Ancient genomes of Srubnaya, Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians(Science, 2018)

[Bardock]

http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/10/eaat4457

Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads

Maja Krzewińska1,*,†, Gülşah Merve Kılınç1,*,†, Anna Juras2, Dilek Koptekin3, Maciej Chyleński4, Alexey G. Nikitin5, Nikolai Shcherbakov6, Iia Shuteleva6,7, Tatiana Leonova6, Liudmila Kraeva8, Flarit A. Sungatov9, Alfija N. Sultanova9, Inna Potekhina10, Sylwia Łukasik2, Marta Krenz-Niedbała2, Love Dalén11, Vitaly Sinika12,13, Mattias Jakobsson14,15,16, Jan Storå17 and Anders Götherström1,†

Science Advances 03 Oct 2018:
Vol. 4, no. 10, eaat4457
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4457

Abstract

For millennia, the Pontic-Caspian steppe was a connector between the Eurasian steppe and Europe. In this scene, multidirectional and sequential movements of different populations may have occurred, including those of the Eurasian steppe nomads. We sequenced 35 genomes (low to medium coverage) of Bronze Age individuals (Srubnaya-Alakulskaya) and Iron Age nomads (Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians) that represent four distinct cultural entities corresponding to the chronological sequence of cultural complexes in the region. Our results suggest that, despite genetic links among these peoples, no group can be considered a direct ancestor of the subsequent group. The nomadic populations were heterogeneous and carried genetic affinities with populations from several other regions including the Far East and the southern Urals. We found evidence of a stable shared genetic signature, making the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe a likely source of western nomadic groups.



Table S3. Summary sequencing statistics for mitochondrial variants for individuals sequenced in this study.

Individual Site Culture Age (cal BC) 95% Biological Sex MtDNA Haplogroup Y Haplogroup
chy001 Cherniy Yar Late Sarmatian 55 - 140 CE XX H2a1 -
chy002 Cherniy Yar Late Sarmatian 65 - 220 CE XY T1a1 R1a1a
tem001 Temyaysovo Late Sarmatian 135 - 320 CE XX U5b2b -
tem002 Temyaysovo Late Sarmatian 125 - 240 CE XY D4q R1b1a1a2
tem003 Temyaysovo Late Sarmatian 130-320 CE XY U5b2b R1b1a1a2?
scy006* Starosillya Scythian ND XX D4j2 -
scy009* Starosillya Scythian 770 - 415 BCE XY J2b1a6 R1b1a1a2
scy010* Starosillya Scythian 790 - 540 BCE XX N1b1a -
scy011* Nesterivka Scythian 355 - 115 BCE XX A -
scy192* Glinoe Scythian 2863 - 2503 BCE XX H8c -
scy193* Glinoe Scythian ND XY U5a2a1 R1b1a1a2?
scy197* Glinoe Scythian 2885 - 2632 BCE XY U5a1a1 R1b1a1a2
scy300* Glinoe Scythian 397 - 209 BCE XX H5b -
scy301 Glinoe Scythian 392 - 204 BCE XY U5b2a3 R1b1a1a2
scy303* Glinoe Scythian 380 - 203 BCE XX U5a1a2b -
scy304 Glinoe Scythian 361 - 172 BCE XY U4* R1b1a1a2
scy305* Glinoe Scythian 399 - 209 BCE XY U5a2b R1b1a1a2
scy311* Glinoe Scythian 389 - 204 BCE XX T2b -
scy332* Glinoe Scythian 248 - 391 CE XX M10a1a1a -
cim357 Glinoe Sad Cimmerian 914 - 805 BCE XY H9a R1b1a
cim358 Glinoe Sad Cimmerian 936 -809 BCE XY C5c (50%) Q1a1
cim359 Mokra Cimmerian 1008 - 838 BCE XX R -
kzb001 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1735 - 1565 BCE XX U4b1a1a1 -
kzb002 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1875 - 1665 BCE XY J1c3a R1a1a1
kzb003 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1765 - 1630 BCE XY H R1a1a1
kzb004 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1750 - 1620 BCE XX U5b2a2 -
kzb005 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1880 - 1690 BCE XY HV0a R1a1a1
kzb006 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1745 - 1620 BCE XX U2e2a1a2 -
kzb007 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1755 - 1630 BCE XY U5a1 R1a1a1
kzb008 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1880 -1690 BCE XY HV0a R1a1a1
kzb009 Kazburun 1 Srubno-alakulskaya 1745 - 1620 BCE XX U4b1a1a1 -
mur001 Muradym 8 Srubno-alakulskaya ND XX H2a1 -
mur002 Muradym 8 Srubno-alakulskaya ND XY K1a4b ?
mur003 Muradym 8 Srubno-alakulskaya 1880 - 1685 BCE XY T2a1 R1a1a1?
mur004 Muradym 8 Srubno-alakulskaya 1885 - 1695 BCE XX J1c5e -
(*) Individuals previously used in a study focusing on mitochondrial genomes (Juras et al.2017) and are thus reported elsewhere.

