Ancient genomes from Neolithic North Africa (Fregel et al. 2017 preprint)

[Petalpusher]

Abstract
Neolithization of North Africa involved the migration of people from both the Levant and Europe

One of the greatest transitions in the human story was the change from hunter-gatherer to farmer. How farming traditions expanded from their birthplace in the Fertile Crescent has always been a matter of contention. Two models were proposed, one involving the movement of people and the other based on the transmission of ideas. Over the last decade, paleogenomics has been instrumental in settling long-disputed archaeological questions, including those surrounding the Neolithic revolution. Compared to the extensive genetic work done on Europe and the Near East, the Neolithic transition in North Africa, including the Maghreb, remains largely uncharacterized. Archaeological evidence suggests this process may have happened through an in situ development from Epipaleolithic communities, or by demic diffusion from the Eastern Mediterranean shores or Iberia. In fact, Neolithic pottery in North Africa strongly resembles that of European cultures like Cardial and Andalusian Early Neolithic, the southern-most early farmer culture from Iberia. Here, we present the first analysis of individuals' genome sequences from early and late Neolithic sites in Morocco, as well as Andalusian Early Neolithic individuals. We show that Early Neolithic Moroccans are distinct from any other reported ancient individuals and possess an endemic element retained in present-day Maghrebi populations, indicating long-term genetic continuity in the region. Among ancient populations, early Neolithic Moroccans share affinities with Levantine Natufian hunter-gatherers (~9,000 BCE) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers (~6,500 BCE). Late Neolithic (~3,000 BCE) Moroccan remains, in comparison, share an Iberian component of a prominent European-wide demic expansion, supporting theories of trans-Gibraltar gene flow. Finally, the Andalusian Early Neolithic samples share the same genetic composition as the Cardial Mediterranean Neolithic culture that reached Iberia ~5,500 BCE. The cultural and genetic similarities of the Iberian Neolithic cultures with that of North African Neolithic sites further reinforce the model of an Iberian intrusion into the Maghreb.


https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/09/21/191569.full.pdf


https://i.imgur.com/R6dPRDr.png

https://i.imgur.com/0GKhWKj.png


https://i.imgur.com/2hv9usY.png

Basically coastal NA are between their EN and LN, some drifiting a bit towards the Levant (maybe more Tunisian/Egyptians), some got more W.Africa since then, and their LN is somewhere between their EN and the European EN, so they really have Iberian influence as explained in the paper.


Some interesting F3 stats, N.African EN (IAM) vs Iberia_EN, left the pop are NA EN shifted (ofc the most is the NA_LN KEB), and right more Iberia neo (similar to other Euro_EN) or just no particular affinity to either of both (like Tajik).

https://i.imgur.com/0hpbmQQ.png

[Drenica]

I thought it was the opposite, that Europe was settled by North African farmers.

[Petalpusher]

I thought it was the opposite, that Europe was settled by North African farmers.

No they came from NW Anatolia in the EN, we have a truckload of samples confirming it. What we can see now is they kind of ran in circles, expanding west into Europe, then went to North Africa, maybe some back through the Levant and some through Iberia, their neo happened even a bit later.


Late Neolithic (~3,000 BCE) Moroccan remains, in comparison, share an Iberian component of a prominent European-wide demic expansion, supporting theories of trans-Gibraltar gene flow. Finally, the Andalusian Early Neolithic samples share the same genetic composition as the Cardial Mediterranean Neolithic culture that reached Iberia ~5,500 BCE. The cultural and genetic similarities of the Iberian Neolithic cultures with that of North African Neolithic sites further reinforce the model of an Iberian intrusion into the Maghreb.

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

Iberia was also settled by North African tribes during the neolithic expansion, they constituted the La Almagra Pottery culture. Pre-Roman Iberia used to be a melting pot of Indo-European tribes and non-Indo-European tribes.

[Drenica]

No they came from NW Anatolia in the EN, we have a truckload of samples confirming it. What we can see now is they kind of ran in circles, expanding west into Europe, then went to North Africa, maybe some back through the Levant and some through Iberia.

