curupira
06-28-2011, 12:08 AM
Essomericq:
"The practice of kidnapping was well-established in European contacts with Natives in the New World. Gaspar Corte-Real kidnapped many Natives and sold them into slavery in Portugal (Corte Real in Quinn 1979, 1:149). In 1502 three Indians were at the court of Henry VII of England (P.R.O. in Quinn 1979: 1:110). An interesting example for the purposes of my argument is Binot Paulmier de Gonneville, a Norman who sailed to Brazil in 1504. He saw the bringing of Christianity to the Natives as the custom of all those who came to the Indies and said that the lord Arosca wanted his son, Essomericq, to return to France to live in Christendom. This 'kidnapping' of the Natives was like Columbus's. The French promised the father and the son that Essomericq would be returned home after twenty moons at the latest. Arosca, according to Gonneville, was interested in the French tools and weapons, which to them were as gold, silver and gems to Christians. After Arosca had asked the captain to swear to return at the promised time and the ship was departing, 'all the said people made a great cry, and gave their word that they would conserve well the cross; making this sign by crossing two fingers' (Gonneville). Like Columbus, Gonneville read the signs, but their meanings were not always as simple and clear as these European captains thought. After l'Espoir was shipwrecked, Essomericq settled in Honfleur and married one of the close relatives of Gonneville, his godfather, whose name and some of his goods he inherited. In 1658, Essomericq's descendants contested paying taxes because they were foreigners and because their ancestor had wanted to return home as Gonneville had promised him. They presented the journal for evidence".
Essomericq married Gonnevilles niece and had around 14 children with her. He lived in Normandy then the rest of his life. He died in 1583, when he was 95 years old.
http://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/si-09/hartpubl.htm
Moctezuma
A European noblewoman who can trace her ancestry directly back to Moctezuma, Rosario Nadal y Fuster-Puigdorfila. She is married to the Prince Kyril of Bulgaria (son of former King Simeon of Bulgaria). She is Spanish from Mallorca (merchant and low nobility ancestors).
http://www.cotilleando.com/attachments/f6/39911d1201306726-cristina-rosario-nadal-y-alia-de-jordania-con-irene-rosario.jpg
http://blogs.hola.com/vipalma/rosario-baniador-a.jpg
With Kyril and her children
http://www.hola.com/casasreales/2007/08/20/kyril-vacaciones/imgs/kyrilbulgaria-hijos1a.jpg
Her ancestry back to Moctezuma is shown below.
Moctezuma, also known as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (Classical Nahuatl: Motēuczōma Xōcoyōtzin IPA: [mo.teːkʷ.soː.ma ʃoː.ko.'joː.tsin], also spelled Montezuma in English) (c. 1466 or c.1480–1520) was the 9th tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. It was during Moctezuma's reign that the Spanish Conquest began.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moctezuma_II
1. Moctezuma (Tenochtitlan, what is now Mexico City, in 1480 + México, Tenochtitlan 30.06.1520)
2. Tecuichpotzin Xocoyotzin c/c Juan Cano de Saavedra (Spanish Conquistador)
3. Juan Cano de Moctezuma c/c Elvira de Toledo y Ovando (he got married to the Spanish woman Elvira de Toledo y Ovando in Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain)
4. Juan Cano de Moctezuma c/c Mariana de Carvajal y Toledo
5. Juan Cano de Moctezuma (Cáceres, Extremadura, España, 1587 + 1647)
c/c Isabel Pizarro
6. Mariana Cano de Moctezuma c/c Álvaro de Vivero
7. María de Vivero y Cano de Moctezuma, señora de Encilladas c/c Juan de Carvajal y Pereiro, 1st Count of Enjarada
8. Bernardino de Carvajal, 2nd Count of Enjarada c/c María Josefa de Lancaster y Noroña, 4ª Duchess of Abrantes:
9. Juan António de Carvajal y Lancaster, 5th Duke of Abrantes (1688 + 1747) c/c Francisca de Paula de Zuñiga y Fernandez de Cordova:
10. Manuel Bernardino de Carvajal y Zuñiga, 6th Duke of Abrantes (Cáceres, España, 1739 + Cáceres 1783) c/c María Micaela Gonzaga y Caracciolo
11. María Francisca de Carvajal y Gonzaga c/c Joaquín Crespi de Valldaura y Legina, 12. Count of Castrillo
12. Joaquin Crespi de Valldaura y Carvajal, 13. Count of Orgaz c/c Margarita Caro y Salas
13. María del Carmen Crespí de Valldaura y Caro, Countess of Olocau (born in Valencia 1828) c/c José Quint Zaforteza y Togores
14. Mateo Zaforteza y Crespí de Valldaura c/c Paz Fontes y Teruel
15. Paz Zaforteza y Fontes c/c N Fuster de Puigdorfila
16. Joaquín de Puigdorfila y Zaforteza, Count of Olocau Isabel de Villalonga y Amorós
17. Isabel Fuster-Puigdorfila y Villalonga c/c Miguel Nadal y Pestard
18 -> Rosario Nadal y Fuster-Puigdorfila (born in 22.10.1968)".