[Dick]

https://i.imgur.com/MJtlKBv.jpg

[Bardock]

https://i.imgur.com/MJtlKBv.jpg

Lmfao. Jokes aside, I hope someone can get a hold of the data to flesh out what clades they all belong to. That Q1a definitely seems interesting for Cimmerians, and the presence of R1b. Seems to kill the theory that some think Cimmerians were I2 derived. I imagine most of the R1a is Z93 but I suppose we'll see. That early middle ages Sarmatian with R1a is quite interesting.

[Bardock]

BUMP

[Bardock]

https://www.alphagalileo.org/en-gb/Print/itemId/169026/userId/-1/cultureCode/en-GB

“There is so much genetic variation among the Scythians, it seems that you didn’t have to be born a Scyth to be a part of their community”, says Anders Götherström, Professor at the Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University.

This is likely the strategy needed for the group to have been able to grow as fast, expand as vast and to remain established for as long as they did. The findings emphasize the importance of assimilation to maintain Scythian dominance around the Black Sea region.

“It also sheds light on their attitude towards conquered people. Scythians are often thought of as an extremely aggressive group, but their gradual genetic expansion show us that they were also a group prepared to interact with and take in new people. For example, in one burial ground we found individuals of different genetic background buried according to Scythian tradition. This tells us that Scythians seem to have incorporated people from other groups into their families and their community”, says Maja Krzewińska researcher at the Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University.

The vast area of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe region has worked as a motor for demographic events throughout Eurasia, especially in the western part of the meta-continent. Crucial events in European history and prehistory can be traced back to people of the Steppe. Including the invention of horseback riding, chariots, a new type of warfare and the spread of Indo-European languages.

“The Central Eurasian Steppe seems to have been a very dynamic place. An important geographical region which acted both as a melting-pot and a nursery of people, as well as communicative and technological innovations. This is where people met, shared ideas and genes. From this ‘pit-stop’ genes and ideas were spread from the East to the West”, says Gülşah Merve Kılınç researcher at the Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University.

An international research team, led from Stockholm University, have investigated genomic data from 35 individuals, spanning 2 200 years. The material mainly consists of human remains from the southern Urals and central Eurasian Steppe. The researchers have analyzed DNA from four different nomadic groups; Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians and Bronze Age Srubanya individuals.

Even though a couple of the groups had an early history somewhere else all the groups share genetic background and follow each other chronologically. The Cimmerians were displaced by the Scythians and those in return were followed by the Sarmatians.

“It’s not one group completely displacing another. The expansion process seems to have been more gradual. First from Altai to southern Urals, and thereafter further west. It suggests that the Pontic-Caspian Steppe served as a natural transition point and the source of western nomads, despite their cultural roots stretching further east”, says Maja Krzewińska researcher at the Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University.

[Bardock]

https://i.imgur.com/MJtlKBv.jpg

Supposedly scy197 and scy301 aren't R1b, but E-V13 and I2-Y7219, respectively.

[Bardock]

scy304 is R1b-Z2103 (M12149/Y4371/Z8128+)
scy305 is R1b-Z2103>Z2106 (Z2106+, Y12538/Z8131+)

[Bardock]

...........................

Heres the Doc with all the subclades of the sample findings.

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1bnVJujBs_bQu_dqSVi_dSXUuz9gNIYFX_XlqRrz92mo/edit#gid=0

[Bardock]

Supposedly Scy009 clusters with Poles. He was R1b-P312.

[Kelmendasi]

Heres the Doc with all the subclades of the sample findings.

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1bnVJujBs_bQu_dqSVi_dSXUuz9gNIYFX_XlqRrz92mo/edit#gid=0
I'm somewhat skeptical about the Subclade predictions. The actual study notes that both the E-V13 and I2a2a Scythian are in fact R1b-M269

[Bardock]

I'm somewhat skeptical about the Subclade predictions. The actual study notes that both the E-V13 and I2a2a Scythian are in fact R1b-M269

Im not sure. The BAM was examined by Semargl at Yfull. If they are that grossly incorrect then it brings into question the whole point of that website wouldn't it? lol

[Kelmendasi]

Im not sure. The BAM was examined by Semargl at Yfull. If they are that grossly incorrect then it brings into question the whole point of that website wouldn't it? lol
I think Semargl may be correct, perhaps it's a problem created by the people that made the paper.

[Bardock]

I think Semargl may be correct, perhaps it's a problem created by the people that made the paper.

Could be. They could be very rudimentary calculations based upon trace data.

[Dick]

I'm somewhat skeptical about the Subclade predictions. The actual study notes that both the E-V13 and I2a2a Scythian are in fact R1b-M269

Why? Both E-v13 and I2a2a were probably widespread back then.Also E-v13 is the most common subclade of E that is found in every country in Europe.

[Artek]

Semargl was correct, only Z280 in Srubna and P312 in Scythian remains is somewhat intriguing but not impossible.

Maybe they had fake calls for M269? It is not uncommon in some of the studies.

We won't know for sure without any explanation done by the authors themselves.