You need to take in mind that there were different type of farmers too though. Neolithic farmers did come from the Near East and maybe some carried haplogroup E into Europe and Africa but there is some other type of farmer input that does not exist in Sardinians but that also came from Near East but I read some farmers had later expanded from Northern Africa, idk how true this is. The high I2a1 in Sardinians is most likely a bottleneck effect when the farmers mingled with the mesolithic Europeans or it is really a Neolithic marker.

I know some people doubt Ev13 is Neolithic, if not then it expanded with the Bronze Age society... but this Neolithic migration into Africa supports a Caucasoid origin of haplogroup E rather than out of Africa

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

You need to take in mind that there were different type of farmers too though. Neolithic farmers did come from the Near East and maybe some carried haplogroup E into Europe and Africa but there is some other type of farmer input that does not exist in Sardinians but that also came from Near East but I read some farmers had later expanded from Northern Africa, idk how true this is. The high I2a1 in Sardinians is most likely a bottleneck effect when the farmers mingled with the mesolithic Europeans or it is really a Neolithic marker.

I know some people doubt Ev13 is Neolithic, if not then it expanded with the Bronze Age society... but this Neolithic migration into Africa supports a Caucasoid origin of haplogroup E rather than out of Africa

"The close phylogenetic relationship between Basque I2a1a and Sardinian I2a1a suggest that they share a common Neolithic origin. In other words, modern I2a1a in Iberia may not actually represent the direct descendants of the I2a1 people who lived in Iberia during the Mesolithic period, but perhaps the descendants of other Mesolithic Europeans, from the Balkans or Italy, who became integrated to the expanding community of Neolithic farmers early on, then spread alongside G2a, the dominant Neolithic male lineage from the Near East.

Likewise, other branches of haplogroup I found in Iberia today, namely I1 and I2a2a (M223), originated in other parts of Europe and arrived to Iberia much later, brought by Germanic tribes in the fifth century CE (see below).

The presence of G2a and other Near Eastern lineages like E1b1b, J1, J2a and T among both the Basques and Sardinians confirms the mixed Mesolithic and Neolithic origin of both populations, and further corroborates the hypothesis of an early assimilation of indigenous Europeans by Near Eastern farmers and herders."

[Petalpusher]

You need to take in mind that there were different type of farmers too though. Neolithic farmers did come from the Near East and maybe some carried haplogroup E into Europe and Africa but there is some other type of farmer input that does not exist in Sardinians but that also came from Near East but I read some farmers had later expanded from Northern Africa, idk how true this is. The high I2a1 in Sardinians is most likely a bottleneck effect when the farmers mingled with the mesolithic Europeans or it is really a Neolithic marker.

I know some people doubt Ev13 is Neolithic, if not then it expanded with the Bronze Age society... but this Neolithic migration into Africa supports a Caucasoid origin of haplogroup E rather than out of Africa

For the 1000 time, there was no EV13 in the early neolithic, out of nearly 100 samples, only one was found EV13 in the Balkan, that's like a lower frequency than any European population today. EV13 didn't arrive in the neolithic, at least not with the early farmers of NW Anatolian, the green triangle on the pca, you can even see the progression towards more WHG ancestry as time passed (the yellow triangles) so it was these farmers who expanded into Europe, not anything else.

[Drenica]

For the 1000 time, there was no EV13 in the early neolithic, out of nearly 100 samples, only one was found EV13 in the Balkan, that's like a much lower frequency than any European population today. EV13 didn't arrive in the neolithic, at least not with the early farmers of NW Anatolian, the green triangle on the pca, you can even see the progression towards more WHG ancestry as time passed (the yellow triangles) so it was these farmers who expanded into Europe, not anything else.

Breath a little bit. Didnt say it arrived neccessarily with Neolithic but it was never found in any Bronze age society afaik. Ev13 most likely developed in Europe , in the Balkans , its ancestral clade supposedly ev12 or something was found at a Neolithic site in the Balkans. There were also Calcolithic farmers eneolithic etc.

So how do you think E arrived in Europe and Africa? With Aliens?

