Ancestry of Afrikaners

[Kazimiera]

A few weeks ago I reviewed a paper on the the genetics of the Cape Coloured population. Within it there was a refrence to another paper, Deconstructing Jaco: genetic heritage of an Afrikaner. The title refers to the author himself. It was an analysis of his own pedigree going back to the 17th century, along with his mtDNA, his father’s mtDNA, and his Y lineage. The genetics is a bit thin, but the pedigree information is of Scandinavian quality from what I can tell. Praised the records of the Reformed Church!

The author’s utilizes an inversion of the typical method whereby a survey of a population may give some insight into individuals within that population. Rather, he leverages the thorough church records of his Afrikaner community, and his local roots, to paint a picture of his own ancestry. Then he compares the results to those of the community as a whole. Though an N of 1 certainly has limits it seems that the author concludes that he is relatively representative because some of the statistics that emerge out of pedigree analysis seem to fall in line with what genealogists working with the whole community have found. Additionally, it is clearly that he has deep roots within the historic Afrikaner nation, so assuming random mating and little population substructure, inferences from his pedigree may have some general utility.

Afrikaners apparently have some peculiarities genetically which has made them of some interest to scientists. It turns out that they seem to exhibit high frequencies of classical Mendelian diseases, a hallmark of inbreeding or population bottlenecks. This aligns well with the thesis that Afrikaners are the descendants of a small group of founders who arrived in the 17th century and entered into a long phase of demographic expansion, which culminated with their long Trek into the veld to escape English domination as well as perpetuate their practice of slavery (James Michner’s The Covenant is a fictionalization of this). As I have observed before the primacy of the “first settler” seems to loom large in the minds of demographers.

J. M. Greef, the author of the above paper, seems to refute this simple story in his own genealogy, though not the core aspect of the importance of the first founders. First the abstract:


It is often assumed that Afrikaners stem from a small number of Dutch immigrants. As a result they should be genetically homogeneous, show founder effects and be rather inbred. By disentangling my own South African pedigree, that is on average 12 generations deep, I try to quantify the genetic heritage of an Afrikaner. As much as 6% of my genes have been contributed by slaves from Africa, Madagascar and India, and a woman from China. This figure compares well to other genetic and genealogical estimates. Seventy three percent of my lineages coalesce into common founders, and I am related in excess of 10 times to 20 founder ancestors (30 times to Willem Schalk van der Merwe). Significant founder effects are thus possible. The overrepresentation of certain founder ancestors is in part explained by the fact that they had more children. This is remarkable given that they lived more than 300 years (or 12 generations) ago. DECONSTRUCT, a new program for pedigree analysis, identified 125 common ancestors in my pedigree. However, these common ancestors are so distant from myself, paths of between 16 and 25 steps in length, that my inbreeding coefficient is not unusually high (f approximately 0.0019).

Inbreeding coefficient is the probability that one’s two alleles are identical by descent. That is, they come from the same individual. For example, in the case of Elisabeth Fritzl her children have many genes where the alleles are identical by descent because half of her own genes are from her father, some many of his alleles will come back to reside within the same individual as part of a diploid pair. J. M. Greef notes that his inbreeding coefficient is about twice as high as is the norm for the typical European. Europe is a region of relatively low consanguinity, so this is a stringent reference. In some populations the inbreeding coefficient can be as high as 0.01. In short, he’s not too inbred.

That being said, the data within his pedigree do seem to show disproportionate contribution by some ancestors. This makes sense for two primary reasons. First, some component of reproductive variance is random (often modeled as a poisson distribution). Second, some component of reproductive variance is due to innate fitness (e.g., the Genghis Khan Y haplotype may be a case of this). Equality of contribution just isn’t in the cards.

Figure 2 shows the distribution of relationships within the pedigree:

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/files/2010/04/nf2.gif

Panel a illustrates that one individual is an ancestor of the author 30 times over! Many individuals are ancestors only once. Panel b shows relatedness, and again, some individuals are much closer to the author than others, with a skewed distribution. Panel c shows the number of generations between the ancestor and the author. The median number is well above ten generations, so the author has deep roots in South Africa. Finally, panel d shows the number of steps between his parents for any given ancestor. Because the author’s parents are both Afrikaners they share many common ancestors, but the steps between seem relatively large, and confirms that the author is not particularly inbred (if the parents were first cousins naturally there would be much shorter steps to common ancestors). It is clear disproportionate amount of J. M. Greef’s genes come from early settlers. This makes sense insofar as demographic expansion was likely front loaded, with later settlers having less of a chance to make an impact on an already large population.

The following table shows the contribution by various European and non-European groups to the author’s ancestry, as well as estimates for the total Afrikaner population in earlier studies on the right.

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/files/2010/04/afrikgen.png

Note one point: only a minority of the ancestry of the author and Afrikaners are ethnically Dutch. This is important, because it shows how culture can spread and overwhelm ancestry. The Dutch imposed their language upon the French Huguenots, and their religion upon the Germans (who I presume were mostly Lutheran if they were from northern Germany, though a minority were Reformed or Catholic surely). Obviously the Reformed Calvinist religion and Afrikaans language both have a unique stamp in South Africa, but the connection of the Afrikaners to the Netherlands remained profound rather late in history. The Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958-1966 was born in the Netherlands. And yet another fact hard to deny is that the Huguenot French component seems to have persevered to a greater extent culturally than the German. The last Afrikaner President was named F. W. de Klerk, his surname being a form of Le Clerc. Another prominent South African head of state was Daniel Francois Malan. The author observes:


It is not clear if my higher estimate of French contribution is because of a systematic mistake in Heese’s (1970) estimate, or if it is because of a quirkiness in my own ancestry. It seemed to be the case that when a lineage hit the French Huguenots it stayed in this group. It will be interesting to compare the degree of inbreeding of the early generations of Huguenots to the other early immigrants. In the light of the calculations of Heyer et al. (2005) there is an interesting possibility that the cultural inheritance of fitness may have led to a systematic bias in Afrikaners, since Huguenots tended to be more educated and trained than German emigrants who tended to be soldiers. We are currently investigating this hypothesis.