http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=51475
Native mtDNA found in Britain
Native American mtDNA found in Britain (Indigenous Americans were brought over to the UK as early as the 1500s):
DNA testing has uncovered British descendents of Native Americans brought to the UK centuries ago as slaves, translators or tribal representatives. Genetic analysis turned up two white British women with a DNA signature characteristic of American Indians. Indigenous Americans were brought over to the UK as early as the 1500s. 'It rocked me completely. It made think: who am I?' Doreen Isherwood. Many were brought over as curiosities; but others travelled here in delegations during the 18th Century to petition the British imperial government over trade or protection from other tribes. Experts say it is probable that some stayed in Britain and married into local communities. Doreen Isherwood,64, from Putney, and Anne Hall, 53, of Huddersfield, only found out about their New World heritage after paying for commercial DNA ancestry tests. Mrs Isherwood told BBC News: "I was expecting the results to say I belonged to one of the common European tribes, but when I got them back, my first thought was that they were a mistake. "It rocked me completely. It made think: who am I?"
Ancestral home
The chartered physiotherapist studied for a degree at the University of North Carolina, but had no idea she possessed Native American ancestors. She said she came from a long line of Lancashire cotton weavers. Raleigh brought Indians from the Jamestown area to England Mrs Isherwood added that she was "immensely proud" of her newfound heritage, which has renewed a long-standing interest in Native American culture. Anne Hall, who works as a private educational tutor, commented: "I was thrilled to bits. It was a very pleasant surprise. To have Native American blood is very exotic." She said she now aimed to investigate her family history in an attempt to track down the source of her rare genetic lineage. Mrs Isherwood says her American antecedent must have arrived in Britain in the 18th or 17th Centuries. She has traced her maternal ancestors back to 1798 and has found no sign of New World progenitors.
Maternal clans
The tests taken by both women were based on analysis of DNA inside the "powerhouses" of our cells: the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed down from mother to daughter more or less unchanged; but changes, or mutations, accumulate in the DNA sequence over successive generations. Chief Scientists can use these changes to classify mtDNAs into broad types (called haplogroups) which, to some extent, reflect a person's geographical origin. Mrs Isherwood and Mrs Hall possessed haplogroups characteristic of the indigenous people of the Americas, which are referred to as A and C. "It's very unusual. Most of the people we test belong to one of the European maternal clans," said Professor Bryan Sykes, whose company Oxford Ancestors carried out the tests for Doreen and Anne. Professor Sykes, also a professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford, said: "There are matches between [Doreen and Anne] and particular Native American tribes, but that doesn't necessarily mean those are the tribes their ancestors came from."