Maybe you should look into bottleneck effect, founder effect etc.

A lot of Neolithic samples found in Europe belonged to Mesolithic Europeans as they were picked up most likely through some bottle neck effect they became dominant.

Same reason how I was dominant in Mesolithic Europeans rather than J.


Majority of Bronze age samples were not J2b2 yet a J2b2 bronze age was found in Dalmatia, meaning most likely J2b2 L283 did expand with Bronze Age society unless they got it from farmers orand something.


One E being found most likely means it could of come with some farmers unless farmers picked it up , its higher frequency today could be the result of a bottle neck effect like a majority of European ydna % are , just like G is found much less in modern Europeans today including in populations that are supposedly pred. Neolithic.

You need to take into account bottle neck effects, founder effects, genetic drifts etc


''This haplogroup wasn't found that much here'' doesn't hold any arguements at all, and if I recall it has been found several times actually unless you're not up to date.

E could aswell been some rare Mesolithic lineage picked up by bronze age and farmers. Nothing can really be ruled out.

Seems majority of you people here don't even understand bottleneck effects.

[Nyx]

Makes sense, there's no arable land between the Nile and Algeria so they would have had no choice but to go through Europe to get to Morocco.

[Sikeliot]

Some interesting F3 stats, N.African EN (IAM) vs Iberia_EN, left the pop are NA EN shifted (ofc the most is the NA_LN KEB), and right more Iberia neo (similar to other Euro_EN) or just no particular affinity to either of both (like Tajik).

https://i.imgur.com/0hpbmQQ.png


Interesting. Canarians, Sicilians, and whoever "Spanish" is are much more North African shifted than mainland south Italians, "Spanish North" or Greeks. Also Lebanese Muslims have more North African shift than do the Christians.

[Longobarda]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/logo-pnas.gif

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718088/

Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe

[Petalpusher]

Interesting. Canarians, Sicilians, and whoever "Spanish" is are much more North African shifted than mainland south Italians, "Spanish North" or Greeks. Also Lebanese Muslims have more North African shift than do the Christians.

Yes though the red dots line is more neutral than anything but in some cases it's also because some pop have some other things going on that just being either NA_EN or Iberia_EN, like a more Iran_N shift for S.Italians most likely because let's say if S.italy was twice as much Europe_EN than it already is, then it would be closer to central and north Europe. Tajik and even Bedouins are not NA_EN as expected but neither Europe_EN, they have others types of "southern" affinities than these two.

[Longobarda]

Ancient Human Genomes...Present-Day Europeans - Johannes Krause

Public Lecture - March 19, 2015

Johannes Krause
Professor of Archaeology and Paleogenetics at the University of Tübingen and Director of the Max Plank Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena

In this lecture, Krause explores the methods used to investigate European population history about the time of agricultural transition. Using genome data, Krause explains how at least three ancestral groups, the Hunter-Gathers, the Early Farmers and the Ancient North Eurasians, contributed genetic material to present-day Europeans. Krause also discusses these three ancestral populations discovered from this data and explores their connection to present-day Europeans. This lecture is made possible by the Dr. S.T. Lee Fund for Historical Studies.



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dk65TbJRN_A&t=16s&index=64&list=PL8E1DBE749014FBEE

[Petalpusher]

The Y/mt that i forgot to put in the op


Site Sample mtDNA Y-DNA
IAM(5300-4800 BCE) IAM.3 M1b1
Morocco IAM.4 U6a1b E-M35
IAM.5 U6a1b E-M35
IAM.6 U6a7
IAM.7 U6a3
KEB(3780-3650 BCE) KEB.1 X2b
Morocco KEB.3 K1a1b1
KEB.4 K1a1b1
KEB.6 K1a4a1 T-M184
KEB.7 T2b3
KEB.8 X2b
TOR(5280-4780 BCE) TOR.1 T2c1d
Spain TOR.5 J2b1a G-M201
TOR.6 T2b3
TOR.7 T2b3
TOR.8 K1a1
TOR.11 K1a2a
TOR.12 J2b1a
BOT, Spain BOT.1 K1a4a1