There is a joke that the Baltic possessions of the Swedish monarchy were conquered with Finnish soldiers. Similarly, the Dutch overseas colonial possessions were staffed, especially at a lower level, by the rural male population surplus of northern Germany. A great many of these, likely the vast majority, never returned home and died abroad. These men contributed greatly to the census size of the Afrikaner population during much of its history, but it seems plausible that their fitness was far lower than the established Dutch and Huguenot groups because they lacked the resources and capital to flourish in a world which was much closer to the Malthusian edge than today. Many people don’t leave descendants, and it seems plausible that these Germans were fated not to do so to a far greater extent than the Dutch and Huguenots whom they were employed to protect and serve. Because of the genetic closeness of the north German and Dutch populations (in reality, Dutch are really simply another group of north Germans who transformed their regional identity into a national one for various reasons) I doubt that more thorough genetic testing will resolve this, rather, more pedigree analysis needs to be done on other individuals. But it’s an insight into the fact that social parameters have often been crucial to fitness in the human past.

As for the non-white component, the author’s results match those of previous researchers. He confirmed the likely probability of these results by the fact that his father carries mtDNA group M, which is most diverse in India. And in fact his father’s maternal lineage does trace back to a woman who was likely an Indian slave (slave women had particular surnames indicating their origin). My previous posts on the Coloureds highlighted the large Asiatic component to their ancestry, and it looks like previous researchers ignored this and focused on the Khoisan and Bantu. They also attempted to calculate ancestry based on classical markers which were found in African populations, and are present in low frequencies in Afrikaners, but that might ignore Asian signature markers (additionally, I assume that there was some natural selection for G6PD alleles). A survey of the total genomes of Afrikaners should be able to resolve the details of their ancestry, but it seems that the Afrikaners are far more colored than white Americans, by a factor of 5, but far less than white Latin Americans like Argentineans, probably by a factor of 5.

Finally, the author was also able to assess whether his ancestors exhibited a trade between quantity and quality in terms of their optimal number of offspring. In other words, did those who favored an extreme r or K selected strategy suffer vis-a-vis those who produced a more moderate number of offspring, not too low, and not too high? The author did not find any evidence of a tradeoff, and an optimal fitness. He was careful not to generalize too much, especially in light of the fact that Dutch colonial South Africa was an atypical society in many ways. I assume that living on the frontier means not having to say you’re sorry if you breed too much or too little.

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/04/the-ancestry-of-one-afrikaner/#.UVJL_lfeOPu

Link to his paper: http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers%5CDeconstructing_Jaco_Genetic_Heritage _of_an_Afrikaner.pdf

[Peterski]

Boers are a mix of several Eurasian groups, not just Dutch:

http://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/7562.html

http://rcin.org.pl/Content/29182/WA51_49371_r2012-t85-no3_G-Polonica-Kowalski.pdf

Excerpt:

"In seeking to build the foundations of its rule in
South Africa, the Dutch East India Company took
on people from various different countries. One
indication of this is provided by the established
origins of today’s Afrikaaners. Calculations by
Heese (1971) suggest that 36.8% of these people’s
ancestors derived from The Netherlands, 35.7%
from Germany, 14.4% from France, 2.7% from the
British Isles, 2.9% from other European countries
(Poland included) and 7.5% from countries outside
Europe. In turn, work on the origin of the ancestors
of contemporary Afrikaaner Jaco M. Greeff
would seem to suggest that Heese exaggerated
the role played by immigrants of German origin,
at the expense of the French. The largest group
of Greeff ancestors – accounting for a 37.5%
share very close to that given by Heese – came
from The Netherlands, while Germans and French
accounted for similar (respectively 27.4 and 26.4%)
shares. 1.9% of the ancestors were from the British
Isles, while other European countries (mainly Denmark,
Norway and Portugal) accounted for 0.8%.
The non-European ancestors (mainly from India)
accounted for as much as 6.1% of the total."

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

There are about 300,000 Portuguese South Africans but I don't know if they get along with Boers or if they're a visible minority there.

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

All I know is that they are heavily persecuted and endangered like Boers. On the last decade 400 Portugueses were murdered in South Africa.

[Melki]

There are about 300,000 Portuguese South Africans but I don't know if they get along with Boers or if they're a visible minority there.

Portuguese are not considered Boers, just like the English.

Boers are predominantly Dutch and French, with a significant part of Belgians, Germans, English and Irish.

[Melki]

Nando's is a famous South African restaurant chain founded by a South African of Portuguese descent, with a Mozambican/Portuguese theme. It was my favorite restaurant brand when I was in South Africa and Australia/New Zealand.

http://zupimages.net/up/17/24/rsnn.png (http://zupimages.net/viewer.php?id=17/24/rsnn.png)

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

Portuguese are not considered Boers, just like the English.

Boers are predominantly Dutch and French, with a significant part of Belgians, Germans, English and Irish.

I never said they were considered Boers, I only said I don't know if they get along. Portugueses have been and lived in South Africa centuries earlier than any other Europeans.