Trickle of immigrants
This month marks the 400th anniversary of Jamestown, the first permanent English-speaking settlement in North America. Alden Vaughan, a professor emeritus at Columbia University, in New York, has written a book on American Indians in Britain. He said indigenous peoples from the New World began arriving in Britain as early as the sixteenth century. "It started earlier than Jamestown. A number were brought over through the 1500s, mainly as curiosities," he told BBC News. Others were taken to Britain to learn English and go back to the colonies as translators. "Sir Walter Raleigh brought back several individuals from the Jamestown area and from the Orinoco valley. Pocahontas went to England in 1616 and died there the next year. "She was accompanied by several of her tribal associates. Some of them stayed in England for several years. I don't know of any marriages or even relationships between those women and Englishmen, but it is certainly possible. "Later in the 17th Century, Native American slaves were brought over. I don't know much about them, because all the evidence I have are ads in London newspapers for runaway bond-servants, described as being Indians."
Doreen (left) with daughter Rebecca and granddaughter Anais:
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/01079/connected-graphics_1079686a.jpg
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6621319.stm
Native American mtDNA found in the Canary Islands
Native American mtDNA has also been found in the Canary Islands (as a result of gene flow after the Columbus led invasion of the Americas)
"mtDNA from 17th-18th c. Tenerife
Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (Early View)
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in 17th-18th century remains from Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Nicole Maca-Meyer et al.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were retrieved (with >80% efficiency) from a 17th-18th century sample of 213 teeth from Tenerife. The genetic composition of this population reveals an important ethnic heterogeneity. Although the majority of detected haplotypes are of European origin, the high frequency of sub-Saharan African haplotypes (15.63%), compared to that of the present-day population (6.6%), confirms the importance of the Canary Islands in the black slave trade of that epoch. The aboriginal substrate, inferred from the U6b1 haplotypes (8.59%), has also decreased due to European input. Finally, the presence of Amerindian lineages (1.5%) reveals that the Canary Islands have also received genetic flow from America".
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714457?dopt=Abstract
Tabajara daughter of a Chief, M'uirá Ubi
The famous and all too powerful Marquess of Pombal (Native American MtDNA):
1. MARIA DO ESPÍRITO SANTO ARCOVERDE (she was born in 1510 in Pernambuco, Brazil, to a Tabajara Chief; her Native name was M'uirá Ubi; her father's name was Uirá Ubi), she had offspring with Jeronimo de Albuquerque (a Portuguese nobleman, early settler of Pernambuco, he was born in 1500 and he died in 1583)
2. Catarina de Albuquerque got married to Filipe Cavalcanti
3. Beatriz (or Maria) Cavalcanti got married to João Gomes de Melo
4. Brites de Melo got married to Paulo de Moura
5. Maria de Melo (born in 1615 in Brazil) had offspring with Francisco de Mendonça Furtado, alcaide-mor of Mourão in Portugal
6. Maior Luísa de Mendonça got married to João de Almada e Melo, Lord of Souto D'El Rei
7. Teresa Luísa de Mendonça e Melo got married to Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde
8. SEBASTIÃO JOSÉ DE CARVALHO E MELO, 1st Marquess of Pombal
http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=20224
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Count of Oeiras, 1st Marquess of Pombal ((Marquês de Pombal, Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐɾˈkeʃ dɨ ˈpõbaɫ]; 13 May 1699–8 May 1782) was an 18th century Portuguese statesman. He was Minister of the Kingdom (the equivalent to a today's prime minister) in the government of Joseph I of Portugal from 1750 to 1777. Undoubtedly the most prominent minister in the government, he is considered today to have been the de facto head of government. Pombal is notable for his swift and competent leadership in the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. He implemented sweeping economic policies in Portugal to regulate commercial activity and standardize quality throughout the country. Pombal was instrumental in weakening the grip of the Inquisition.[1] The term Pombaline is used to describe not only his tenure, but also the architectural style which formed after the great earthquake.