[Longobarda]

CARTA: Ancient DNA and Human Evolution – Johannes Krause: Ancient European Population History

Johannes Krause
Professor of Archaeology and Paleogenetics at the University of Tübingen and Director of the Max Plank Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena

(Visit: http://www.uctv.tv/) Johannes Krause (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) and his research team analyzed more than 200 ancient human genomes spanning the last 10,000 years of Western Eurasian pre-history. They found direct evidence for two major genetic turnover events at the beginning and at the end of the Neolithic time period in Europe, which they attribute to two major migrations. This explains why all modern European populations are a genetic mixture of steppe pastoralist, early farmers and indigenous European hunter-gatherers in varying proportion. This genetic mixture together with local biological adaptation has led to major changes in human phenotypes such as eye color, skin color, and the ability to digest milk sugar over the past 10,000 years. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny"


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTY9K1Q_Sbg

[Rethel]

The Y/mt that i forgot to put in the op


Site Sample mtDNA Y-DNA
IAM(5300-4800 BCE) IAM.3 M1b1
Morocco IAM.4 U6a1b E-M35
IAM.5 U6a1b E-M35
IAM.6 U6a7
IAM.7 U6a3
KEB(3780-3650 BCE) KEB.1 X2b
Morocco KEB.3 K1a1b1
KEB.4 K1a1b1
KEB.6 K1a4a1 T-M184
KEB.7 T2b3
KEB.8 X2b
TOR(5280-4780 BCE) TOR.1 T2c1d
Spain TOR.5 J2b1a G-M201
TOR.6 T2b3
TOR.7 T2b3
TOR.8 K1a1
TOR.11 K1a2a
TOR.12 J2b1a
BOT, Spain BOT.1 K1a4a1

Even with it, the whole stuff is not too much informative.

[Petalpusher]

Even with it, the whole stuff is not too much informative.

It's typical, just not much Y tested.

[kingjohn]

the e1b1b1 { IAM4, IAM5} belongs to a linage that led to E-L19-E-M81
VERY COOL :):thumb001:

P.S
THOSE ARE THE FOREFATHERS OF ZINDAINE ZIDANE A CONFIRMED E-M81 :cool:

[Fantomas]

Makes sense, there's no arable land between the Nile and Algeria so they would have had no choice but to go through Europe to get to Morocco.
At the time of Neolithic Subplubial Sahara was markedly different place, it looked more like a savanna. Also, early Neolithic tribes were more pastoralist than agricultural, hereby they're very mobile. What about Cardials and their descendants, more likely they used boats in addition. So they could travel great distances along Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts in all directions, thereby it's not very important how and when they crossed Gibraltar for example, it could happen many times there and back. as can be seen from the KEB sample and contacts of archaeological cultures in Neolithic and Bronze Age



Abstract

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/09/21/191569.full.pdf



This:
Finally, phenotypic predictions based on genetic variants of known effects agree with our estimates of global ancestry. IAM people do not possess any of the European SNPs associated with light pigmentation, and most likely had dark skin and eyes. IAM samples present ancestral alleles for pigmentation-associated variants present in SLC24A5(rs1426654), SLC45A2 (rs16891982) and OCA2 (rs16891982 and 12913832) genes. On the other hand, KEB individuals exhibit some European- derived alleles that predispose individuals to lighter skin and eye colour, including those on genes SLC24A5 (rs1426654) and OCA2 (rs16891982) (Supplementary Note 11)

I always knew, that depigmentation process was connected with Neolithic Meds, not with Nordic

[Petalpusher]

This:
Finally, phenotypic predictions based on genetic variants of known effects agree with our estimates of global ancestry. IAM people do not possess any of the European SNPs associated with light pigmentation, and most likely had dark skin and eyes. IAM samples present ancestral alleles for pigmentation-associated variants present in SLC24A5(rs1426654), SLC45A2 (rs16891982) and OCA2 (rs16891982 and 12913832) genes. On the other hand, KEB individuals exhibit some European- derived alleles that predispose individuals to lighter skin and eye colour, including those on genes SLC24A5 (rs1426654) and OCA2 (rs16891982) (Supplementary Note 11)