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

Nando's is a famous South African restaurant chain founded by a South African of Portuguese descent, with a Mozambican/Portuguese theme. It was my favorite restaurant brand when I was in South Africa and Australia/New Zealand.

http://zupimages.net/up/17/24/rsnn.png (http://zupimages.net/viewer.php?id=17/24/rsnn.png)

Everybody talks about it in the UK, lol. Believe it or not we don't have it in Portugal, instead we have the real thing everywhere, what we call Churrasqueiras.

[Kamal900]

I never said they were considered Boers, I only said I don't know if they get along. Portugueses have been and lived in South Africa centuries earlier than any other Europeans.

And like other Europeans living in Africa, they are being persecuted by Blacks, and yet, the media simply cover the racist Black thugs because the victims of hate crimes committed in Africa are Whites.

[Melki]

I never said they were considered Boers, I only said I don't know if they get along. Portugueses have been and lived in South Africa centuries earlier than any other Europeans.

Portuguese are not considered Boers because they arrived later, during the 19th century, mostly from Mozambique and Angola, along with Italian immigrants.

[Loki]

Boers are a mix of several Eurasian groups, not just Dutch:

http://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/7562.html

http://rcin.org.pl/Content/29182/WA51_49371_r2012-t85-no3_G-Polonica-Kowalski.pdf

Excerpt:

"In seeking to build the foundations of its rule in
South Africa, the Dutch East India Company took
on people from various different countries. One
indication of this is provided by the established
origins of today’s Afrikaaners. Calculations by
Heese (1971) suggest that 36.8% of these people’s
ancestors derived from The Netherlands, 35.7%
from Germany, 14.4% from France, 2.7% from the
British Isles, 2.9% from other European countries
(Poland included) and 7.5% from countries outside
Europe. In turn, work on the origin of the ancestors
of contemporary Afrikaaner Jaco M. Greeff
would seem to suggest that Heese exaggerated
the role played by immigrants of German origin,
at the expense of the French. The largest group
of Greeff ancestors – accounting for a 37.5%
share very close to that given by Heese – came
from The Netherlands, while Germans and French
accounted for similar (respectively 27.4 and 26.4%)
shares. 1.9% of the ancestors were from the British
Isles, while other European countries (mainly Denmark,
Norway and Portugal) accounted for 0.8%.
The non-European ancestors (mainly from India)
accounted for as much as 6.1% of the total."

A good resource work, however as genetic reports have come to light recently, it appears he has over-stated the non-European influence.

[Peterski]

Interesting thread, I started a similar one recently:

http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?212771-Ancestry-of-Afrikaaners-(Boers)

[Peterski]

Kazimiera created a similar thread a few years ago:

http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?74285-Ancestry-of-one-Afrikaner

[Rethel]

Bind them together.

[Loki]

Bind them together.

I will merge them.

[Loki]

Fascinating article Kaz, I haven't seen this yet... thanks for pointing it out Litvin! :thumb001:


Panel a illustrates that one individual is an ancestor of the author 30 times over!

Woah! Yes, I know that Afrikaners went through a genetic "bottleneck" between around 1652 - 1700. This illustrates it very well.

[Germaniac]

What about some Boers with Portuguese last names, specially Ferreira? I'm sure a small number of Portuguese people mixed with the Dutch, German, and French way back then.

[de Burgh II]

It would seem they are mostly of Central European extraction with some distant African/Indian/Asian blood.

[Loki]

What about some Boers with Portuguese last names, specially Ferreira? I'm sure a small number of Portuguese people mixed with the Dutch, German, and French way back then.

Ferreira is a common Boer surname. It is the only one of Portuguese origin that I know of.

[Loki]

It would seem they are mostly of Central European extraction with some distant African/Indian/Asian blood.

More Northern than Central European. Northwestern.

[Cristiano viejo]

Ferreira is a common Boer surname. It is the only one of Portuguese origin that I know of.

Dont you know the Spanish surname of the famous Boer general Koos de la Rey?
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?209174-Classify-Boer-Afrikaner-General-Koos-de-la-Rey

[Smitty]

Ferreira is a common Boer surname. It is the only one of Portuguese origin that I know of.

Then, do you think, as Germaniac suggests, that all Afrikaners have a dab of Portuguese back there?

[Loki]

Dont you know the Spanish surname of the famous Boer general Koos de la Rey?
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?209174-Classify-Boer-Afrikaner-General-Koos-de-la-Rey

Yup, I know of it. That's Spanish :)

[Loki]

Then, do you think, as Germaniac suggests, that all Afrikaners have a dab of Portuguese back there?

Well, Ferreira was an early surname addition, and the population went through a bottleneck, so the Ferreira genes probably carried far and wide. Yet a small part of the gene pool, which is mainly Dutch, German, French Huguenot and British.

[Peterski]

More about Polish ancestors:

http://www.academia.edu/22401950/Polish_Boer_Families_The_influence_of_early_Polish _immigration_on_Boer_families

[Rethel]

More about Polish ancestors:

http://www.academia.edu/22401950/Polish_Boer_Families_The_influence_of_early_Polish _immigration_on_Boer_families

A tak w dwóch zdaniach bez registarcji?

[Loki]

More about Polish ancestors:

http://www.academia.edu/22401950/Polish_Boer_Families_The_influence_of_early_Polish _immigration_on_Boer_families

This is true, but... we should not overestimate the ethnic Polish component of these people. Many of them were Germans, because Danzig (Gdansk) was still a German city, and a lot of the surrounds as well. But certainly, I see some Polish surnames there. Very interesting. :)

[Loki]

I also accept that many "Germans" from the area were undoubtedly Germanised Slavs, too.

