Sikeliot
06-16-2018, 03:41 AM
Well, I have my answer on the most likely source of my R1a haplogroup (Greece). :thumb001:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2017.1409801
North Italy, like the rest of Western Europe, is predominantly R1b and no other haplogroup reaches 10% of frequency, and their haplogroups show a link to the Basques:
Northern Italy (Bergamo Valleys and plain, Tortona-Voghera and Borbera Valley) is characterised by an extremely high incidence of the R1b haplogroup (69.0%) when compared to all the other main haplogroups whose frequencies do not reach 10%.
However, both networks are characterised by a main demographic expansion centred in North-West and Central-North Europe, which strongly affected Northern Italy.
Therefore, the low genetic distance between South Italian and Middle Eastern populations—and, conversely, the higher distance between Middle Eastern and North Italian populations—can be explained by a greater influence of Middle Eastern Neolithic farmers and post-Neolithic migrants from Eastern Mediterranean populations into the South rather than in the North of Italy. On the other hand, Northern Italians show a general closeness to the Basques, sharing a high incidence of the R1b clade.
Haplogroup J1 is present in southern Italy but absent in the northern two-thirds of the country:
The distribution of haplogroup J1 is restricted to South Italy; this haplogroup, which arose in the southern part of the Middle East. Its presence in the southern part of the Italian Peninsula indicates gene flow from these populations.
One of the J2 subclades common to southern Italy is also common in Portugal, as well as in the Near East:
J2a-M67*, which is widely distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Supplementary Figure S2), with a notable peak in Portugal, is mainly present in South Italy, especially in Ionian Calabria. Its variance map shows instead a different pattern, with high values in some Middle Eastern regions, such as Iran, Turkey and Palestine, but also in the two main islands of the eastern Mediterranean Sea as well as along the other Mediterranean coastal regions. These data indicate that this haplogroup might have spread by sea, probably starting from the Middle East. The network analysis reveals a complex internal heterogeneity as well as an expansion that affected not only Middle Eastern populations but also the Balkans and Southern Italy. The most frequent haplotype in the network comprises subjects mainly from Middle Eastern populations, including Crete and Cyprus, but also from Southern Italy. Notably, Northern Italians are not present in the central haplotype, suggesting a possible later arrival to this area. The great majority of the Portuguese Y chromosomes belong to only one haplotype, thus revealing a very recent expansion of this lineage in western Iberia. The oldest ages based on microsatellite variation are in Cyprus (16.6 ± 4.7 kya), Crete (16.3 ± 5.5 kya) and Apulia (16.6 ± 7.0 kya), followed by those in the Middle Eastern populations. Notably, North Sardinia, Tuscany and Sicily also have high coalescent times (Supplementary Table S7). These data suggest an overall diffusion of J2a-M67* both by sea and by land.
Southern Italian R1b is partially Near Eastern:
"On the other hand, R1b-M412*, so far described only in Turkey, Iran, Cyprus and Crete is observed in all the four Southern Italian samples, all from the ancient Magna Graecia area, but only sporadically in population groups from Northern Italy. The R1b-M412* Y chromosomes could, therefore, represent the legacy of an Eastern Mediterranean input associated with the early Hellenic colonisation, and/or the more recent Byzantine domination. This scenario is supported by the high frequency of R1b-M412* in the Griko-speaking community of Grecìa Salentina (13.4%), where haplogroup R1b-M412* probably reflects ancient colonisation events from Greek-speaking islands rather than continental Greece."
South Italian R1a is mainland Greek and is strongest in Griko from Apulia:
The R1a haplogroup is observed along the entire Peninsula. With the exception of the Tortona-Voghera sample, it displays lower frequencies in the North and in the Centre in comparison with the southern populations, especially those of the Ionian Coast (8.6% in Ionian Calabria, 5.9% in Apulia and 15.8% in Grecìa Salentina). R1a-M17 represents an important component of the modern gene pool of Greece, where it reaches its highest frequencies (16.3% and 22.0%, in mainland Greece and in Thracia, respectively. Taking into account that it is found virtually only as R1a-M17*(xM458) in both the Southern Italian samples and in mainland Greece, it is likely that R1a-M17* is a signature of the Southern Balkan (mainland Greece) influence into Southern Italy. Thus, differently to haplogroup R1b-M412*, R1a-M17* seems a hallmark of a significant male seaborne input from Balkan populations towards the eastern coast of Southern Italy.
