Viking world population genomics

[Peterski]

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1

"Abstract

The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swiftest and most far-flung cultural transformations in global history. During this time (c. 750 to 1050 CE), the Vikings reached most of western Eurasia, Greenland, and North America, and left a cultural legacy that persists till today. To understand the genetic structure and influence of the Viking expansion, we sequenced the genomes of 442 ancient humans from across Europe and Greenland ranging from the Bronze Age (c. 2400 BC) to the early Modern period (c. 1600 CE), with particular emphasis on the Viking Age. We find that the period preceding the Viking Age was accompanied by foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east: spreading from Denmark and eastern Sweden to the rest of Scandinavia.

Despite the close linguistic similarities of modern Scandinavian languages, we observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, suggesting that regional population differences were already present 1,000 years ago. We find evidence for a majority of Danish Viking presence in England, Swedish Viking presence in the Baltic, and Norwegian Viking presence in Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial foreign European ancestry entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. We also find that several of the members of the only archaeologically well-attested Viking expedition were close family members. By comparing Viking Scandinavian genomes with present-day Scandinavian genomes, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the last millennia.

Finally, we are able to trace the allele frequency dynamics of positively selected loci with unprecedented detail, including the lactase persistence allele and various alleles associated with the immune response. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial foreign engagement: distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, while Scandinavia also experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent."

=====

More:

"In order to explore the genomic history of the Viking era, we shotgun sequenced 442 ancient human
remains, from the Bronze Age c. 2400 BC to the Medieval Age c. 1600 AD (Fig. 1). The majority of
these individuals (n=376) were sequenced to between 0.1 and 11X average depth of coverage. The
dataset includes Bronze Age (n=2) and Iron Age (n=10) individuals from Scandinavia; Early Viking
Age (n=43) individuals from Estonia (n=34), Denmark (n=6) and Sweden (n=3); ancient individuals
associated with Norse culture from Greenland (n=23), VA individuals from Denmark (n=78), Faroe
Islands (n=1), Iceland (n=17), Ireland (n=4), Norway (n=29), Poland (n=8), Russia (n=33), Sweden
(n=118), UK (n=42), Ukraine (n=3) as well as medieval individuals from Faroe Islands (n=16), Italy
(n=5), Norway (n=7), Poland (n=2) and Ukraine (n=1). The VA individuals were supplemented with
additional published genomes (n=21) from Sigtuna, in Sweden6. The skeletons originate from major
archaeological sites of VA Scandinavian settlements and activities from Europe to Greenland
(Supplementary Table 1). The data from the ancient individuals were analyzed together with
previously published data from a total of 3,855 present-day individuals across two reference panels,
and data from 922 individuals of ancient origin (Supplementary Note 6)."

=====

Edit:

Vikings sorted by Polish admixture:

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/07/17/703405/DC3/embed/media-3.xlsx?download=true]https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/ear...x?download=true

I think that VK157, VK156 and VK154 have similar results to what I would score here (or my mother, as she has strong "Finnish / Fennoscandian" admix):

https://i.imgur.com/k7opkhA.png

In other words, VK157, VK156 and VK154 were probably like your average modern North-Western Pole (such as my aunt from Tuchola; I need to test her).

=====

In Gotland 5/18 Viking samples (or ca. 28%) have over 50% of Polish-like admixture. Unexpected. Here is the PCA:

https://i.imgur.com/HaI7l6A.jpg

=====

Funen island (Denmark), one man is autosomally Polish (this is consistent with historical records and existence of Slavic toponyms on the island), he has R1a-L1029:

https://i.postimg.cc/NGK5VzQB/Screen-Hunter-2770-Jul-18-14-28.jpg

=====

I'm surprised that the authors used only Poles - without Lithuanians - in the PCA and in other comparisons, but at the same time they claim that those people could be Balts rather than Baltic Slavs. It should not be difficult to distinguish Balts from West Slavs, GEDmatch calculators can do it easily.

Slavic-inhabited part of the Baltic Sea coast during the Viking Age extended from present-day Wendtorf in Kreis Plön (54°25′N 10°0′E - the name Wendtorf literally means "Slavic village" and was probably the westernmost Slavic town along the Baltic coast) in the region of Wagrien (Wagria) in what is now Holstein, all the way to Lipa (Liep / Kahlberg, present-day Krynica Morska), 54°22′57″N 19°26′40″E. The islands of Fehmarn, Rügen, Usedom and Wolin were also Slavic.

Wendtotf (Coordinates: 54°25′N 10°18′E) in the region of Wagria:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendtorf

Wagria was Pagan and Slavic until the 12th century when it was conquered by crusaders.