[PostOak1]

I remember that at the Facebook R1a m458 page , there was a guy with L1029 from South Africa. Most of the German settlers in South Africa came from the Rhineland, and many of those in the Rhineland were only a generation or two removed from Bohemia due to emigration after the Thirty Years War


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[Loki]

I remember that at the Facebook R1a m458 page , there was a guy with L1029 from South Africa. Most of the German settlers in South Africa came from the Rhineland, and many of those in the Rhineland were only a generation or two removed from Bohemia due to emigration after the Thirty Years War


Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk Pro

Yes, that is true. The Thirty Years War caused a lot of migration in central Europe, and many went to South Africa afterwards, after going to the Dutch Republic initially.

[Rethel]

Make South Africa Polish Again!

[Cristiano viejo]

Portuguese are not considered Boers because they arrived later, during the 19th century, mostly from Mozambique and Angola, along with Italian immigrants.

Later? but if they were the first!

[Melki]

Later? but if they were the first!

They may have "discovered" South Africa, yet they didn't build any permanent settlement there. The South Africans of Portuguese origin migrated from the colonies of Angola and Mozambique and thus, arrived later than the Boers and even the Brits.

[Cristiano viejo]

They may have "discovered" South Africa, yet they didn't build any permanent settlement there. The South Africans of Portuguese origin migrated from the colonies of Angola and Mozambique and thus, arrived later than the Boers and even the Brits.

This is a topic that I dont know enough, so I will keep silence.
What you say.

[Peterski]

This is true, but... we should not overestimate the ethnic Polish component of these people. Many of them were Germans, because Danzig (Gdansk) was still a German city, and a lot of the surrounds as well. But certainly, I see some Polish surnames there. Very interesting. :)

Actually Gdansk was pretty multi-ethnic at that time, with Germans being around half of the population.

According to B. Szady, in 1770 Germans were 58% of the city's population and 42% were Poles and others.*

*Source:

B. Szady, "Geografia struktur religijnych i wyznaniowych w Koronie w II połowie XVIII wieku", page 165:

https://www.kul.pl/files/845/pdf/szady_geografia_struktur_2010.pdf

This 58% can actually be overestimated, because it is from German sources (G. Dabinnus & M. Aschkewitz).

So in reality Germans could be less than half of the city's population shortly before the Partitions of Poland.

It became more German after the First Partition of Poland when Brandenburg-Prussia took it from us.

[Proud Celt]

Most Afrikaners have at least some remote African ancestry, like F. W. de Klerk who had some remote African, Indonesian and Indian ancestors.

[Zanzibar]

Here are two Afrikaner individuals from G25 who seem to don't have any SSA admix, but they have very minor Indian and East Asian (Indonesian) instead. All the other Afrikaners in the G25 data seem to have very little amounts of SSA (Bantu+Khoisan combined) though ranging from literally noise level at 0.2% to 3.4%. They also all tend to have Indian and Indonesian admixture.

Here are the best fit models I can get for the two samples (I run them in the G25 modern spreadsheet)

Target: Afrikaner:AFR076
Distance: 1.2531% / 0.01253116
44.0 English_Cornwall
26.8 French_Paris
18.4 Irish
2.6 Kusunda
2.2 French_South
2.0 Sardinian
1.4 Sherpa
1.2 Jatt_Pathak
0.8 Italian_Lombardy
0.6 Papuan

This one seems to be 100% European.

Target: Afrikaner:AFR094
Distance: 1.9550% / 0.01955015
49.8 Norwegian
29.6 Spanish_La_Rioja
8.6 Macedonian
7.0 Cossack_Kuban
5.0 Spanish_Soria

Another model for these two individuals:

Target: Afrikaner:AFR076
Distance: 1.7565% / 0.01756496
60.4 English
30.0 French_Nord
4.4 Portuguese
2.6 Gujarati
2.6 Indonesian_Java

Target: Afrikaner:AFR094
Distance: 2.9198% / 0.02919804
51.2 French_Nord
37.8 Dutch
10.8 Portuguese
0.2 Indonesian_Java

Here is another Afrikaner with the third lowest SSA score (other two don't score any). Not sure if the African score is noise or a real thing.

Best fit that I can get (run it with the G25 Modern datasheet)

Target: Afrikaner:AFR019
Distance: 1.3843% / 0.01384341
25.0 Spanish_Soria
24.6 French_Pas-de-Calais
14.4 Norwegian
10.6 Slovakian
9.4 Cossack_Kuban
8.2 Kubachinian
6.8 Macedonian
0.8 Ethiopian_Tigray
0.2 Surui

Another model by me:

Target: Afrikaner:AFR019
Distance: 2.7864% / 0.02786425
78.0 French_Nord
19.4 Dutch
1.8 Gujarati
0.4 Indonesian_Java
0.4 Khomani_San


Also

Here are DNA results of an Afrikaner from this forum:

He lacks SSA and almost zero amount of Indian and SE Asian:
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?148087-Barbatus-Dodecad-K12b-results-Oracle
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?148839-Barbatus-Eurogenes-K36-results

[Zanzibar]

I also accept that many "Germans" from the area were undoubtedly Germanised Slavs, too.


Do you know how common are these results for Afrikaners? He doesn't have any SSA and almost zero South Asian?:

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?148087-Barbatus-Dodecad-K12b-results-Oracle
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?148839-Barbatus-Eurogenes-K36-results

[Creoda]

Do you know how common are these results for Afrikaners? He doesn't have any SSA and almost zero South Asian?:

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?148087-Barbatus-Dodecad-K12b-results-Oracle
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?148839-Barbatus-Eurogenes-K36-results
Out of 30 Afrikaner gedmatch results I've collected (including that one), about 1/5 have no discernable SSA.

[Zanzibar]

Out of 30 Afrikaner gedmatch results I've collected (including that one), about 1/5 have no discernable SSA.

