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Turkic languages, group of closely related languages that form a subfamily of the Altaic languages. The Turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology, and syntax, though Chuvash, Khalaj, and Sakha differ considerably from the rest. The earliest linguistic records are Old Turkic inscriptions, found near the Orhon River in Mongolia and the Yenisey River valley in south-central Russia, which date from the 8th century CE.
Turkic languages are distributed over a vast area in eastern Europe and Central and North Asia, ranging, with some interruptions, from the Balkans to the Great Wall of China and from central Iran (Persia) to the Arctic Ocean. The core area, between the 35th and 55th parallels, includes a western section comprising Asia Minor, northern Iran, and Transcaucasia, a central West Turkistan (Russian) section to the east of the Caspian Sea, and an East Turkistan (Chinese) section beyond the Tien Shan. The northern area extends from western Russia to northern Siberia. States in which Turkic languages are spoken include Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan, northern Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Romania, Lithuania, and, because of recent industrial migration, several western European countries.
Have I ever told you that I'm interested in languages? ;)
Turkish
Native name: Türkçe [ˈtyɾct͡ʃɛ]
Linguistic affliation: Turkic, Common Turkic, Oghuz, Western Oghuz
Number of speakers: c. 88 million
Spoken in: Turkey, Northern Cyprus, Cyprus, Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece
First written: 11th century
Writing system: Ottoman Turkish script, Latin script
Status: official language in Turkey, Northern Cyprus and Cyprus. Recognised minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, Macedonia, Romania
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http://i.sozcu.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/de-1.jpg?v=1976401
Turkish is a Turkic language spoken mainly in Turkey, Northern Cyprus and Cyprus. In 2017 there were 71 million native speakers of Turkish, and about 17 million second language speakers. Turkish is an official language in Turkey, Northern Cyprus and Cyprus, and there are also Turkish speakers in Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia.
The ancestor of modern Turkish, Oghuz, was bought to Anatolia from Central Asia during the 11th century AD by Seljuq Turks. This developed into Ottoman Turkish, and contained many loanwords from Arabic and Persian.
Until 1928 Turkish was written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script known as the Ottoman Turkish script. In 1928, as part of his efforts to modernise Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk issued a decree replacing the Arabic script with a version of the Latin alphabet, which has been used ever since. Arabic and Persian loanwords were also replaced with Turkish equivalents. Nowadays, only scholars and those who learnt to read before 1928 can read Turkish written in the Ottoman Turkish script.
Azerbaijani
Native name: آذربايجانجا ديلي / Азәрбајҹан дили / Azərbaycan dili [ɑzærbɑjdʒɑn dili]
Alternative names: Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, Azerbaijani Turkish
Linguistic affliation: Turkic, Oghuz, Western Oghuz
Number of speakers: 24.2 million
Spoken in: Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Russia, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan
First written: 7th century
Writing systems: Arabic script, Cyrillic alphabet, Latin alphabet
Status: official language in Azerbaijan, and in Dagestan in the Russian Federation
http://www.all-flags-world.com/country-flag/Azerbaijan/flag-azerbaijan-XL.jpg
https://azertag.az/files/galleryphoto/2017/1/1000x669/14841240542180538648_1000x669.jpg
Azerbaijani is a member of the Western Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. It is spoken by about 32.2 million people, mainly in Azerbaijan, Iran, Georgia, Russia and Turkey, and also in Iraq, Syria and Turkmenistan.
There are two main varieties of the language: North Azerbaijani and South Azerbaijani, which are sometimes classified as separate languages, although there is a fair degree of mutually intelligibility between them.
North Azerbaijani is spoken in Azerbaijan, where it is the official language. It is also spoken in southern Dagestan, in the southern Caucasus Mountains, and in parts of Central Asia. There are around 7.3 million native speakers, and another 8 million second language speakers.
Azerbaijani is closely related to Turkish, Qashqai, Turkmen and Crimean Tatar, and there is a degree of mutually intelligibility between Azerbaijani and Turkish.
The Arabic script was introduced to the Azerbaijan region in the 7th century and continued to be used to write Azerbaijani until the 1920s. Three different versions of the Arabic script were used during this period: the 28-letter Arabic script, the 32-letter Perso-Arabic script and the 33-letter Turkic Arabic script. None of these was ideal for writing Azerbaijani and various reforms were proposed, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In Iran the Azerbaijani language has always been written with a version of the Arabic script and is know as Azeri Turk.