Pombal introduced many fundamental administrative, educational, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms justified in the name of "reason" and instrumental in advancing secularization. However, historians argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_56PRyye53L4/TLNwELu_gKI/AAAAAAAAC7w/sNGOsyft1xA/s1600/pombal.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo
"The practice of kidnapping was well-established in European contacts with Natives in the New World. Gaspar Corte-Real kidnapped many Natives and sold them into slavery in Portugal (Corte Real in Quinn 1979, 1:149). In 1502 three Indians were at the court of Henry VII of England (P.R.O. in Quinn 1979: 1:110). An interesting example for the purposes of my argument is Binot Paulmier de Gonneville, a Norman who sailed to Brazil in 1504. He saw the bringing of Christianity to the Natives as the custom of all those who came to the Indies and said that the lord Arosca wanted his son, Essomericq, to return to France to live in Christendom. This 'kidnapping' of the Natives was like Columbus's. The French promised the father and the son that Essomericq would be returned home after twenty moons at the latest. Arosca, according to Gonneville, was interested in the French tools and weapons, which to them were as gold, silver and gems to Christians. After Arosca had asked the captain to swear to return at the promised time and the ship was departing, 'all the said people made a great cry, and gave their word that they would conserve well the cross; making this sign by crossing two fingers' (Gonneville). Like Columbus, Gonneville read the signs, but their meanings were not always as simple and clear as these European captains thought. After l'Espoir was shipwrecked, Essomericq settled in Honfleur and married one of the close relatives of Gonneville, his godfather, whose name and some of his goods he inherited. In 1658, Essomericq's descendants contested paying taxes because they were foreigners and because their ancestor had wanted to return home as Gonneville had promised him. They presented the journal for evidence".
Essomericq married Gonnevilles niece and had around 14 children with her. He lived in Normandy then the rest of his life. He died in 1583, when he was 95 years old.
http://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/si-09/hartpubl.htm
Moctezuma
A European noblewoman who can trace her ancestry directly back to Moctezuma, Rosario Nadal y Fuster-Puigdorfila. She is married to the Prince Kyril of Bulgaria (son of former King Simeon of Bulgaria). She is Spanish from Mallorca (merchant and low nobility ancestors).
http://www.cotilleando.com/attachments/f6/39911d1201306726-cristina-rosario-nadal-y-alia-de-jordania-con-irene-rosario.jpg
http://blogs.hola.com/vipalma/rosario-baniador-a.jpg
With Kyril and her children
http://www.hola.com/casasreales/2007/08/20/kyril-vacaciones/imgs/kyrilbulgaria-hijos1a.jpg
Her ancestry back to Moctezuma is shown below.
Moctezuma, also known as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (Classical Nahuatl: Motēuczōma Xōcoyōtzin IPA: [mo.teːkʷ.soː.ma ʃoː.ko.'joː.tsin], also spelled Montezuma in English) (c. 1466 or c.1480–1520) was the 9th tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. It was during Moctezuma's reign that the Spanish Conquest began.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moctezuma_II
1. Moctezuma (Tenochtitlan, what is now Mexico City, in 1480 + México, Tenochtitlan 30.06.1520)
2. Tecuichpotzin Xocoyotzin c/c Juan Cano de Saavedra (Spanish Conquistador)
3. Juan Cano de Moctezuma c/c Elvira de Toledo y Ovando (he got married to the Spanish woman Elvira de Toledo y Ovando in Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain)
4. Juan Cano de Moctezuma c/c Mariana de Carvajal y Toledo
5. Juan Cano de Moctezuma (Cáceres, Extremadura, España, 1587 + 1647)
c/c Isabel Pizarro
6. Mariana Cano de Moctezuma c/c Álvaro de Vivero
7. María de Vivero y Cano de Moctezuma, señora de Encilladas c/c Juan de Carvajal y Pereiro, 1st Count of Enjarada
8. Bernardino de Carvajal, 2nd Count of Enjarada c/c María Josefa de Lancaster y Noroña, 4ª Duchess of Abrantes:
9. Juan António de Carvajal y Lancaster, 5th Duke of Abrantes (1688 + 1747) c/c Francisca de Paula de Zuñiga y Fernandez de Cordova:
10. Manuel Bernardino de Carvajal y Zuñiga, 6th Duke of Abrantes (Cáceres, España, 1739 + Cáceres 1783) c/c María Micaela Gonzaga y Caracciolo
11. María Francisca de Carvajal y Gonzaga c/c Joaquín Crespi de Valldaura y Legina, 12. Count of Castrillo
12. Joaquin Crespi de Valldaura y Carvajal, 13. Count of Orgaz c/c Margarita Caro y Salas
13. María del Carmen Crespí de Valldaura y Caro, Countess of Olocau (born in Valencia 1828) c/c José Quint Zaforteza y Togores
14. Mateo Zaforteza y Crespí de Valldaura c/c Paz Fontes y Teruel
15. Paz Zaforteza y Fontes c/c N Fuster de Puigdorfila
16. Joaquín de Puigdorfila y Zaforteza, Count of Olocau Isabel de Villalonga y Amorós
17. Isabel Fuster-Puigdorfila y Villalonga c/c Miguel Nadal y Pestard
18 -> Rosario Nadal y Fuster-Puigdorfila (born in 22.10.1968)".