That's interesting. So that's around 6 individuals. It shows that not all Afrikaners have SSA (Bantu+Khoisan) which is interesting. Could it be that some mixed a lot with the more recent Euro migrants to the point that the SSA score disappeared completely when its get to their generation? Do all of them have minor South Asian and Malay/Indonesian ancestry though?

[Creoda]

That's interesting. So that's around 6 individuals. It shows that not all Afrikaners have SSA (Bantu+Khoisan) which is interesting. Could it be that some mixed a lot with the more recent Euro migrants to the point that the SSA score disappeared completely when its get to their generation? Do all of them have minor South Asian and Malay/Indonesian ancestry though?
Not sure but I don't think so. How they score in Vahaduo:

Target: Afrikaner29
Distance: 1.5366% / 1.53660836 | ADC: 0.25x RC
77.3 English_Southeast
16.6 Dutch_Central
4.0 Mandenka
1.3 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.8 Chamar

Target: Afrikaner28
Distance: 1.6859% / 1.68587886 | ADC: 0.25x RC
54.3 German_South
34.0 Flemish
8.7 Pennsylvania_Dutch
2.1 Yoruban
0.9 Papuan

Target: Afrikaner27
Distance: 1.6079% / 1.60794419 | ADC: 0.25x RC
64.9 Swedish
23.7 Spanish_Galicia
9.5 Dutch_Central
1.4 Yoruban
0.5 Mozabite_Berber

Target: Afrikaner26
Distance: 2.0960% / 2.09599453 | ADC: 0.25x RC
40.6 Swedish
31.7 Belgian
21.7 Swiss_Italian
3.5 Bantu_N.E.
1.4 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.7 Malay
0.4 Yemenite_Jewish

Target: Afrikaner25
Distance: 2.0116% / 2.01164453 | ADC: 0.25x RC
51.5 German_Northwest
41.3 Flemish
2.5 Yemenite_Jewish
2.4 Chamar
2.3 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner24
Distance: 1.5885% / 1.58849610 | ADC: 0.25x RC
56.6 Dutch_South
26.7 German_East
11.3 French_Basque
3.1 Punjabi_Jat
1.7 Ethiopian_Gumuz
0.6 Papuan

Target: Afrikaner23
Distance: 2.2923% / 2.29228198 | ADC: 0.25x RC
63.7 French_Northwest
27.1 German_East
5.0 Bangladeshi
2.2 Burusho
2.0 Brahmin_UP

Target: Afrikaner22
Distance: 2.0756% / 2.07563413 | ADC: 0.25x RC
33.2 German_East
30.8 Irish_Connacht
21.4 Dutch_South
5.7 Sweden_Svealand_East
4.9 Sakilli
1.4 Luhya
1.4 Mandenka
1.2 Mayan

Target: Afrikaner21
Distance: 2.4033% / 2.40325714 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.0 Dutch_North
35.2 Swiss_Italian
14.8 Swedish

Target: Afrikaner20
Distance: 1.4185% / 1.41847210 | ADC: 0.25x RC
72.6 Belgian
19.9 Swedish
2.8 Yemenite_Jewish
1.9 Mandenka
1.8 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.6 Malay
0.4 Ethiopian_Amhara

Target: Afrikaner19
Distance: 0.9427% / 0.94273766 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.5 Welsh
40.0 German
4.7 North_German
2.2 Kalash
1.8 Dargin
0.8 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner18
Distance: 1.3919% / 1.39188046 | ADC: 0.25x RC
55.1 German
18.1 German_West
18.1 Swiss_French
4.2 Burusho
3.1 Yoruban
1.4 Bashkir

Target: Afrikaner17
Distance: 0.9660% / 0.96597331 | ADC: 0.25x RC
43.2 French_Northeast
42.1 French_Northwest
5.6 German_West
2.9 Yoruban
2.7 Burusho
2.0 Uygur
1.5 NAN_Melanesian

Target: Afrikaner16
Distance: 1.6683% / 1.66832875 | ADC: 0.25x RC
58.9 Dutch_Central
22.9 Swedish
10.2 Spanish_Castilla_Y_Leon
5.7 Southwest_French
1.9 Ethiopian_Tigray
0.4 Papuan

Target: Afrikaner15
Distance: 1.8642% / 1.86422593 | ADC: 0.25x RC
44.4 Irish_Munster
38.7 Cornish
9.7 Spanish_Cataluna
4.1 Lebanese_Druze
2.2 Yoruban
0.9 Austroasiatic_Ho

Target: Afrikaner14
Distance: 2.3107% / 2.31070334 | ADC: 0.25x RC
55.0 German
26.6 Southwest_French
13.7 German_East
2.8 Yoruban
1.9 Dai

Target: Afrikaner13
Distance: 4.3073% / 4.30729107 | ADC: 0.25x RC
81.3 Dutch_North
9.7 Moroccan_Jew
7.8 Swiss_Italian
1.2 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner12
Distance: 1.8379% / 1.83787462 | ADC: 0.25x RC
84.2 French_Northwest
7.3 German_East
3.7 Burusho
1.7 Malay
1.6 Hazara
1.5 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner11
Distance: 0.7659% / 0.76594342 | ADC: 0.25x RC
40.3 French_Northwest
39.1 Scottish
8.3 Belgian
4.3 Sindhi
3.6 Saudi
3.5 Punjabi_Jat
0.9 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner10
Distance: 1.6112% / 1.61119235 | ADC: 0.25x RC
42.9 Irish_Munster
31.3 English_Midlands
19.2 French_Northwest
2.5 Austroasiatic_Ho
2.1 Sudanese
2.0 Cambodian