I always knew, that depigmentation process was connected with Neolithic Meds, not with Nordic

Yes it's normal IAM is their Early_neo, though that's just a period it doesn't mean they had farmers there yet, and you can see that just by looking at their LN mtdna samples, they become all typical neo mt's, while in their EN they were not. By the time of their LN 2000 years later they had really a massive influx of proper European neo through "Iberia_EN", which is basically the same than other Euro_EN everywhere from Hungary to Germany, LBK, cardial etc.. and their LN (KEB) is between the Euro_EN and their EN (like 50% replacement/mix). We can see north Africans also bounced back with likely more recent SSA, but yea euro_neo had light skin which was still rare at the time of their expansion, some even light eyes because they were part hunters to begin with, before even entering Europe.

[Not a Cop]

Yes it's normal IAM is their Early_neo, though that's just a period it doesn't mean they had farmers there yet, and you can see that just by looking at their LN mtdna samples, they become all typical neo mt's, while in their EN they were not. By the time of their LN 2000 years later they had really a massive influx of proper European neo through "Iberia_EN", which is basically the same than other Euro_EN everywhere from Hungary to Germany, LBK, cardial etc.. and their LN (KEB) is between the Euro_EN and their EN (like 50% replacement/mix). We can see north Africans also bounced back with likely more recent SSA, but yea euro_neo had light skin which was still rare at the time of their expansion, some even light eyes because they were part hunters to begin with, before even entering Europe.

Have they found any evidence for WHG like people in NA, or their WHG is soley due to Farmers migrations?

[Dick]

Likewise, other branches of haplogroup I found in Iberia today, namely I1 and I2a2a (M223), originated in other parts of Europe and arrived to Iberia much later, brought by Germanic tribes in the fifth century CE (see below).


The Iberian matches I have in my Big Y result(not exact matches but close, for example one snp that I don't have) belong to a Suebic subclade.

[Rethel]

The Iberian matches I have in my Big Y result(not exact matches but close, for example one snp that I don't have) belong to a Suebic subclade.

Ask Viejo for naturalization, ole! :laugh:

[Petalpusher]

Have they found any evidence for WHG like people in NA, or their WHG is soley due to Farmers migrations?

I think it's possible their WHG (around 20%) is only due to their European like EN, this is the sort of value you would get at low k just by injecting 50% Euro_EN in a genome. While going east in NA it might have been more a Levant_neo type of input, which would explain the decrease of WHG there. Their EN is like a mesolithic really, they were still pred Eurasian pre neolithic so i don't know maybe it was all Basal + SSA afterall, like E.Africans, just more basal than SSA. There should be a lot to explore in dstat with these genomes.

[Not a Cop]

I think it's possible their WHG (around 20%) is only due to their European like EN, this is the sort of value you would get at low k just by injecting 50% Euro_EN in a genome. While going east in NA it might have been more a Levant_neo type of input, which would explain the decrease of WHG there. Their EN is like a mesolithic really, they were still pred Eurasian pre neolithic so i don't know maybe it was all Basal + SSA afterall, like E.Africans, just more basal than SSA. There should be a lot to explore in dstat with these genomes.

Well it's interesting, since Coon found some Cromagnid-like forms among Berbers, i guess migrations of WHGs over gibraltar were also possible.

[Nyx]

At the time of Neolithic Subplubial Sahara was markedly different place, it looked more like a savanna. Also, early Neolithic tribes were more pastoralist than agricultural, hereby they're very mobile.

Just because the Sahara would have been more humid doesn't mean it is automatically suitable for agriculture. In the earliest days of the neolithic, apart from the fertile crescent, land suitable for agriculture would have been few and far between.
They simply lacked the tools required to work the soil properly, bronze was unknown they only had flint at their disposal. Most likely (in the early neolithic) they also lacked knowledge of fertilization and crop rotation, the reason why the nile region was so successful was because seasonal floods brought nutrients and watered the ground making it suitable for agriculture again and again without much work. As for them being more "pastoralist than agricultural" and being "mobile", you can't be both farmer and nomadic, that's impossible. Pastoralists were nomadic, but relied on trade with farmers to sustain themselves. I think by the time agriculture was sufficiently developed the sahara was already pretty much a desert. What you're saying could be true although unlikely imo.


