East Africa before Bantu expansion

[Peterski]

Map:

https://umap.openstreetmap.fr/en/map/ancient-human-dna_41837#4/-22.11/52.29

https://i.imgur.com/yUQaaXj.png

1a.

Sample from Malawi 8100 years ago in Africa K9 calculator:

Population
Europe 1.07 Pct
NW_Africa -
SW_Asia 3.10 Pct
E_Africa 21.15 Pct
S_Africa 6.95 Pct
Mbuti 10.38 Pct
W_Africa 2.16 Pct
Biaka 12.63 Pct
San 42.57 Pct

So it seems they were basically Capoids with some Bambutid admixtures:

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 57.2% SAN_SA + 42.8% HADZA @ 12.05
2 58.1% HADZA + 41.9% SAN_NB @ 13.83
3 62.3% SAN_SA + 37.7% SANDAWE @ 14.68
4 62.1% HADZA + 37.9% San @ 15.27
5 53.4% SANDAWE + 46.6% SAN_NB @ 16.57
6 65.4% SAN_SA + 34.6% Maasai @ 16.62
7 50.6% Maasai + 49.4% SAN_NB @ 17.97
8 57.7% SANDAWE + 42.3% San @ 18.33
(...)

1b. Another one from Malawi ca. 8100 years ago in Africa K9:

Population
Europe -
NW_Africa -
SW_Asia -
E_Africa 13.42 Pct
S_Africa 12.27 Pct
Mbuti 13.54 Pct
W_Africa 16.98 Pct
Biaka 7.07 Pct
San 36.71 Pct

2. Malawi ca. 2500 years ago, this time more of Pygmy admixtures:

Population
Europe 1.36 Pct
NW_Africa -
SW_Asia -
E_Africa 16.25 Pct
S_Africa 4.51 Pct
Mbuti 16.98 Pct
W_Africa -
Biaka 18.67 Pct
San 42.23 Pct

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 58.3% SAN_SA + 41.7% HADZA @ 21.81
2 57.1% HADZA + 42.9% SAN_NB @ 22.57
3 61.5% HADZA + 38.5% San @ 23.88
4 77.4% SAN_SA + 22.6% Mbuti_Pygmies @ 23.91
5 75.3% SAN_SA + 24.7% Biaka_Pygmies @ 23.98
6 64.9% SAN_SA + 35.1% SANDAWE @ 24.89
7 68.3% SAN_SA + 31.7% Maasai @ 26.31
8 51.6% SANDAWE + 48.4% SAN_NB @ 26.44
9 51.3% SAN_NB + 48.7% Maasai @ 27.74
(...)

3a.

Unguja Island (Tanzania) 1400 years ago, Tana tradition, in Africa K9:

Europe 0.20 Pct
NW_Africa -
SW_Asia 2.53 Pct
E_Africa 36.86 Pct
S_Africa 5.29 Pct
Mbuti 10.26 Pct
W_Africa 4.16 Pct
Biaka 10.44 Pct
San 30.25 Pct

We can say that the modern Hadza hunter-gatherers are their descendants:

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 68.2% HADZA + 31.8% SAN_SA @ 8.45
2 76.5% HADZA + 23.5% SAN_NB @ 8.56
3 78.7% HADZA + 21.3% San @ 9.18
4 70.7% SANDAWE + 29.3% SAN_NB @ 12.53
5 61.3% SANDAWE + 38.7% SAN_SA @ 12.56
6 73.4% SANDAWE + 26.6% San @ 13.44
7 67% Maasai + 33% SAN_NB @ 15.23
8 57% Maasai + 43% SAN_SA @ 15.92
9 69.9% Maasai + 30.1% San @ 16.26
(...)

3b.

Pemba Island (Tanzania), 1400 years ago, in Africa K9, low coverage:

Population
Europe -
NW_Africa -
SW_Asia 12.90 Pct
E_Africa 39.68 Pct
S_Africa -
Mbuti 6.52 Pct
W_Africa 3.36 Pct
Biaka 15.36 Pct
San 22.18 Pct

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 76% Maasai + 24% SAN_NB @ 17.42
(...)

4.

Tanzania Luxmanda pastoralist ca. 3100 years ago in Africa K9:

Population
Europe 1.05 Pct
NW_Africa 15.90 Pct
SW_Asia 22.40 Pct
E_Africa 43.04 Pct
S_Africa 6.16 Pct
Mbuti -
W_Africa 3.21 Pct
Biaka 0.49 Pct
San 7.75 Pct

^^^
Turns out that pastoralists likely came there from the Horn of Africa:

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 62.9% SANDAWE + 37.1% Libya @ 10.01
2 75.5% Ethiopians + 24.5% HADZA @ 10.68
3 88.6% Ethiopians + 11.4% Xhosa @ 10.94
4 88.8% Ethiopians + 11.2% SAN_SA @ 11.04
(...)