Target: Afrikaner9
Distance: 1.0801% / 1.08008327 | ADC: 0.25x RC
70.5 Dutch_South
19.1 North_German
5.2 Malay
3.4 Yoruban
0.9 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.9 NAN_Melanesian

Target: Afrikaner8
Distance: 4.8662% / 4.86621214 | ADC: 0.25x RC
64.1 Dutch_North
31.8 Swiss_Italian
3.1 Spanish_Valencia
1.0 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner7
Distance: 1.4754% / 1.47544257 | ADC: 0.25x RC
74.1 Dutch_South
11.6 Southwest_French
11.3 Southwest_Finnish
2.8 Chamar
0.2 North_Amerindian

Target: Afrikaner6
Distance: 1.8032% / 1.80315405 | ADC: 0.25x RC
41.6 Flemish
30.7 German_South
22.2 Pennsylvania_Dutch
3.2 Yoruban
1.4 Chamar
0.9 Karitiana

Target: Afrikaner5
Distance: 3.5471% / 3.54714442 | ADC: 0.25x RC
72.4 Dutch_North
27.6 Spanish_Valencia

Target: Afrikaner4
Distance: 0.7504% / 0.75040017 | ADC: 0.25x RC
77.7 Dutch_South
18.6 North_German
1.3 Hadza
1.2 Selkup
0.8 Maasai
0.4 German

Target: Afrikaner3
Distance: 2.2865% / 2.28651505 | ADC: 0.25x RC
74.7 Dutch_South
19.3 German_East
2.6 Austroasiatic_Ho
2.0 Yoruban
1.4 Tibeto-Burman_Burmese

Target: Afrikaner2
Distance: 2.6251% / 2.62507277 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.1 German_South
42.0 Dutch_North
5.5 Yemenite_Jewish
1.9 Malay
0.5 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner1
Distance: 1.3667% / 1.36669401 | ADC: 0.25x RC
53.4 Belgian
35.5 West_Scottish
5.0 Yemenite_Jewish
4.7 Spanish_Aragon
1.4 Yoruban

[Zanzibar]

Not sure but I don't think so. How they score in Vahaduo:


Target: Afrikaner29
Distance: 1.5366% / 1.53660836 | ADC: 0.25x RC
77.3 English_Southeast
16.6 Dutch_Central
4.0 Mandenka
1.3 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.8 Chamar

Target: Afrikaner28
Distance: 1.6859% / 1.68587886 | ADC: 0.25x RC
54.3 German_South
34.0 Flemish
8.7 Pennsylvania_Dutch
2.1 Yoruban
0.9 Papuan

Target: Afrikaner27
Distance: 1.6079% / 1.60794419 | ADC: 0.25x RC
64.9 Swedish
23.7 Spanish_Galicia
9.5 Dutch_Central
1.4 Yoruban
0.5 Mozabite_Berber

Target: Afrikaner26
Distance: 2.0960% / 2.09599453 | ADC: 0.25x RC
40.6 Swedish
31.7 Belgian
21.7 Swiss_Italian
3.5 Bantu_N.E.
1.4 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.7 Malay
0.4 Yemenite_Jewish

Target: Afrikaner25
Distance: 2.0116% / 2.01164453 | ADC: 0.25x RC
51.5 German_Northwest
41.3 Flemish
2.5 Yemenite_Jewish
2.4 Chamar
2.3 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner24
Distance: 1.5885% / 1.58849610 | ADC: 0.25x RC
56.6 Dutch_South
26.7 German_East
11.3 French_Basque
3.1 Punjabi_Jat
1.7 Ethiopian_Gumuz
0.6 Papuan

Target: Afrikaner23
Distance: 2.2923% / 2.29228198 | ADC: 0.25x RC
63.7 French_Northwest
27.1 German_East
5.0 Bangladeshi
2.2 Burusho
2.0 Brahmin_UP

Target: Afrikaner22
Distance: 2.0756% / 2.07563413 | ADC: 0.25x RC
33.2 German_East
30.8 Irish_Connacht
21.4 Dutch_South
5.7 Sweden_Svealand_East
4.9 Sakilli
1.4 Luhya
1.4 Mandenka
1.2 Mayan

Target: Afrikaner21
Distance: 2.4033% / 2.40325714 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.0 Dutch_North
35.2 Swiss_Italian
14.8 Swedish

Target: Afrikaner20
Distance: 1.4185% / 1.41847210 | ADC: 0.25x RC
72.6 Belgian
19.9 Swedish
2.8 Yemenite_Jewish
1.9 Mandenka
1.8 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.6 Malay
0.4 Ethiopian_Amhara

Target: Afrikaner19
Distance: 0.9427% / 0.94273766 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.5 Welsh
40.0 German
4.7 North_German
2.2 Kalash
1.8 Dargin
0.8 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner18
Distance: 1.3919% / 1.39188046 | ADC: 0.25x RC
55.1 German
18.1 German_West
18.1 Swiss_French
4.2 Burusho
3.1 Yoruban
1.4 Bashkir

Target: Afrikaner17
Distance: 0.9660% / 0.96597331 | ADC: 0.25x RC
43.2 French_Northeast
42.1 French_Northwest
5.6 German_West
2.9 Yoruban
2.7 Burusho
2.0 Uygur
1.5 NAN_Melanesian

Target: Afrikaner16
Distance: 1.6683% / 1.66832875 | ADC: 0.25x RC
58.9 Dutch_Central
22.9 Swedish
10.2 Spanish_Castilla_Y_Leon
5.7 Southwest_French
1.9 Ethiopian_Tigray
0.4 Papuan

Target: Afrikaner15
Distance: 1.8642% / 1.86422593 | ADC: 0.25x RC
44.4 Irish_Munster
38.7 Cornish
9.7 Spanish_Cataluna
4.1 Lebanese_Druze
2.2 Yoruban
0.9 Austroasiatic_Ho