An ancient migration from Turkey to Sicily may have occurred:
J2a-M92 is widely distributed in the Middle East, the Balkans, and along the Mediterranean coast. In Italy, it shows a high frequency in the South, especially in the Southern part of Apulia. The variance map shows peaks in Turkey and Sicily, followed by the Southern Balkans. The highest ages based on microsatellite variation are observed in Sicily (11.8 ± 3.4 kya) and Turkey (11.7 ± 4.9 kya). Since the frequency and variance maps suggest a possible origin of J2a-M92 in and around Turkey, the observation of an age in Sicily that is close to that observed in Turkey may indicate an ancient migration from Turkey to Sicily.
Apulia has Balkan subclades of J2 and E1b1b, Sicily has only the latter:
Haplogroup E, mostly represented by E1b-M78, increases in frequency from North (8.3%) to South, where it reaches an incidence of 21.3%. Its main sub-clade, E1b-V13, displays a decreasing frequency cline from the Southern Balkans to Western Europe (Supplementary Figure S2) and is also present, at lower frequencies, in Anatolia and all along the Italian Peninsula. Similar to J2b-M241, the E1b-V13 sub-clade, which spread from the Balkans is mainly observed in the South of Italy, with frequencies higher than 10% in Apulia; however, unlike the Balkan J2 branch, it is also found in Sicily.
Calabria and Sicily have both Near Eastern and North African E1b1b subclades:
Among the other E sub-clades, the Middle Eastern E1b-M34 lineage is restricted to Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, whereas the North African E1b-M81, E1b-V22 and E1b-M35* are observed in Calabria and Sicily. In particular, E1b-M81, which is very frequent in North Africa, reaches an incidence of 6.3% in Sicily. This marker has also been observed at significant frequencies in Southern Iberia and its presence in Southern Europe has been attributed, due to its low microsatellite variation, to relatively recent migration(s) from North Africa.
North African y-dna influence in Sicily, similar to what is found in Iberia, differentiates them from other Italians:
When a PCA was performed at lower resolution (data not shown) in order to include samples from North Africa, where haplogroup E1b-M81 reaches high frequencies, Sicily further separated from other Italian populations. On the whole, the high-resolution PC analysis confirms a strong Middle Eastern influence in Southern Italian populations, which show high frequencies of haplogroups J2a and G2a (J2a-M410 and G2a-P15).
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2017.1409801
North Italy, like the rest of Western Europe, is predominantly R1b and no other haplogroup reaches 10% of frequency, and their haplogroups show a link to the Basques:
Northern Italy (Bergamo Valleys and plain, Tortona-Voghera and Borbera Valley) is characterised by an extremely high incidence of the R1b haplogroup (69.0%) when compared to all the other main haplogroups whose frequencies do not reach 10%.
However, both networks are characterised by a main demographic expansion centred in North-West and Central-North Europe, which strongly affected Northern Italy.
Therefore, the low genetic distance between South Italian and Middle Eastern populations—and, conversely, the higher distance between Middle Eastern and North Italian populations—can be explained by a greater influence of Middle Eastern Neolithic farmers and post-Neolithic migrants from Eastern Mediterranean populations into the South rather than in the North of Italy. On the other hand, Northern Italians show a general closeness to the Basques, sharing a high incidence of the R1b clade.
Haplogroup J1 is present in southern Italy but absent in the northern two-thirds of the country:
The distribution of haplogroup J1 is restricted to South Italy; this haplogroup, which arose in the southern part of the Middle East. Its presence in the southern part of the Italian Peninsula indicates gene flow from these populations.
One of the J2 subclades common to southern Italy is also common in Portugal, as well as in the Near East:
J2a-M67*, which is widely distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Supplementary Figure S2), with a notable peak in Portugal, is mainly present in South Italy, especially in Ionian Calabria. Its variance map shows instead a different pattern, with high values in some Middle Eastern regions, such as Iran, Turkey and Palestine, but also in the two main islands of the eastern Mediterranean Sea as well as along the other Mediterranean coastal regions. These data indicate that this haplogroup might have spread by sea, probably starting from the Middle East. The network analysis reveals a complex internal heterogeneity as well as an expansion that affected not only Middle Eastern populations but also the Balkans and Southern Italy. The most frequent haplotype in the network comprises subjects mainly from Middle Eastern populations, including Crete and Cyprus, but also from Southern Italy. Notably, Northern Italians are not present in the central haplotype, suggesting a possible later arrival to this area. The great majority of the Portuguese Y chromosomes belong to only one haplotype, thus revealing a very recent expansion of this lineage in western Iberia. The oldest ages based on microsatellite variation are in Cyprus (16.6 ± 4.7 kya), Crete (16.3 ± 5.5 kya) and Apulia (16.6 ± 7.0 kya), followed by those in the Middle Eastern populations. Notably, North Sardinia, Tuscany and Sicily also have high coalescent times (Supplementary Table S7). These data suggest an overall diffusion of J2a-M67* both by sea and by land.