What about Cardials and their descendants, more likely they used boats in addition. So they could travel great distances along Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts in all directions, thereby it's not very important how and when they crossed Gibraltar for example, it could happen many times there and back. as can be seen from the KEB sample and contacts of archaeological cultures in Neolithic and Bronze Age

The boats they used in the neolithic were at best large canoes powered by men, unsuitable for traveling long distances especially in the sea. To travel long distances you need large strong ships with sails.

[PunhetaDeBacalhau]

Finally, ancient DNA from North Africa :yippee

As expected, IAM is pretty much its own population, not very related to any other ancient population. They have very big fst distances to all Eurasians and SSA's, and the biggest distance yet seen for Mbuti Pygmies.

https://s26.postimg.org/d5ato0f4p/IAM_Ancient_North_African_fst_distances.png

I expect the f4 and Dstats to show around the same relationships that fst shows. I used my genome (23andMe file) for Dstats some months ago, and the only modern people that were further away from Africans than I am were Native Australians, so I expect the IAM to show the same features, only a lot more pronounced.

Also, the IAM distance to Natufians is gigantic, consistent with Natufians not being able to fill the void left by the lack of a North African component in ADMIXTURE.

Anyway, nice to see confirmation of the appearance of Neolithic Iberians in North Africa.

[Fantomas]

Just because the Sahara would have been more humid doesn't mean it is automatically suitable for agriculture. In the earliest days of the neolithic, apart from the fertile crescent, land suitable for agriculture would have been few and far between.
They simply lacked the tools required to work the soil properly, bronze was unknown they only had flint at their disposal. Most likely (in the early neolithic) they also lacked knowledge of fertilization and crop rotation, the reason why the nile region was so successful was because seasonal floods brought nutrients and watered the ground making it suitable for agriculture again and again without much work. As for them being more "pastoralist than agricultural" and being "mobile", you can't be both farmer and nomadic, that's impossible. Pastoralists were nomadic, but relied on trade with farmers to sustain themselves. I think by the time agriculture was sufficiently developed the sahara was already pretty much a desert. What you're saying could be true although unlikely imo.
The early Neolithic cultures including Cardium one were agro-pastoral on its full meaning being primarily pastoralic (sheeps, pigs, cattle)/hunting societies just with the beginnings of agriculture.
Subpluvial period ending is dated 3500-3000 BC, Cardium culture is 2000 years earlier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61188/


The boats they used in the neolithic were at best large canoes powered by men, unsuitable for traveling long distances especially in the sea. To travel long distances you need large strong ships with sails.

The seize of boats and lack of sails is not the problem for coastal travels.

As more results were obtained, however, it became clear that in some cases (such as the Linear Bandkeramik and Cardial spreads) these regional rates were more than just “somewhat faster” or “somewhat slower” (10, 21). For instance, because the data indicated an inception of the Neolithic ≈5800 calendar (cal) B.C. in Ligúria, ≈5600 cal B.C. in Valencia, and ≈5400 cal B.C. in central Portugal, the rate of spread across the 2,000 km separating the two ends of the geographic distribution of the Cardial had to have been in the range of 5 km/year. Moreover, the style of decoration in ceramics from undated sites in Portugal implies contemporaneity with the earliest Cardial sites of eastern Spain (10, 22) and hence an even faster spread. It was suggested, therefore, that the mechanism best explaining the west Mediterranean process was maritime pioneer colonization (10, 22), a hypothesis first entertained for southern Portugal by Arnaud (23) and for which the occupation of the Pacific islands (24, 25) provides an analogy.