Target: Afrikaner14
Distance: 2.3107% / 2.31070334 | ADC: 0.25x RC
55.0 German
26.6 Southwest_French
13.7 German_East
2.8 Yoruban
1.9 Dai

Target: Afrikaner13
Distance: 4.3073% / 4.30729107 | ADC: 0.25x RC
81.3 Dutch_North
9.7 Moroccan_Jew
7.8 Swiss_Italian
1.2 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner12
Distance: 1.8379% / 1.83787462 | ADC: 0.25x RC
84.2 French_Northwest
7.3 German_East
3.7 Burusho
1.7 Malay
1.6 Hazara
1.5 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner11
Distance: 0.7659% / 0.76594342 | ADC: 0.25x RC
40.3 French_Northwest
39.1 Scottish
8.3 Belgian
4.3 Sindhi
3.6 Saudi
3.5 Punjabi_Jat
0.9 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner10
Distance: 1.6112% / 1.61119235 | ADC: 0.25x RC
42.9 Irish_Munster
31.3 English_Midlands
19.2 French_Northwest
2.5 Austroasiatic_Ho
2.1 Sudanese
2.0 Cambodian

Target: Afrikaner9
Distance: 1.0801% / 1.08008327 | ADC: 0.25x RC
70.5 Dutch_South
19.1 North_German
5.2 Malay
3.4 Yoruban
0.9 Austroasiatic_Ho
0.9 NAN_Melanesian

Target: Afrikaner8
Distance: 4.8662% / 4.86621214 | ADC: 0.25x RC
64.1 Dutch_North
31.8 Swiss_Italian
3.1 Spanish_Valencia
1.0 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner7
Distance: 1.4754% / 1.47544257 | ADC: 0.25x RC
74.1 Dutch_South
11.6 Southwest_French
11.3 Southwest_Finnish
2.8 Chamar
0.2 North_Amerindian

Target: Afrikaner6
Distance: 1.8032% / 1.80315405 | ADC: 0.25x RC
41.6 Flemish
30.7 German_South
22.2 Pennsylvania_Dutch
3.2 Yoruban
1.4 Chamar
0.9 Karitiana

Target: Afrikaner5
Distance: 3.5471% / 3.54714442 | ADC: 0.25x RC
72.4 Dutch_North
27.6 Spanish_Valencia

Target: Afrikaner4
Distance: 0.7504% / 0.75040017 | ADC: 0.25x RC
77.7 Dutch_South
18.6 North_German
1.3 Hadza
1.2 Selkup
0.8 Maasai
0.4 German

Target: Afrikaner3
Distance: 2.2865% / 2.28651505 | ADC: 0.25x RC
74.7 Dutch_South
19.3 German_East
2.6 Austroasiatic_Ho
2.0 Yoruban
1.4 Tibeto-Burman_Burmese

Target: Afrikaner2
Distance: 2.6251% / 2.62507277 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.1 German_South
42.0 Dutch_North
5.5 Yemenite_Jewish
1.9 Malay
0.5 Yoruban

Target: Afrikaner1
Distance: 1.3667% / 1.36669401 | ADC: 0.25x RC
53.4 Belgian
35.5 West_Scottish
5.0 Yemenite_Jewish
4.7 Spanish_Aragon
1.4 Yoruban


Thanks. I had a closer inspection and I would say its 4 individuals out of 30 who doesn't exhibit any African whether Bantu, Khoisan, Nilotic or Horner. It looks like those who aren't SSA admixed are a minority. Almost all of them except two seems to have South Asian admixture though.

Do you have any kits/results for the South African Anglos or other Euro ethnicities besides the Afrikaner?

[Creoda]

Thanks. I had a closer inspection and I would say its 4 individuals out of 30 who doesn't exhibit any African whether Bantu, Khoisan, Nilotic or Horner. It looks like those who aren't SSA admixed are a minority. Almost all of them except two seems to have South Asian admixture though.

Do you have any kits/results for the South African Anglos or other Euro ethnicities besides the Afrikaner?
Only a couple of British South Africans, but I think in general they came much later and hadn't mixed with Blacks/Indians to any significant degree.

Target: British_South_African1 - T281787
Distance: 1.6255% / 1.62545107 | ADC: 0.25x RC
59.0 Flemish
31.9 Swedish
8.7 Swiss_Italian
0.4 Vietnamese

Target: British_SouthAfrican2 - FR8474570
Distance: 1.3248% / 1.32475381 | ADC: 0.25x RC
89.4 English_Southwest
4.1 French_Basque
3.2 Polish_Masuria
1.7 Chamar
0.9 Ethiopian_Gumuz
0.7 Papuan

Supposedly half English, half Boer: SL6584571

Target: Anglo-Afrikaner
Distance: 1.9171% / 1.91707183 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.5 Irish_Munster
30.4 Flemish
8.5 Lebanese_Druze
7.5 German_West
1.9 Yoruban
1.2 Velamas

Sometimes full Europeans get noise levels non-Euro scores anyway (<1%).

[Zanzibar]

Only a couple of British South Africans, but I think in general they came much later and hadn't mixed with Blacks/Indians to any significant degree.