Helmold, "Slavic Chronicle", Chapter 57 - "Foundation of the city of Lübeck" - about German conquest and colonization of Wagria:

https://i.imgur.com/PuAHchx.png

"(...) Count Adolf started building the castle of Segeberg and fortified it. Because the land was ravaged, he sent messengers to many regions, namely to Flanders, Holland, Utrecht, Westphalia and Frisia, with a message that if they needed more land they were free to come with their families, and they would be given a lot of good fertile land, full of fish and game, rich in vast pastures. He also told Holsatians and Sturmarians: 'Aren't you the ones who conquered Slavic land and obtained it through deaths of your brothers and relatives? So why should you settle as the last ones? Be first, start migrating to this desired land, settle it and benefit from its resources' (...). After that call, huge crowds of people from various nations started coming, together with their families and property, to the land of the Wagrians ruled by Adolf, who promised to give them land.

Holsatians were given safe areas to the west of Segeberg, near the Trave river, including the Zuentineveld [modern Bornhöved] fields as well as everything between the river Schwale up to Agrimesov [modern Grimmeisberg] and up to Lake Plön.

The region of Dargun [modern Warder and Ahrensbök/Stoob] was settled by Westphalians.

The region of Utyn [Eutin] was settled by Hollanders.

The region of Süsel [south-east of Eutin] was settled by Frisians.

The region of Plön still remained depopulated for the time being.

Regions of Starogard [Oldenburg] and Lutjenburg as well as other areas along the sea coast were left for farming to the Slavs, who now had to pay rent to Count Adolf (...)"

=====

Ukrainian sample VK541 from Lutsk (autosomally >95% Polish, Y-DNA R1a-L1029) was a prince:

https://i.postimg.cc/pX0SLvr5/Screen-Hunter-2770-Jul-18-15-40.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/QjdGG4CW/Screen-Hunter-2770-Jul-18-15-41.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/MpvFcLfP/Screen-Hunter-2771-Jul-18-15-41.jpg

[Matxe92]

Danish DNA researcher Eske Willerslev says that it doesn't look like so far that there is evidence for genetic legacy from danish vikings in england. He said that in 2017.

[Leto]

Russia (n=33)
I'm really curious what kind of Russians they are.

[XenophobicPrussian]

Garbage PCA plots, and I mean absolute steaming pile of shit garbage. The Distinct Spheres of Influence in the Viking World on page 27 is really interesting though.

Hopefully Davidski will upload them to G25 instead of blogging about Finno-Ugrics or other shit no one cares about, I'm really curious about the Foggia sample from medieval southern Italy(which wasn't a Viking btw, either mixed or native).

[J. Ketch]

Danish DNA researcher Eske Willerslev says that it doesn't look like so far that there is evidence for genetic legacy from danish vikings in england. He said that in 2017.
And there may never be, thanks to their similarity to Anglo-Saxons. Norwegian influence however is apparently around 4% across the British Isles


Outside of Scandinavia, the genetic legacy of the Vikings is consistent, though limited. A small
500 component is present in Poland (up to 5%) and the south of Europe. Within the British Isles, it is
501 difficult to assess how much of the Danish-like ancestry is due to pre-existing Anglo-Saxon ancestry;
502 however, the Norwegian-like ancestry is consistently around 4%. The Danish-like contribution is
503 likely to be similar in magnitude and is certainly not larger than 16% as found in Scotland and Ireland.
504 The lack of strong variation in ancestry from Scandinavia makes sense if the Vikings did not maintain
505 a diaspora identity over time but instead integrated into the respective societies in which they settled.
506 The genetic impacts are stronger in the other direction. The ‘British-like’ populations of Orkney
507 became ‘Scandinavian’ culturally, whilst other British populations found themselves in Iceland and
508 Norway, and beyond. Present-day Norwegians vary between 12 and 25% in their ‘British-like’
509 ancestry, whilst it is still (a more uniform) 10% in Sweden.
How much of these figures can be taken literally (a result of Viking era migrations)?

[Peterski]

This is interesting (and remember that it is based on a comparison of actual DNA from Pre-Viking Scandinavians and modern Scandinavians - modern Scandinavians, especially West Norwegians, have British admixture that was apparently absent from Pre-Viking Scandinavia): "(...) The genetic impacts are stronger in the other direction. The ‘British-like’ populations of Orkney became ‘Scandinavian’ culturally, whilst other British populations found themselves in Iceland and Norway, and beyond. Present-day Norwegians vary between 12 and 25% in their ‘British-like’ ancestry, whilst it is still (a more uniform) 10% in Sweden. (...)"

My guess is that Vikings from Orkney and other areas which became culturally Viking later migrated a lot to Scandinavia proper, and this is how this British DNA was absorbed.