Now eastern coast of South Africa:

5.

Balito Bay (near Durban) ca. 2000 years ago, in Africa K9 calculator:

Population
Europe 1.50 Pct
NW_Africa -
SW_Asia -
E_Africa -
S_Africa 0.83 Pct
Mbuti 3.27 Pct
W_Africa -
Biaka 6.29 Pct
San 88.11 Pct

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 96.1% SAN_NB + 3.9% Biaka_Pygmies @ 3.19

Here basically like the modern Khoisan people.

6.

South African pastoralist 1300 years ago from Paternoster (Western Cape):

https://i.imgur.com/RmOWtZu.png

Population
Europe 4.29 Pct
NW_Africa -
SW_Asia 8.07 Pct
E_Africa 14.90 Pct
S_Africa 7.11 Pct
Mbuti 0.97 Pct
W_Africa -
Biaka 6.40 Pct
San 58.26 Pct

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 84.3% SAN_SA + 15.7% SANDAWE @ 7.76
2 85.8% SAN_SA + 14.2% East_African (Dodecad) @ 7.92
3 83.1% SAN_SA + 16.9% HADZA @ 8.06
(...)

[JQP4545]

Why is the Tanzania Luxmanda pastoralist so different from the other samples?

[Peterski]

Why is the Tanzania Luxmanda pastoralist so different from the other samples?

Because pastoralism came there with new migrants (it was not invented by local hunters).

Tanzania Luxmanda 3100 years ago in Eurogenes Hunter_Gatherer vs. Farmer Admixture:

Population
Anatolian Farmer -
Baltic Hunter Gatherer 0.26 Pct
Middle Eastern Herder 23.85 Pct
East Asian Farmer 0.27 Pct
South American Hunter Gatherer 0.23 Pct
South Asian Hunter Gatherer -
North Eurasian Hunter Gatherer -
East African Pastoralist 56.88 Pct
Oceanian Hunter Gatherer 0.74 Pct
Mediterranean Farmer 6.75 Pct
Pygmy Hunter Gatherer 7.35 Pct
Bantu Farmer 3.67 Pct

^^^
In Eurogenes calculators Khoisan people score Pygmy, since there is no Khoisan admixture.

=====

And this one is from Pemba Island (Tanzania) but just 600 years ago, typical Bantu person:

https://umap.openstreetmap.fr/en/map/ancient-human-dna_41837#15/-4.9048/39.6998

Hunter_Gatherer vs. Farmer:

Population
Anatolian Farmer -
Baltic Hunter Gatherer 0.97 Pct
Middle Eastern Herder -
East Asian Farmer 0.17 Pct
South American Hunter Gatherer -
South Asian Hunter Gatherer -
North Eurasian Hunter Gatherer 0.15 Pct
East African Pastoralist 11.99 Pct
Oceanian Hunter Gatherer -
Mediterranean Farmer -
Pygmy Hunter Gatherer 10.38 Pct
Bantu Farmer 76.34 Pct

And in Africa K9 calculator:

Population
Europe -
NW_Africa 0.12 Pct
SW_Asia -
E_Africa 14.58 Pct
S_Africa 14.84 Pct
Mbuti 0.80 Pct
W_Africa 55.79 Pct
Biaka 12.11 Pct
San 1.77 Pct

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 56.2% Fang + 43.8% Luhya @ 2.72
2 62.3% Fang + 37.7% Bantu_N.E. @ 3.06
3 81.2% Bamoun + 18.8% SANDAWE @ 3.65
4 77% Fang + 23% Bulala @ 4.03
5 81.4% Bamoun + 18.6% HADZA @ 4.47
6 85.1% Fang + 14.9% Maasai @ 4.52
(...)

https://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/2108833685/2082649523/gr1.jpg

Edit:

6.

Western Cape pastoralist (1300 years ago) in Eurogenes Hunter_Gatherer vs. Farmer:

Population
Anatolian Farmer -
Baltic Hunter Gatherer -
Middle Eastern Herder 7.68 Pct
East Asian Farmer -
South American Hunter Gatherer 0.90 Pct
South Asian Hunter Gatherer 0.79 Pct
North Eurasian Hunter Gatherer -
East African Pastoralist 26.80 Pct
Oceanian Hunter Gatherer 1.00 Pct
Mediterranean Farmer 1.42 Pct
Pygmy Hunter Gatherer 59.71 Pct
Bantu Farmer 1.69 Pct

[Sikeliot]

So essentially Central, Southeast, and Southern Africa was populated with all Khoisan, Pygmy, Hadza type people whereas now, they're essentially transplanted West Africans? I know Bantu languages originated in what is now Cameroon.