Target: British_South_African1 - T281787
Distance: 1.6255% / 1.62545107 | ADC: 0.25x RC
59.0 Flemish
31.9 Swedish
8.7 Swiss_Italian
0.4 Vietnamese

Target: British_SouthAfrican2 - FR8474570
Distance: 1.3248% / 1.32475381 | ADC: 0.25x RC
89.4 English_Southwest
4.1 French_Basque
3.2 Polish_Masuria
1.7 Chamar
0.9 Ethiopian_Gumuz
0.7 Papuan

Supposedly half English, half Boer: SL6584571

Target: Anglo-Afrikaner
Distance: 1.9171% / 1.91707183 | ADC: 0.25x RC
50.5 Irish_Munster
30.4 Flemish
8.5 Lebanese_Druze
7.5 German_West
1.9 Yoruban
1.2 Velamas

Sometimes full Europeans get noise levels non-Euro scores anyway (<1%).

I see. I wonder if the 0.2% Yoruba that Afrikaner2 and 0.8% Maasai that Afrikaner4 individuals score could be just noise rather than actual SSA. In the case of the former, it me wonder that if you remove the Yemeni_Jew, would the Negroid score increase? Can you try other vahaduo gedmatch calculators to see if these 4 Afrikaners will still lack Negroid (I'm presuming you are using K13 Vahaduo run here)?

True, I think I have seen even some full Euros who score like 1-2% Native American in some calculators like Eurogenes K13 as well.

[El_Jibaro]

Fascinating people.

[Zanzibar]

Some models I run for Afrikaner G25 samples. Afrikaner76 and Afrikaner94 seem to be totally devoid of any SSA mix in the four runs. Meanwhile in the run with Portuguese, two additional individuals, #19 and #53 also seem to don't have any SSA input (whether Khoisan or West African/Bantu).


https://i.imgur.com/I50alES.jpg

https://i.imgur.com/XbCOAbd.jpg

https://i.imgur.com/lyD1bIk.jpg

https://i.imgur.com/9MhFjBT.jpg

[Loki]

Some models I run for Afrikaner G25 samples. Afrikaner76 and Afrikaner94 seem to be totally devoid of any SSA mix in the four runs.



Very interesting. Samples 1, 18, 19 seem to have had one Portuguese grandparent. And 53 and 56 perhaps too. This is not surprising, since we have a considerable Portuguese community in SA, and they sometimes intermarry, as we are seeing here. From the former colonies Angola and Mozambique.

By contrast, the French amounts are not recent ancestors, but part of the early bottlenecked gene pool.

[Zanzibar]

Very interesting. Samples 1, 18, 19 seem to have had one Portuguese grandparent. And 53 and 56 perhaps too. This is not surprising, since we have a considerable Portuguese community in SA, and they sometimes intermarry, as we are seeing here. From the former colonies Angola and Mozambique.

By contrast, the French amounts are not recent ancestors, but part of the early bottlenecked gene pool.

I see. Didn't know about that. Do you know where in France do the early ancestors of Afrikaners came from? The French proxy I utilized is Occitanie which seems to be in the southern region and probably overlap a lot with Iberians, causing lower amounts than thought.

Maybe I should have used a more northern French population such as French_Nord or French_Brittany just to be certain.

Btw, it seems like in the run with Portuguese proxy, Afrikaner19 and Afrikaner3 also don't score any SSA input besides Afrikaner76 and Afrikaner94. Makes me wonder if the traceable amount of Sub Saharan (both Bantu/West African and Khoisan) which is less than 1%, that they score in other calcs is just noise or not.

What's also odd and fascinating is that when I run them using ancient populations such as Yamnaya, Early European Farmer/Neolithic, Villabruna/WHG, the number of Afrikaner samples who is lack any African input (Khoisan+Bantu/West African) now increase to 7 individuals (Afrikaners #21, 57 and 86 besides Afrikaners #19, 53, 76 and 94) up from 2 (in the run using as Dutch and French_Occitan source pops) and 4 samples (in the run using Portuguese along with Dutch and French_Occitanie) respectively.

Could it be that traceable amounts of SSA in these 4 Afrikaners are just noise rather than real input?

[Loki]

I see. Didn't know about that. Do you know where in France do the early ancestors of Afrikaners came from? The French proxy I utilized is Occitanie which seems to be in the southern region and probably overlap a lot with Iberians, causing lower amounts than thought.

Maybe I should have used a more northern French population such as French_Nord or French_Brittany just to be certain.

Btw, it seems like in the run with Portuguese proxy, Afrikaner19 and Afrikaner3 also don't score any SSA input besides Afrikaner76 and Afrikaner94. Makes me wonder if the traceable amount of Sub Saharan (both Bantu/West African and Khoisan) which is less than 1%, that they score in other calcs is just noise or not.

What's also odd and fascinating is that when I run them using ancient populations such as Yamnaya, Early European Farmer/Neolithic, Villabruna/WHG, the number of Afrikaner samples who is lack any African input (Khoisan+Bantu/West African) now increase to 7 individuals (Afrikaners #21, 57 and 86 besides Afrikaners #19, 53, 76 and 94) up from 2 (in the run using as Dutch and French_Occitan source pops) and 4 samples (in the run using Portuguese along with Dutch and French_Occitanie) respectively.

Could it be that traceable amounts of SSA in these 7 Afrikaners are just noise rather than real input?

The French Huguenot ancestors of the Afrikaners came from all over France, but a particularly large group came from La Motte-d'Aigues in Provence, France.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Motte-d%27Aigues

[Spöly]

Hi can you please send the kit numbers or results of the afrikaners you've been collecting? I've collected over 42 from messaging my DNA matches and I am nowhere near done. Your 30 will be a good addition.

[Tie red]

Patterns of African and Asian admixture in the Afrikaner population of South Africa

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-020-0746-1

[Spöly]

Hi can you please send the kit numbers or results of the afrikaners you've been collecting? I've collected over 42 from messaging my DNA matches and I am nowhere near done. Your 30 will be a good addition.

Update on this:

I now have over 600 samples and my collection is increasing. When I am done I will send the results of my research here.