Shubotai
02-24-2019, 12:26 PM
Japenese professor Matsumoto Hideo of Osaka University made an important work on immunoglobulin Gm markers among various populations of the world on his research The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524296/). The results allowed Mongoloid populations to be divided into two groups (http://www.geocities.jp/ikoh12/kennkyuuno_to/gm_genes/fig_2.jpg), a northern one characterized by a high frequency of Gm genes ab3st, ag and axg and a southern one characterized by a very high frequency of Gm gene afb1b3. American Indians displayed a high frequency of Gm genes ag, axg and ab3st. Negrito populations displayed a high frequency of Gm gene afb1b3, followed by a smaller frequency of axg and ab1c. The two old Gm genes ag and axg, displayed high frequency among all populations of Asia, Oceania and the Americas, while Caucasoid populations displayed a higher frequency of Gm gene fb1b3. African populations displayed a high frequency of the Gm genes ab1b3, ab1c and ab3s. These genes are compounds of the standalone Gm types a, b1, b3, f, g, s, t and x. Some of these like a and g are inherited by all primates, while others like s, t and b3 seem like human innovations.
Because these mutations are acquired slowly with time, it allows to draw further conclusions. The Gm genes afb1b3 and fb1b3 seem instantly related and Caucasoid populations could have a lost the Gm a gene common in all other populations of the world leading to their depigmentation, whereas from the phylogenetic point of view, the Gm afb1b3 is mostly carried by y-dna O populations, which is a subclade of y-dna F, a macrohaplogroup which is prevalent in Western Eurasia, where we find a higher frequency of the Gm gene fb1b3, therefore the y-dna O populations could have acquired the a gene at a later introgression in Asia from paleolithic populations. Be it one or the other way, Europeans and modern East Asians seems most closely related by both phylogeny with y-dna NO under y-dna F and gm genes fb1b3 and afb1b3.
Other y-dna F subclades like H, K, its subgroups N, Q display high concentration in Oceania, Indian subcontinent, North Asia and America, areas with a high frequency of the gm ag gene.
The Gm ab3st gene displays high frequency in Northeast Asia, Japan, Tibet and North America, in populations which mostly carry y-dna C and y-dna D. It seems to have originated east of the Baikal area, where it is highest among Orochen and Buryats, y-dna C populations, while it was also carried to North America by y-dna C, where it is higher among Na-Dene.
The ab3st gene seems like a descendant of the African ab3s gene. The ab3s gene displays its highest frequency among the Khoisan people in South Africa (https://img.index.hu/imgfrm/5/3/0/2/BIG_0000975302.jpg), who carry y-dna A, the ancestral haplogroup of all humans. Since the Khoisan display a kind of proto-mongoloid phenotype, or rather, the Mongoloids display a proto-Capoid phenotype, it is most likely that ab3st is the originator of mongoloid traits in East Asia. The Gm gene ab1b3 is quite high among populations carrying y-dna E, showing their close relation with other members of y-dna CDEF, but lacking the f gene. Y-dna E and and Gm gene ab1b3 are mostly associated with the Congoid phenotype. The Gm gene ab1c is found with frequency in Central Africa and some areas in Western Africa, where we find y-dna B, pygmie people, who have a short stature.
While the gm genes ag and axg do not display a clear association with y-dna macrohaplogroups, they do so with mtdna macrohaplogroups (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Migraciones_humanas_en_haplogrupos_mitocondriales. PNG). Indeed, the axg gene is found with high frequency in South America, North Asia, South India and the Bengal area, Philippines and Australia, exactly in the areas where the highest frequencies of mtdna M are found. And yes, slanty eyes as well. On the other hand, gm ag gene is found amond plenty of America, North Asia, Tibet, North India and Oceania, places where there is a high frequency of mtdna N. This could also explain the old question of the Ainu and Australian Aborigine phenotypes, who even though a mystery by their y-dna, mtdna wise they are both carriers of mtdna N and Gm ag gene by high frequency. In fact, mtdna N is a later introgression into Ainu, though having a long timespan, their original combination was y-dna D and mtdna M (http://www.geocities.jp/ikoh12/honnronn4/004_08_3/higasiajia_niokeru_mtDNA_to_Y_no_hikaku.jpg).
Even so, Gm ag gene is frequent in populations which were traditionally called Australoid, but this term is genetically devoid of meaning and could easily be replaced by paleo-Caucasoid and paleo-Mongoloid, as is the term Negroid, which should be replaced by the neutral term Congoid at least for y-dna E populations.
Negrito groups of Luzon and Mindanao (http://www.geocities.jp/ikoh12/honnronn1/08gmidennsi-1/kanntaiheiyouniokeru_Gmidennsibunnpu.jpg) display a high frequency of afb1b3, concordant with their high frequency of y-dna O, followed by axg and then, ag. The higher frequency of axg in the Philippines and its negrito groups could again be explained by a high frequency of mtdna M and maybe y-dna D as well, ancient inhabitant of the islands.
Therefore, from the y-dna perspective, it seems that mongoloid traits originated with ab3st and y-dna C, while from the mtdna perspective, it seems that the asian traits originated with axg and mtdna M. However, y-dna D was most likely the original partner of mtdna M, and it is not absent from Japan and Tibet, places with high ab3st concentration. Nevertheless, ab3st is not found in South America or South India, places with a high mtdna M concentration.