[Smeagol]

So all Pygmy and Bushmen.

[Peterski]

So essentially Central, Southeast, and Southern Africa was populated with all Khoisan, Pygmy, Hadza type people whereas now, they're essentially transplanted West Africans? I know Bantu languages originated in what is now Cameroon.

Yeah but they absorbed / assimilated some of the locals as well, at least in some places.

Bantus were farmers with the knowledge of iron-working so they had a big advantage.

========

Remnants of original East Africans:

Hadza tribe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_people


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0VlnQjG3z0

Sandawe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandawe_people


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbNjaT8jvh4


So all Pygmy and Bushmen.

Tanzania Luxmanda pastoralist is Caucasoid-admixed, like modern Horners.

And Western Cape pastoralist is also influenced by a Horner-like admixture:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoikhoi

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sameul_Daniell_-_Kora-Khokhoi_preparing_to_move_-_1805.jpg/1280px-Sameul_Daniell_-_Kora-Khokhoi_preparing_to_move_-_1805.jpg

[Peterski]

Nelson Mandela was a Xhosa which is a Bantu ethnic group, but his phenotype is Khoisan. I wonder what % of Pre-Bantu ancestry he had:

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b1/ec/4c/b1ec4c09f85fd096f0b4770142c7b535.jpg

[Joso]

Yeah but they absorbed / assimilated some of the locals as well, at least in some places.

Bantus were farmers with the knowledge of iron-working so they had a big advantage.

========

Remnants of original East Africans:

Hadza tribe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_people


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0VlnQjG3z0

Sandawe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandawe_people


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbNjaT8jvh4



Tanzania Luxmanda pastoralist is Caucasoid-admixed, like modern Horners.

And Western Cape pastoralist is also influenced by a Horner-like admixture:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoikhoi

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sameul_Daniell_-_Kora-Khokhoi_preparing_to_move_-_1805.jpg/1280px-Sameul_Daniell_-_Kora-Khokhoi_preparing_to_move_-_1805.jpg

Very interesting

[Sikeliot]

Nelson Mandela was a Xhosa which is a Bantu ethnic group, but his phenotype is Khoisan. I wonder what % of Pre-Bantu ancestry he had:


Xhosa have significant Khoisan ancestry, though they are mostly Bantu.

[Peterski]

Xhosa have significant Khoisan ancestry

Even their language is heavily influenced by Khoisan, that's why it is a click language (unlike most of other Bantu languages):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_language

"Xhosa is rich in uncommon consonants. Besides pulmonic egressive sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has 18 clicks (in comparison, Juǀ'hoan, spoken by roughly 10,000 people in Botswana and Namibia, has 48 clicks, and Taa, with roughly 4,000 speakers in Botswana, has 83 click sounds, the largest consonant inventory of any known language). Also, Xhosa has ejectives and an implosive. Although 15 of the clicks also occur in Zulu, they are used less frequently than in Xhosa."

Map of click languages (several Bantu languages have click consonants probably due to assimilation of many Khoisan-speakers):

https://www.britannica.com/topic/click-languages

"Gciriku and Yei, which are Bantu languages of Botswana and Namibia, have incorporated the four-click Khoisan system, but Zulu and Xhosa (also Bantu languages) have incorporated only three clicks. Dahalo, a Cushitic language of Kenya, uses only one click."

https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/6009lb/map_of_all_languages_which_feature_click_sounds/

http://i.imgur.com/uV2f5EO.png

^^^ Dahalo tribe, their phenotypes are also heavily Capoid-influenced:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUJfniKbkb8


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUJfniKbkb8

[Iloko]

African-genetics to me seems a little under-studied on these anthro/gen sites on the internet, but I bet they've got some very fascinating genetics/genetic-histories for sure

[Chaos One]

What explains this 20%+ SW Asia at Tanzania samples alone? Interesting.