Average velocity of the EN colonization didn't require a very advanced maritime technologies

[Fantomas]

Well it's interesting, since Coon found some Cromagnid-like forms among Berbers, i guess migrations of WHGs over gibraltar were also possible.
Coon and Lundman were sure that late paleo-European types came from NW Africa

In certain outlying parts of Scandinavia and Ireland, a primitive race - the Palaeo-Atlantid-still lives in small remnants. The Palaeo-Atlantid race is darker than the Nordid race - especially as regards to hair color. It is also coarser than the Faelish subrace, with stronger brow ridges, and a broader, plumper nose. With respect to the ABQ-blood group system, the Palaeo-Atlantid race is high in blood type gene r and low in blood type genes p and q. In the north, this race is named the Tydals race, after a village in central Norway.

https://i.imgur.com/DmJx4tz.jpg

[Longobarda]

Migrations Africa-Iberia and Iberia-Africa

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=68205&d=1506798994

68205

[Longobarda]

68212

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=68212&d=1506799437

68213

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=68213&d=1506799437

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=68216&d=1506807605

[XenophobicPrussian]

At the time of Neolithic Subplubial Sahara was markedly different place, it looked more like a savanna. Also, early Neolithic tribes were more pastoralist than agricultural, hereby they're very mobile. What about Cardials and their descendants, more likely they used boats in addition. So they could travel great distances along Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts in all directions, thereby it's not very important how and when they crossed Gibraltar for example, it could happen many times there and back. as can be seen from the KEB sample and contacts of archaeological cultures in Neolithic and Bronze Age




This:
Finally, phenotypic predictions based on genetic variants of known effects agree with our estimates of global ancestry. IAM people do not possess any of the European SNPs associated with light pigmentation, and most likely had dark skin and eyes. IAM samples present ancestral alleles for pigmentation-associated variants present in SLC24A5(rs1426654), SLC45A2 (rs16891982) and OCA2 (rs16891982 and 12913832) genes. On the other hand, KEB individuals exhibit some European- derived alleles that predispose individuals to lighter skin and eye colour, including those on genes SLC24A5 (rs1426654) and OCA2 (rs16891982) (Supplementary Note 11)

I always knew, that depigmentation process was connected with Neolithic Meds, not with Nordic
Why people like you keep ignoring both SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 were found in SHGs and EHGs, at higher derived rates than farmers(especially SLC45A2, which is what differentiates European light skin from MENA light skin, given nearly all MENA people are fully derived for SLC24A5)? The quote also says some, while SHGs were fully derived for both and EHGs were more derived than farmers. You also keep ignoring that the lack of SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 in WHGs only means they lack the same SNPs we have today for light skin, doesn't mean they didn't have other SNPs. Depigmentation occurs due to a low vitamin D diet in a cold climate without a lot of sunlight, get over it.

Finally, ancient DNA from North Africa :yippee

As expected, IAM is pretty much its own population, not very related to any other ancient population. They have very big fst distances to all Eurasians and SSA's, and the biggest distance yet seen for Mbuti Pygmies.

https://s26.postimg.org/d5ato0f4p/IAM_Ancient_North_African_fst_distances.png

I expect the f4 and Dstats to show around the same relationships that fst shows. I used my genome (23andMe file) for Dstats some months ago, and the only modern people that were further away from Africans than I am were Native Australians, so I expect the IAM to show the same features, only a lot more pronounced.

Also, the IAM distance to Natufians is gigantic, consistent with Natufians not being able to fill the void left by the lack of a North African component in ADMIXTURE.

Anyway, nice to see confirmation of the appearance of Neolithic Iberians in North Africa.
I wouldn't look to much into how far the IAM samples are from other populations based on fst or what d-stats show. The PCA and admixture still clearly show IAM were a simple mix of Basal Eurasians, paleo-Euro(or just Natufian-like) and SSAs. The high distance from modern SSAs(and the lack of SSA mtdna or y-dna) probably just means their SSA is from a likely extinct line of SSAs, maybe likely something to do with the Garibaldi skull in paleolithic Italy. Anthropologists also speculated SSA features in pre-neolithic North Africans. Some people mistakenly say Mechta-Afalou and Taforalt people were described by anthropologists as Cro-Magnon, but they were actually described as Cro-Magnon/SSA mixes, with wide noses and marked prognathism.