Kazakh
Native name: Qazaqşa, Қазақша [qɑˈzɑqʃɑ] / Қазақ тілі, Qazaq tili, قازاق ٴتىلى [qɑˈzɑq tɘˈlɘ]
Linguistic affliation: Turkic, Kipchak, Kipchak-Nogay
Number of speakers: c. 11 million
Spoken in: Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia, Iran
First written: 19th century
Writing system: Arabic, Cyrillic and Latin alphabets
Status: official language in Kazakhstan, and in the Altai Republic in Russia
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https://www.turkyurduhaber.org/files/uploads/news/default/astanadaki-bayterek-kulesi-kapatilacak011b632dab848fde5699.jpg
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language spoken in Kazakhstan, Russia and China by about 11 million people. There are also Kazakh speakers in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia and Iran.
In 1927, Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940.
Since 2006, as part of a modernization program, the government of Kazakhstan decided to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. The switch to the Latin alphabet official started in October 2017, and is expected to be complete by 2025.
Kyrgyz
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https://media.gettyimages.com/photos/bishkek-kyrgyzstan-picture-id514868103
Kyrgyz or Kirghiz is a Turkic language with about 4.5 million speakers mainly in Kyrghyzstan, and also in China, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Russia. It is official language in Kyrgyzstan, together with Russian, is closely related to Altay and is mutually intelligible with Kazakh.
Kyrgyz was written a version of the the Perso-Arabic script until 1928, then with the Latin alphabet from 1928 and 1940, and with with the Cyrillic alphabet from 1940 onwards, though some people, especially in China, still use the Perso-Arabic script. After Kyrghyzstan became independent in 1991 there was a plan to re-introduce the Latin alphabet, but it has yet to be implemented.
Uzbek
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https://www.advantour.com/img/uzbekistan/samarkand/samarkand.jpg
Uzbek is a Turkic language with about 16.5 million speakers mainly in Uzbekistan. but also in Australia, China, Germany, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine and the USA.
An early form of Uzbek, known as Chagatai (one of the sons of Genghis Khan) and written with the Arabic script, emerged as a literary language in the 14th century. A version of the Latin alphabet replaced the Arabic script in 1927, and was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940. Recently, moves have been made to reintroduce the Latin alphabet.
Turkmen
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/2000px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png
https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--xFRM-zAW--/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/czyrwk22uvrzkwvolqr3.jpg
Turkmen is a Turkic language spoken by about 6.4 million people in Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), USA and Uzbekistan.
Turkmen only started to appear in writing at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was written with the Arabic script. Between 1928 and 1940 it was written with the Latin alphabet, and from 1940 it was written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Since Turkmenistan declared independence in 1991, Turkmen has been written with a version of the Latin alphabet based on Turkish.
Uyghur
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kashgar_Id_Kah_Moschee.jpg/1200px-Kashgar_Id_Kah_Moschee.jpg
Native names: ئۇيغۇرچە (Uyghurche) / ئۇيغۇر تىلى (Uyghur tili)
Alternative names: Uigur, Uiguir, Uighuir, Uygur, Uighur, Uygur, Uyghur, 维吾尔语 (Wéiwú'ěryǔ)
Linguistic affliation: Turkic: Karkuk
Number of speakers: 25 million
Spoken in: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
First written: 8th century
Writing systems: Arabic, Cyrillic and Latin scripts
Status: an official language in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
Uyghur was originally written with the Orkhon alphabet, a runiform script derived from or inspired by the Sogdian script, which was ultimately derived from the Aramaic script.
Uyghur is a Turkic language with 25 million speakers (in 2016) mainly in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the north west of China, where it is an official language. In Xinjiang Uyghur is used in the media, and as a lingua franca among other peoples. There are also communities of Uyghur speakers in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
Between the 8th and the 16th century, Uyghur was written with an alphabet derived from Sogdian known as Old Uyghur. Unlike Sogdian, which was written from right to left in horizontal lines, the Old Uyghur alphabet was written from left to right in vertical columns, or in other words, it was a version of Sogdian rotated 90° to the left. Uyghur was also written with the Syriac alphabet, mostly in Christian documents.
From the the 16th century until the early 20th century, Uyghur was written with a version of the Arabic alphabet known as 'Chagatai'. During the 20th century a number of versions of the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets were adopted to write Uyghur in different Uyghur-speaking regions. However the Latin alphabet was unpopular and in 1987 the Arabic script was reinstated as the official script for Uyghur in China.
The name of this language is variously spelt Uigur, Uiguir, Uighuir, Uygur, Uighur, Uygur, Uyghur in English, and 维吾尔语 (Wéiwú'ěryǔ) in Mandarin Chinese. Native names of the language are written ئۇيغۇرچە / Уйғурчә / Uyghurche, or ئۇيغۇر تىلى / Уйғур тили / Uyghur tili. Uyghur is the preferred spelling in the Latin alphabet: this was confirmed at a conference of the Ethnic Languages and Script Committe of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region held in October 2006.