=====

Also North-East Europeans moved to parts of Scandinavia:

https://i.imgur.com/jEQb6d6.jpg

[Grace O'Malley]

So the Irish DNA Atlas was correct after all about the Norse input into Ireland. Also Connacht appears as much affected as Dublin.

https://i.imgur.com/P1Bfohn.png

[J. Ketch]

This is interesting (and remember that it is based on a comparison of actual DNA from Pre-Viking Scandinavians and modern Scandinavians - modern Scandinavians, especially West Norwegians, have British admixture that was apparently absent from Pre-Viking Scandinavia):

"(...) The genetic impacts are stronger in the other direction. The ‘British-like’ populations of Orkney
became ‘Scandinavian’ culturally, whilst other British populations found themselves in Iceland and Norway, and beyond. Present-day Norwegians vary between 12 and 25% in their ‘British-like’
ancestry, whilst it is still (a more uniform) 10% in Sweden. (...)"

My guess is that Vikings from Orkney and other areas which became culturally Viking later migrated a lot to Scandinavia proper, and this is how this British DNA was absorbed.

Interesting theory that could be true, but I find those numbers hard to believe.

[Peterski]

This study confirms the presence of Slavic Vikings (mercenaries) in Denmark:

https://periklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com/2014/07/31/harold-bluetooths-vikings-were-polish-mercenaries/

VK139 is from Funen, Denmark, but with R1a-L1029 and autosomally Polish:

https://i.imgur.com/rKHUhKJ.jpg

Y-DNA haplogroups:

https://i.imgur.com/zNDYMnW.jpg

Edit:


So the Irish DNA Atlas was correct after all (...)

I think the maps show the ancestry of the Viking era samples tested, represented by black dots.

IMO these maps sadly have nothing to do with the DNA of the current population of these locations.

[J. Ketch]

So the Irish DNA Atlas was correct after all about the Norse input into Ireland. Also Connacht appears as much affected as Dublin.

https://i.imgur.com/P1Bfohn.png
What were they correct about? That there is Norse input? Hardly revelation of the century.

[Grace O'Malley]

What were they correct about? That there is Norse input? Hardly revelation of the century.

Well there was some people that were arguing here about it and were critical of the study.

[Peterski]

but I find those numbers hard to believe.

Scandinavia was a place with a low population size and a low population density.

Any movement of people from outside would make an impact due to that.

Britain and Ireland probably had few times more people than entire Scandinavia.

[J. Ketch]

Well there was some people that were arguing here about it and were critical of the study.
I was hoping that there was some consensus on numbers. This Viking paper seems to suggest that Irish and Scots have around 20% Viking + Anglo-Saxon admixture.

[PaleoEuropean]

Danish DNA researcher Eske Willerslev says that it doesn't look like so far that there is evidence for genetic legacy from danish vikings in england. He said that in 2017.

If that were true I would not exist xD. Look to Canada and America for the largest portion of Scandinavian British genetics. Most the Danes assimilated into the English Kingdom, merged with Normans and settled in the North of England and in Scotland. Statistical studies are usually pretty dubious. Where did they test, did they test people with Norman surnames, did they test Americans, Australians and Canadians of British descent from Scandinavian lineages, large parts of the British Isles have been depopulated, the people in some places like York and Scotland aren't made up of the people that were there 500 years ago. Most people of Danish origin were/are nobility, the low level soldiers of the Great Viking Army melted into the rest of the world in search of new plunder, they didn't wan't to be serfs. You can find tons of people like me who have Scandinavian surnames and connect their family to gentry and nobility, not saying that there was an overwhelming amount but they are out there.

[Grace O'Malley]

These are interesting. It shows Danish in Southern England, Norse in Ireland and Swedes in the Baltic.

http://i67.tinypic.com/4t21jc.jpg

The non-Scandinavian ancestry appears strongest especially in Northern Scotland. What's that supposed to be showing?

http://i68.tinypic.com/24xoo6s.jpg

[Peterski]

Vikings sorted by Polish admixture:

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/07/17/703405/DC3/embed/media-3.xlsx?download=true]https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/ear...x?download=true

I think that VK157, VK156 and VK154 have similar results to what I would score here (or my mother, as she has strong "Finnish / Fennoscandian" admix):

https://i.imgur.com/k7opkhA.png

In other words, VK157, VK156 and VK154 were probably like your average modern North-Western Pole (such as my aunt from Tuchola; I need to test her).

=====

In Gotland 5/18 samples (or ca. 28%) have over 50% of Polish-like admixture. Unexpected.

[Peterski]

These are interesting.

I think the maps show the ancestry of the Viking era samples tested, represented by black dots.