http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=51475
Native mtDNA found in Britain
Native American mtDNA found in Britain (Indigenous Americans were brought over to the UK as early as the 1500s):
DNA testing has uncovered British descendents of Native Americans brought to the UK centuries ago as slaves, translators or tribal representatives. Genetic analysis turned up two white British women with a DNA signature characteristic of American Indians. Indigenous Americans were brought over to the UK as early as the 1500s. 'It rocked me completely. It made think: who am I?' Doreen Isherwood. Many were brought over as curiosities; but others travelled here in delegations during the 18th Century to petition the British imperial government over trade or protection from other tribes. Experts say it is probable that some stayed in Britain and married into local communities. Doreen Isherwood,64, from Putney, and Anne Hall, 53, of Huddersfield, only found out about their New World heritage after paying for commercial DNA ancestry tests. Mrs Isherwood told BBC News: "I was expecting the results to say I belonged to one of the common European tribes, but when I got them back, my first thought was that they were a mistake. "It rocked me completely. It made think: who am I?"
Ancestral home
The chartered physiotherapist studied for a degree at the University of North Carolina, but had no idea she possessed Native American ancestors. She said she came from a long line of Lancashire cotton weavers. Raleigh brought Indians from the Jamestown area to England Mrs Isherwood added that she was "immensely proud" of her newfound heritage, which has renewed a long-standing interest in Native American culture. Anne Hall, who works as a private educational tutor, commented: "I was thrilled to bits. It was a very pleasant surprise. To have Native American blood is very exotic." She said she now aimed to investigate her family history in an attempt to track down the source of her rare genetic lineage. Mrs Isherwood says her American antecedent must have arrived in Britain in the 18th or 17th Centuries. She has traced her maternal ancestors back to 1798 and has found no sign of New World progenitors.
Maternal clans
The tests taken by both women were based on analysis of DNA inside the "powerhouses" of our cells: the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed down from mother to daughter more or less unchanged; but changes, or mutations, accumulate in the DNA sequence over successive generations. Chief Scientists can use these changes to classify mtDNAs into broad types (called haplogroups) which, to some extent, reflect a person's geographical origin. Mrs Isherwood and Mrs Hall possessed haplogroups characteristic of the indigenous people of the Americas, which are referred to as A and C. "It's very unusual. Most of the people we test belong to one of the European maternal clans," said Professor Bryan Sykes, whose company Oxford Ancestors carried out the tests for Doreen and Anne. Professor Sykes, also a professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford, said: "There are matches between [Doreen and Anne] and particular Native American tribes, but that doesn't necessarily mean those are the tribes their ancestors came from."