[Peterski]

I0595 Panga ya Saidi 400 years ago (low coverage sample unfortunately):

Dodecad Africa K9:

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 E_Africa 39.67
2 Biaka 12.45
3 W_Africa 12.4
4 San 10.45
5 SW_Asia 9.55
6 Mbuti 6.9
7 NW_Africa 6.27
8 S_Africa 2.3

Single Population Sharing:

# Population (source) Distance
1 Maasai 21.11
2 HADZA 22.04
3 SANDAWE 23.73
4 Ethiopians 31.4
5 East_African (Dodecad) 32.17
6 Ethiopian_Jews 32.46
7 Bulala 39.4
8 Bantu_N.E. 40.39
9 Luhya 41.05
10 Mada 52.47
11 Libya 55.34
12 Fang 56.22
13 Algeria 58.4
14 North_African (Dodecad) 58.6
15 Egyptans 58.68
16 Morocco_S 58.76
17 Kongo 60.02
18 Egypt 60.27
19 Kaba 60.4
20 Yemenese 60.76

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 76.5% HADZA + 23.5% Fulani @ 12.26
2 75.5% HADZA + 24.5% Libya @ 13.51
3 85.1% Maasai + 14.9% Biaka_Pygmies @ 14.09
4 81.6% HADZA + 18.4% Mandenka @ 14.32
5 75.8% SANDAWE + 24.2% Fulani @ 14.34
6 77.3% HADZA + 22.7% Morocco_S @ 14.35
7 76.7% HADZA + 23.3% Fang @ 14.61
8 81.2% HADZA + 18.8% Brong @ 14.7
9 78.3% HADZA + 21.7% Yemenese @ 14.77
10 82.2% Maasai + 17.8% SAN_SA @ 14.78
11 78.7% HADZA + 21.3% Bamoun @ 14.84
12 80.6% HADZA + 19.4% Igbo @ 14.92
13 77.7% HADZA + 22.3% Algeria @ 14.94
14 80.3% HADZA + 19.7% Hausa @ 15
15 81% HADZA + 19% Yoruba @ 15.05
16 78.9% HADZA + 21.1% Moroccans @ 15.09
17 78.5% HADZA + 21.5% Kaba @ 15.1
18 78.4% HADZA + 21.6% Kongo @ 15.2
19 78.1% HADZA + 21.9% Egyptans @ 15.32
20 78.7% HADZA + 21.3% Egypt @ 15.41

One more but very low coverage sample, I4427 Malawi 6100 years ago:

Dodecad Africa K9:

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 E_Africa 37.24
2 San 28.78
3 Mbuti 21.02
4 Biaka 12.97

Single Population Sharing:

# Population (source) Distance
1 HADZA 28.2
2 SANDAWE 38.75
3 Maasai 44.93
4 Ethiopians 53.13
5 Ethiopian_Jews 54.16
6 East_African (Dodecad) 54.55
7 SAN_SA 56.71
8 Bantu_N.E. 58.82
9 Luhya 59.76
10 Bulala 60.19
11 Mada 70.86
12 Fang 72.39
13 Libya 72.74
14 North_African (Dodecad) 73.72
15 Algeria 73.86
16 Morocco_S 74.46
17 Egyptans 75.01
18 Kongo 75.77
19 Egypt 76.39
20 Kaba 76.79

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 78.7% HADZA + 21.3% SAN_NB @ 18.67
2 80.8% HADZA + 19.2% San @ 18.97
3 72.4% HADZA + 27.6% SAN_SA @ 19.56
4 84.7% HADZA + 15.3% Mbuti_Pygmies @ 22.52
5 71.8% SANDAWE + 28.2% SAN_NB @ 24.5
6 63.3% SANDAWE + 36.7% SAN_SA @ 25.06
7 74.4% SANDAWE + 25.6% San @ 25.11
8 67.7% Maasai + 32.3% SAN_NB @ 26.97
9 92.6% HADZA + 7.4% Biaka_Pygmies @ 27.25
10 70.7% Maasai + 29.3% San @ 27.73
11 58.3% Maasai + 41.7% SAN_SA @ 27.78
12 93.9% HADZA + 6.1% Fulani @ 27.79
13 93.7% HADZA + 6.3% Morocco_S @ 27.82
14 94.9% HADZA + 5.1% Mandenka @ 27.82
15 94.9% HADZA + 5.1% Brong @ 27.85
16 94.8% HADZA + 5.2% Sahara_OCC @ 27.87
17 94.1% HADZA + 5.9% Algeria @ 27.88
18 94.5% HADZA + 5.5% Moroccans @ 27.88
19 94.3% HADZA + 5.7% Fang @ 27.91
20 94.9% HADZA + 5.1% Morocco_N @ 27.92


What explains this 20%+ SW Asia at Tanzania samples alone? Interesting.

Caucasoid admixture most likely. See this article:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic

[Token]

Bantus are the Indo-Europeans of Africa.

[Chaos One]

Caucasoid admixture most likely. See this article:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic

Yes, but do you think those Cushtic groups would hold or already had 20% SW Asia at that time? Like, did they had this SW Asia by mixing with old SW populations or they are part of this SW Asia group at some degree?

[Peterski]

So all Pygmy and Bushmen.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhE3p9D_8XY