Yaglakar
01-21-2018, 05:00 PM
The 'names' of Turkic languages as well Turkic ethnonyms are arbitrary and in many cases misnomers.
1.Uighur language which was a direct descendant of old Turkic language of the runes died in 16th century when Xinjiang was fully islamicised. It was a literally language of Uighur-Tochar Manicheans, Buddhists and Nestorian Christians. There is Western Yugur today but it will die very soon (4000 alleged speakers). Modern Uyghur is the language of Chigils, Karluks and Yaghmas (not Orkhon Uighurs) who spoke 'Türki' starting from 9th century in Kashgaria. Then this language got exported to modern Uzbekistan through invasion of Karakhanids. By late middle ages it got transformed to what scholars refer to as 'Chagatai'. When Uzbek identity was created in early 20th century, Soviet pseudo-scholars absurdly called this language of the Middle Ages as 'old Uzbek'.
2. Yenisei Kyrgyz was also closely related to old Turkic but modern Kyrgyz or Kazakh while in geographic proximity are surprisingly much more distant to the language of old Mongolia Turks than Turkish. That is Turkish language is more Yenisei Kyrgyz than Kyrgyz of Tien-Shan.
3. Kazakh, Uzbek, Azerbaijani are all artificial ethnonyms that were created during Soviet Union. Turkmens and Tatars are like terms 'Franks' and 'Saracens' in Middle Ages, encompassing a wide range of tribes, groups, alliances, etc which were often unrelated.
Gagauz
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Gagauz is a Turkic language spoken by more than 400,000 people in Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and a number of other countries.
Gagauz was originally written with a version of the Greek alphabet. In 1957 the Cyrillic alphabet was adopted in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, and since 1993 a version of the Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet has been used in Moldova, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey
The 'names' of Turkic languages as well Turkic ethnonyms are arbitrary and in many cases misnomers.
1.Uighur language which was a direct descendant of old Turkic language of the runes died in 16th century when Xinjiang was fully islamicised. It was a literally language of Uighur-Tochar Manicheans, Buddhists and Nestorian Christians. There is Western Yugur today but it will die very soon (4000 alleged speakers). Modern Uyghur is the language of Chigils, Karluks and Yaghmas (not Orkhon Uighurs) who spoke 'Türki' starting from 9th century in Kashgaria. Then this language got exported to modern Uzbekistan through invasion of Karakhanids. By late middle ages it got transformed to what scholars refer to as 'Chagatai'. When Uzbek identity was created in early 20th century, Soviet pseudo-scholars absurdly called this language of the Middle Ages as 'old Uzbek'.
2. Yenisei Kyrgyz was also closely related to old Turkic but modern Kyrgyz or Kazakh while in geographic proximity are surprisingly much more distant to the language of old Mongolia Turks than Turkish. That is Turkish language is more Yenisei Kyrgyz than Kyrgyz of Tien-Shan.
3. Kazakh, Uzbek, Azerbaijani are all artificial ethnonyms that were created during Soviet Union. Turkmens and Tatars are like terms 'Franks' and 'Saracens' in Middle Ages, encompassing a wide range of tribes, groups, alliances, etc which were often unrelated.
Yes... Very interesting, Turkish is closer Old Turkic than Qazaq or Kyrgyz. For example in Old Turkic initial /y-/ is still /y-/ in our language but in Qazaq be /zh-/ and in Kyrgyz be /j-/, for examle Old Turkic yol (road) = in Turkish yol, in Qazaq zhol, in Kyrgyz jol. Very interesting :) You, Kypchaks, speak like Mongolians, because words which enter to Mongolian from Turkic, initial /y-/ sounds be > /j/ for example Old Turkic yargu (judgement 2. litigation) go to Old Mongolian > be jargu current Mongolian be > zarga (litigation) etc. In Turkish yargı...
You live with Mongolians very long time, because of this you (Qazaqs and Kyrgyzs) and they (Mongolians) to be similar with each other.
♥ Lily ♥
02-12-2018, 11:25 PM
Have I ever told you that I'm interested in languages? ;)
;) How many languages do you have in Turkey?! :icon_ask: It sounds complicated.
How many languages do you have in Turkey?! It sounds complicated.
We have many languages in Turkey. For example, Turkish and minority languages like Kurdish, Circassian, Bosnian, Laz language, Albanian, Georgian, Arabian... and goes on. Also all Turkic languages are not spoken in Turkey, only Turkish, and minority speaks Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Turkmen. So Turkey is very mixed by both ethnicity and language( but it's not current in new generation)
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