Finally, macrohaplogroup C, D, E, F have a common ancestor, CDEF (or CT) (https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk.html), from whom they inherited many mutations. CDEF was divided into CF and DE, which were subsequently divided into C and F and D and E, respectively. Haplogroup DE is characterized by many mutations, while CF only by three. That is, y-dna macrohaplogroups D and E are very closely related, while macrohaplgroups C and F have almost no mutations in common, at least none except for the common inherited by CDEF, which DE also has. Therefore, their distance is greater than between D and E, thus forming three mutational clusters, C, F and DE. On the continue, macrohaplogroups C, F, D, E developed many mutations of their own, evolving into the modern Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Asian/Negrito and Congoid subraces respectively.
Because these mutations are acquired slowly with time, it allows to draw further conclusions. The Gm genes afb1b3 and fb1b3 seem instantly related and Caucasoid populations could have a lost the Gm a gene common in all other populations of the world leading to their depigmentation, whereas from the phylogenetic point of view, the Gm afb1b3 is mostly carried by y-dna O populations, which is a subclade of y-dna F, a macrohaplogroup which is prevalent in Western Eurasia, where we find a higher frequency of the Gm gene fb1b3, therefore the y-dna O populations could have acquired the a gene at a later introgression in Asia from paleolithic populations. Be it one or the other way, Europeans and modern East Asians seems most closely related by both phylogeny with y-dna NO under y-dna F and gm genes fb1b3 and afb1b3.
Other y-dna F subclades like H, K, its subgroups N, Q display high concentration in Oceania, Indian subcontinent, North Asia and America, areas with a high frequency of the gm ag gene.
The Gm ab3st gene displays high frequency in Northeast Asia, Japan, Tibet and North America, in populations which mostly carry y-dna C and y-dna D. It seems to have originated east of the Baikal area, where it is highest among Orochen and Buryats, y-dna C populations, while it was also carried to North America by y-dna C, where it is higher among Na-Dene.
The ab3st gene seems like a descendant of the African ab3s gene. The ab3s gene displays its highest frequency among the Khoisan people in South Africa (https://img.index.hu/imgfrm/5/3/0/2/BIG_0000975302.jpg), who carry y-dna A, the ancestral haplogroup of all humans. Since the Khoisan display a kind of proto-mongoloid phenotype, or rather, the Mongoloids display a proto-Capoid phenotype, it is most likely that ab3st is the originator of mongoloid traits in East Asia. The Gm gene ab1b3 is quite high among populations carrying y-dna E, showing their close relation with other members of y-dna CDEF, but lacking the f gene. Y-dna E and and Gm gene ab1b3 are mostly associated with the Congoid phenotype. The Gm gene ab1c is found with frequency in Central Africa and some areas in Western Africa, where we find y-dna B, pygmie people, who have a short stature.
While the gm genes ag and axg do not display a clear association with y-dna macrohaplogroups, they do so with mtdna macrohaplogroups (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Migraciones_humanas_en_haplogrupos_mitocondriales. PNG). Indeed, the axg gene is found with high frequency in South America, North Asia, South India and the Bengal area, Philippines and Australia, exactly in the areas where the highest frequencies of mtdna M are found. And yes, slanty eyes as well. On the other hand, gm ag gene is found amond plenty of America, North Asia, Tibet, North India and Oceania, places where there is a high frequency of mtdna N. This could also explain the old question of the Ainu and Australian Aborigine phenotypes, who even though a mystery by their y-dna, mtdna wise they are both carriers of mtdna N and Gm ag gene by high frequency. In fact, mtdna N is a later introgression into Ainu, though having a long timespan, their original combination was y-dna D and mtdna M (http://www.geocities.jp/ikoh12/honnronn4/004_08_3/higasiajia_niokeru_mtDNA_to_Y_no_hikaku.jpg).
Even so, Gm ag gene is frequent in populations which were traditionally called Australoid, but this term is genetically devoid of meaning and could easily be replaced by paleo-Caucasoid and paleo-Mongoloid, as is the term Negroid, which should be replaced by the neutral term Congoid at least for y-dna E populations.
Negrito groups of Luzon and Mindanao (http://www.geocities.jp/ikoh12/honnronn1/08gmidennsi-1/kanntaiheiyouniokeru_Gmidennsibunnpu.jpg) display a high frequency of afb1b3, concordant with their high frequency of y-dna O, followed by axg and then, ag. The higher frequency of axg in the Philippines and its negrito groups could again be explained by a high frequency of mtdna M and maybe y-dna D as well, ancient inhabitant of the islands.
Therefore, from the y-dna perspective, it seems that mongoloid traits originated with ab3st and y-dna C, while from the mtdna perspective, it seems that the asian traits originated with axg and mtdna M. However, y-dna D was most likely the original partner of mtdna M, and it is not absent from Japan and Tibet, places with high ab3st concentration. Nevertheless, ab3st is not found in South America or South India, places with a high mtdna M concentration.
Finally, macrohaplogroup C, D, E, F have a common ancestor, CDEF (or CT) (https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk.html), from whom they inherited many mutations. CDEF was divided into CF and DE, which were subsequently divided into C and F and D and E, respectively. Haplogroup DE is characterized by many mutations, while CF only by three. That is, y-dna macrohaplogroups D and E are very closely related, while macrohaplgroups C and F have almost no mutations in common, at least none except for the common inherited by CDEF, which DE also has. Therefore, their distance is greater than between D and E, thus forming three mutational clusters, C, F and DE. On the continue, macrohaplogroups C, F, D, E developed many mutations of their own, evolving into the modern Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Asian/Negrito and Congoid subraces respectively.