Trickle of immigrants
This month marks the 400th anniversary of Jamestown, the first permanent English-speaking settlement in North America. Alden Vaughan, a professor emeritus at Columbia University, in New York, has written a book on American Indians in Britain. He said indigenous peoples from the New World began arriving in Britain as early as the sixteenth century. "It started earlier than Jamestown. A number were brought over through the 1500s, mainly as curiosities," he told BBC News. Others were taken to Britain to learn English and go back to the colonies as translators. "Sir Walter Raleigh brought back several individuals from the Jamestown area and from the Orinoco valley. Pocahontas went to England in 1616 and died there the next year. "She was accompanied by several of her tribal associates. Some of them stayed in England for several years. I don't know of any marriages or even relationships between those women and Englishmen, but it is certainly possible. "Later in the 17th Century, Native American slaves were brought over. I don't know much about them, because all the evidence I have are ads in London newspapers for runaway bond-servants, described as being Indians."
Doreen (left) with daughter Rebecca and granddaughter Anais:
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/01079/connected-graphics_1079686a.jpg
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6621319.stm
Native American mtDNA found in the Canary Islands
Native American mtDNA has also been found in the Canary Islands (as a result of gene flow after the Columbus led invasion of the Americas)
"mtDNA from 17th-18th c. Tenerife
Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (Early View)
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in 17th-18th century remains from Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Nicole Maca-Meyer et al.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were retrieved (with >80% efficiency) from a 17th-18th century sample of 213 teeth from Tenerife. The genetic composition of this population reveals an important ethnic heterogeneity. Although the majority of detected haplotypes are of European origin, the high frequency of sub-Saharan African haplotypes (15.63%), compared to that of the present-day population (6.6%), confirms the importance of the Canary Islands in the black slave trade of that epoch. The aboriginal substrate, inferred from the U6b1 haplotypes (8.59%), has also decreased due to European input. Finally, the presence of Amerindian lineages (1.5%) reveals that the Canary Islands have also received genetic flow from America".
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714457?dopt=Abstract
Tabajara daughter of a Chief, M'uirá Ubi
The famous and all too powerful Marquess of Pombal (Native American MtDNA):
1. MARIA DO ESPÍRITO SANTO ARCOVERDE (she was born in 1510 in Pernambuco, Brazil, to a Tabajara Chief; her Native name was M'uirá Ubi; her father's name was Uirá Ubi), she had offspring with Jeronimo de Albuquerque (a Portuguese nobleman, early settler of Pernambuco, he was born in 1500 and he died in 1583)
2. Catarina de Albuquerque got married to Filipe Cavalcanti
3. Beatriz (or Maria) Cavalcanti got married to João Gomes de Melo
4. Brites de Melo got married to Paulo de Moura
5. Maria de Melo (born in 1615 in Brazil) had offspring with Francisco de Mendonça Furtado, alcaide-mor of Mourão in Portugal
6. Maior Luísa de Mendonça got married to João de Almada e Melo, Lord of Souto D'El Rei
7. Teresa Luísa de Mendonça e Melo got married to Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde
8. SEBASTIÃO JOSÉ DE CARVALHO E MELO, 1st Marquess of Pombal
http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=20224
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Count of Oeiras, 1st Marquess of Pombal ((Marquês de Pombal, Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐɾˈkeʃ dɨ ˈpõbaɫ]; 13 May 1699–8 May 1782) was an 18th century Portuguese statesman. He was Minister of the Kingdom (the equivalent to a today's prime minister) in the government of Joseph I of Portugal from 1750 to 1777. Undoubtedly the most prominent minister in the government, he is considered today to have been the de facto head of government. Pombal is notable for his swift and competent leadership in the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. He implemented sweeping economic policies in Portugal to regulate commercial activity and standardize quality throughout the country. Pombal was instrumental in weakening the grip of the Inquisition.[1] The term Pombaline is used to describe not only his tenure, but also the architectural style which formed after the great earthquake.
Pombal introduced many fundamental administrative, educational, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms justified in the name of "reason" and instrumental in advancing secularization. However, historians argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_56PRyye53L4/TLNwELu_gKI/AAAAAAAAC7w/sNGOsyft1xA/s1600/pombal.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo