Shubotai
08-12-2018, 12:07 PM
It has often been argued that because y-dna NO and Q look oriental, european R should comply as well, since it also belongs to haplogroup K2. However, this is wrong. Y-dna MS which also belongs to K2 does not and Papuan peoples actually look caucasoid. Using the same kind of logic, K2 belongs to y-dna F, which also includes y-dna G, H, IJ, LT, all of which are associated with the caucasoid phenotype. Additionally, if we take into account haplogroups R, MS and Q which are under K2 and display western traits in various grades, the odd one out is NO.
https://isogg.org/tree/
Taking it one step further, the Aeta people carrying high frequency of haplogroups ancestral to all of MSQR group have a distinct appearance. Y-dna F, as well as other y-dna macro-haplogroups stem from y-dna A, which is prevalent among the Khoisan and the Nilotic peoples in Africa. These peoples carry certain traits which are often being associated with East Asians, like lighter pigmentation, epicanthic folds, mongolian spots. It is understandable that whatever diverged from that phenotype has not stayed close to the original one.
Many traits usually associated with the mongoloid phenotype, namely thicker hair, numerous sweat glands, smaller breasts and sinodonty among others, are due to the mutation A->G in the EDAR370A or rs3827760 in the second chromosome. The thing about EDAR370A, is that it sticks in populations traditionally (http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dlSSMhpd0jM/USUFCyHESyI/AAAAAAAABnc/yIBNKLfMpwM/s1600/edar1.jpg)considered "mongoloid". Here, it is worth noticing that highest frequencies of EDAR370A (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355372/figure/F4/)correlate with the highest frequencies of C-M217 in Northeast Asia, east of lake Baikal, Northwestern Mexico and northwest South America.
haplogroup C map (http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Ish7688voT0/S-aCMKf-JyI/AAAAAAAACYY/npKxBWTQC-U/s1600/hapC.jpg) The EDAR370A mutation is also lower among Uralic peoples, although they overwhelmingly belong to y-dna N. These traits are more evident among Northeast Asian, Central Asian and Northern Chinese populations than they are among southern East Asians. Native Americans are considered paleo-mongoloid or proto-mongoloid. Actually, there must have been at least two migration waves into America. The only y-dna haplogroups found among Native Americans are Q-L53 and C-M217, stemming from ancestral branches of Siberia. Therefore, when the migrations took place there shouldn't have been any y-dna N in the north, since they would have carried some along with them. Actually, many y-dna Q populations display european characteristics and their autosomal dna is about 40% west Eurasian. The coalescence place for Q is estimated to be in Iran. What probably happened, is that populations carrying y-dna Q, moved north and eastwards in Siberia, heavily mixed with local people carrying y-dna C and their mt-dna counterparts (e.g. mt-dna A) and subsequently migrated to the American contintent. Since K2 is a latecomer in phylogeny, K2 sub-branches who did not extensively mix with y-dna C or their mt-dna counterparts were only slightly mongolized. While others, like y-dna O, even followed a similar pattern of southwards migration from Manchuria to Southeast Asia. Subsequently, a model has been proposed where the modern East Asian race has emerged from an initial mongoloid population carrying y-dna C-M217, followed by an introgression from K2 people and their mt-dna R counterparts mixing with them and accordingly labelled as type-2 East Asians (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Toru_Katoh/publication/260484606/figure/fig4/AS:213982997684230@1428028930571/Phylogenetic-tree-of-the-major-human-populations-Africans-Type-1-East-Asians-Europeans.png).
Mt-dna M is the major macro-haplogroup in South and East Asia, being associated with almost every y-dna there. Its highest frequency and diversity however, is observed in Tibet, Northeast India, Japan and the Philippines, so it probably originally correlates with y-dna D. It is true that mt-dna M has high frequency in Northeast Asia, but the diversity is insignificant. On the other side, y-dna macrohaplogroup CF seems to correlate with mt-dna N. Specifically, y-dna C with mt-dna N(xR) and y-dna F with mt-dna R and some N(xR). Basal y-dna F has also wide distribution in South India and island southeast Asia, where many mt-dna M lines also exist, but since no L3(xM,N) have been found to accompany y-dna D, this seems to be the most plausible explanation.
Dental morphology is another important aspect regarding populations of East Asia and America. Map (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Mongoloid_Australoid_Negrito_Asia_Distribution_of_ Asian_peoples_Sinodont_Sundadont.GIF) The Mongoloid dental complex has been defined as including two patterns, Sundadonty, which is regarded as the ancestral state and Sinodonty, which is regarded as the derived state. This is supported by the fact that weared sinodont teeth tend to revert into sundadont teeth. The sharp line in East Asia between Sinodonts and Sundadonts fits well with the divide between C-M217 and C-F3393, the two main sub-branches of y-dna C-M130. The dentition of Australian Aborigines, who carry high frequencies of haplogroup C-M347 has been described as evolutionarily conservative, which is called the proto-sundadont pattern. The contrast is more evident in the Japanese islands, where two sets of migrations have been attested, a first one by y-dna D-M55 and y-dna C-M8 carrying the sundadont pattern, followed by a second one by y-dna O-M175 and C-M217 carrying the sinodont pattern. Y-dna D is closely related to y-dna E, since both carry the YAP mutation, which seems to have altered the original phenotype inherited by y-dna A people. Native Americans mainly display sinodonty while they carry C-M217. Some sundadont cases have to be associated with an earlier wave of migration.
The highest frequency of basal y-dna C* is observed in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Many cases in India might prove to belong to the subclade C-M356. Therefore, three patterns of migration can be proposed: a coastal one through South Asia, a northern clockwise one, through Central Asia and then southwards into Southeast Asia and eastwards into America and a third double one, combining those two, one southern by y-dna C-F1370 and a northern one by y-dna C-M217 along with C-M8 and C-V20 westwards.
https://isogg.org/tree/
Taking it one step further, the Aeta people carrying high frequency of haplogroups ancestral to all of MSQR group have a distinct appearance. Y-dna F, as well as other y-dna macro-haplogroups stem from y-dna A, which is prevalent among the Khoisan and the Nilotic peoples in Africa. These peoples carry certain traits which are often being associated with East Asians, like lighter pigmentation, epicanthic folds, mongolian spots. It is understandable that whatever diverged from that phenotype has not stayed close to the original one.
Many traits usually associated with the mongoloid phenotype, namely thicker hair, numerous sweat glands, smaller breasts and sinodonty among others, are due to the mutation A->G in the EDAR370A or rs3827760 in the second chromosome. The thing about EDAR370A, is that it sticks in populations traditionally (http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dlSSMhpd0jM/USUFCyHESyI/AAAAAAAABnc/yIBNKLfMpwM/s1600/edar1.jpg)considered "mongoloid". Here, it is worth noticing that highest frequencies of EDAR370A (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355372/figure/F4/)correlate with the highest frequencies of C-M217 in Northeast Asia, east of lake Baikal, Northwestern Mexico and northwest South America.
haplogroup C map (http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Ish7688voT0/S-aCMKf-JyI/AAAAAAAACYY/npKxBWTQC-U/s1600/hapC.jpg) The EDAR370A mutation is also lower among Uralic peoples, although they overwhelmingly belong to y-dna N. These traits are more evident among Northeast Asian, Central Asian and Northern Chinese populations than they are among southern East Asians. Native Americans are considered paleo-mongoloid or proto-mongoloid. Actually, there must have been at least two migration waves into America. The only y-dna haplogroups found among Native Americans are Q-L53 and C-M217, stemming from ancestral branches of Siberia. Therefore, when the migrations took place there shouldn't have been any y-dna N in the north, since they would have carried some along with them. Actually, many y-dna Q populations display european characteristics and their autosomal dna is about 40% west Eurasian. The coalescence place for Q is estimated to be in Iran. What probably happened, is that populations carrying y-dna Q, moved north and eastwards in Siberia, heavily mixed with local people carrying y-dna C and their mt-dna counterparts (e.g. mt-dna A) and subsequently migrated to the American contintent. Since K2 is a latecomer in phylogeny, K2 sub-branches who did not extensively mix with y-dna C or their mt-dna counterparts were only slightly mongolized. While others, like y-dna O, even followed a similar pattern of southwards migration from Manchuria to Southeast Asia. Subsequently, a model has been proposed where the modern East Asian race has emerged from an initial mongoloid population carrying y-dna C-M217, followed by an introgression from K2 people and their mt-dna R counterparts mixing with them and accordingly labelled as type-2 East Asians (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Toru_Katoh/publication/260484606/figure/fig4/AS:213982997684230@1428028930571/Phylogenetic-tree-of-the-major-human-populations-Africans-Type-1-East-Asians-Europeans.png).
Mt-dna M is the major macro-haplogroup in South and East Asia, being associated with almost every y-dna there. Its highest frequency and diversity however, is observed in Tibet, Northeast India, Japan and the Philippines, so it probably originally correlates with y-dna D. It is true that mt-dna M has high frequency in Northeast Asia, but the diversity is insignificant. On the other side, y-dna macrohaplogroup CF seems to correlate with mt-dna N. Specifically, y-dna C with mt-dna N(xR) and y-dna F with mt-dna R and some N(xR). Basal y-dna F has also wide distribution in South India and island southeast Asia, where many mt-dna M lines also exist, but since no L3(xM,N) have been found to accompany y-dna D, this seems to be the most plausible explanation.
Dental morphology is another important aspect regarding populations of East Asia and America. Map (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Mongoloid_Australoid_Negrito_Asia_Distribution_of_ Asian_peoples_Sinodont_Sundadont.GIF) The Mongoloid dental complex has been defined as including two patterns, Sundadonty, which is regarded as the ancestral state and Sinodonty, which is regarded as the derived state. This is supported by the fact that weared sinodont teeth tend to revert into sundadont teeth. The sharp line in East Asia between Sinodonts and Sundadonts fits well with the divide between C-M217 and C-F3393, the two main sub-branches of y-dna C-M130. The dentition of Australian Aborigines, who carry high frequencies of haplogroup C-M347 has been described as evolutionarily conservative, which is called the proto-sundadont pattern. The contrast is more evident in the Japanese islands, where two sets of migrations have been attested, a first one by y-dna D-M55 and y-dna C-M8 carrying the sundadont pattern, followed by a second one by y-dna O-M175 and C-M217 carrying the sinodont pattern. Y-dna D is closely related to y-dna E, since both carry the YAP mutation, which seems to have altered the original phenotype inherited by y-dna A people. Native Americans mainly display sinodonty while they carry C-M217. Some sundadont cases have to be associated with an earlier wave of migration.
The highest frequency of basal y-dna C* is observed in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Many cases in India might prove to belong to the subclade C-M356. Therefore, three patterns of migration can be proposed: a coastal one through South Asia, a northern clockwise one, through Central Asia and then southwards into Southeast Asia and eastwards into America and a third double one, combining those two, one southern by y-dna C-F1370 and a northern one by y-dna C-M217 along with C-M8 and C-V20 westwards.