Rofl the title [emoji23] [emoji23]