Southern Italian R1b is partially Near Eastern:
"On the other hand, R1b-M412*, so far described only in Turkey, Iran, Cyprus and Crete is observed in all the four Southern Italian samples, all from the ancient Magna Graecia area, but only sporadically in population groups from Northern Italy. The R1b-M412* Y chromosomes could, therefore, represent the legacy of an Eastern Mediterranean input associated with the early Hellenic colonisation, and/or the more recent Byzantine domination. This scenario is supported by the high frequency of R1b-M412* in the Griko-speaking community of Grecìa Salentina (13.4%), where haplogroup R1b-M412* probably reflects ancient colonisation events from Greek-speaking islands rather than continental Greece."
South Italian R1a is mainland Greek and is strongest in Griko from Apulia:
The R1a haplogroup is observed along the entire Peninsula. With the exception of the Tortona-Voghera sample, it displays lower frequencies in the North and in the Centre in comparison with the southern populations, especially those of the Ionian Coast (8.6% in Ionian Calabria, 5.9% in Apulia and 15.8% in Grecìa Salentina). R1a-M17 represents an important component of the modern gene pool of Greece, where it reaches its highest frequencies (16.3% and 22.0%, in mainland Greece and in Thracia, respectively. Taking into account that it is found virtually only as R1a-M17*(xM458) in both the Southern Italian samples and in mainland Greece, it is likely that R1a-M17* is a signature of the Southern Balkan (mainland Greece) influence into Southern Italy. Thus, differently to haplogroup R1b-M412*, R1a-M17* seems a hallmark of a significant male seaborne input from Balkan populations towards the eastern coast of Southern Italy.
An ancient migration from Turkey to Sicily may have occurred:
J2a-M92 is widely distributed in the Middle East, the Balkans, and along the Mediterranean coast. In Italy, it shows a high frequency in the South, especially in the Southern part of Apulia. The variance map shows peaks in Turkey and Sicily, followed by the Southern Balkans. The highest ages based on microsatellite variation are observed in Sicily (11.8 ± 3.4 kya) and Turkey (11.7 ± 4.9 kya). Since the frequency and variance maps suggest a possible origin of J2a-M92 in and around Turkey, the observation of an age in Sicily that is close to that observed in Turkey may indicate an ancient migration from Turkey to Sicily.
Apulia has Balkan subclades of J2 and E1b1b, Sicily has only the latter:
Haplogroup E, mostly represented by E1b-M78, increases in frequency from North (8.3%) to South, where it reaches an incidence of 21.3%. Its main sub-clade, E1b-V13, displays a decreasing frequency cline from the Southern Balkans to Western Europe (Supplementary Figure S2) and is also present, at lower frequencies, in Anatolia and all along the Italian Peninsula. Similar to J2b-M241, the E1b-V13 sub-clade, which spread from the Balkans is mainly observed in the South of Italy, with frequencies higher than 10% in Apulia; however, unlike the Balkan J2 branch, it is also found in Sicily.
Calabria and Sicily have both Near Eastern and North African E1b1b subclades:
Among the other E sub-clades, the Middle Eastern E1b-M34 lineage is restricted to Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, whereas the North African E1b-M81, E1b-V22 and E1b-M35* are observed in Calabria and Sicily. In particular, E1b-M81, which is very frequent in North Africa, reaches an incidence of 6.3% in Sicily. This marker has also been observed at significant frequencies in Southern Iberia and its presence in Southern Europe has been attributed, due to its low microsatellite variation, to relatively recent migration(s) from North Africa.
North African y-dna influence in Sicily, similar to what is found in Iberia, differentiates them from other Italians:
When a PCA was performed at lower resolution (data not shown) in order to include samples from North Africa, where haplogroup E1b-M81 reaches high frequencies, Sicily further separated from other Italian populations. On the whole, the high-resolution PC analysis confirms a strong Middle Eastern influence in Southern Italian populations, which show high frequencies of haplogroups J2a and G2a (J2a-M410 and G2a-P15).