IMO these maps sadly have nothing to do with the DNA of the current population of these locations.

====

As for the issue of British/Irish gene flow to Norway vs. Norwegian gene flow to Britain/Ireland:

In absolute numbers, I'm quite sure more people migrated from Norway to Ireland and Britain than the other way around.

HOWEVER, at that time Norway was very sparsely populated and had a very small population compared to the British Isles.

So the overall impact of the gene flow, percentage-wise, could actually be stronger in Scandinavia than in Britain/Ireland.

Example: 500 people moving from Ireland to Norway could make a stronger impact in DNA than 3000 people migrating from Norway to Ireland.

=====

Let's use a modern example too, who would make more impact on overall genetics of the other country?:

- 3 million Swedes moving to Nigeria

OR:

- 1 million Nigerians moving to Sweden

^^^ The answer is obvious, you just need to compare the size of native populations in both countries.

[Grace O'Malley]

I think the maps show the ancestry of the Viking era samples tested, represented by black dots.

IMO these maps sadly have nothing to do with the DNA of the current population of these locations.

====

As for the issue of British/Irish gene flow to Norway vs. Norwegian gene flow to Britain/Ireland:

In absolute numbers, I'm quite sure more people migrated from Norway to Ireland and Britain than the other way around.

HOWEVER, at that time Norway was very sparsely populated and had a very small population compared to the British Isles.

So the overall impact of the gene flow, percentage-wise, could actually be stronger in Scandinavia than in Britain/Ireland.

Example: 500 people moving from Ireland to Norway could make a stronger impact in DNA than 3000 people migrating from Norway to Ireland.

=====

Let's use a modern example too, who would make more impact on overall genetics of the other country?:

- 3 million Swedes moving to Nigeria

OR:

- 1 million Nigerians moving to Sweden

^^^ The answer is obvious, you just need to compare the size of native populations in both countries.

It will be good when these genomes are released and can be looked at closer. I'll be interested in their ydna.

[Grace O'Malley]

Denmark's population alone was not that low in the Viking Age.

Denmark’s population
Based upon, amongst other things, the archaeological evidence, it is believed that the population of the area now occupied by Denmark was around 500,000 in the year 800 AD. This steadily increased until the 1200s, when the population reached c. 1 million.

I can't find any figures for the Irish population at that time but it wouldn't have been really large. They weren't city dwellers. I'd say Norway had a smaller population though as it was a harsher place to live.

[Peterski]

Modern Orcadians are quite diverse, some look like they might have no Germanic admixture at all (despite their language/culture).

Sample S_Orcadian-1.DG from Reich dataset is almost 100% Insular Celtic (very similar to Late Bronze Age Scotland samples).

On the other hand, sample S_Orcadian-2.DG from the same dataset is more Germanic-influenced.

Studies such as POBI also show that Orkney Islands have several distinct genetic clusters, despite the small size of these islands!

[SharpFork]

I think the maps show the ancestry of the Viking era samples tested, represented by black dots.

IMO these maps sadly have nothing to do with the DNA of the current population of these locations.

====

As for the issue of British/Irish gene flow to Norway vs. Norwegian gene flow to Britain/Ireland:

In absolute numbers, I'm quite sure more people migrated from Norway to Ireland and Britain than the other way around.

HOWEVER, at that time Norway was very sparsely populated and had a very small population compared to the British Isles.

So the overall impact of the gene flow, percentage-wise, could actually be stronger in Scandinavia than in Britain/Ireland.

Example: 500 people moving from Ireland to Norway could make a stronger impact in DNA than 3000 people migrating from Norway to Ireland.

=====

Let's use a modern example too, who would make more impact on overall genetics of the other country?:

- 3 million Swedes moving to Nigeria

OR:

- 1 million Nigerians moving to Sweden

^^^ The answer is obvious, you just need to compare the size of native populations in both countries.

You are incredibly exaggerating the population difference between Scandinavia and the British isles. At best it's a 3 time population difference, same goes for Ireland and Norway. So actuatelly 3000 people would have 2 times the impact, if everything else is equal.

[Adamastor]

I'll look into it later, but apparently the ''explanations'' given in the OP are part of Peterski's obsession of denying any Germanic genetic and cultural exclusiveness and transforming all Germanic peoples in mongrelized Poles.

[Peterski]

You are incredibly exaggerating the population difference between Scandinavia and the British isles. At best it's a 3 time population difference, same goes for Ireland and Norway. So actuatelly 3000 people would have 2 times the impact, if everything else is equal.

Population size of Scandinavia around year 1 AD (source: estimates by Angus Maddison):

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?260572-Population-size-of-Ancient-Germanic-Tribes

Denmark - 180,000
Sweden - 200,000
Norway - 100,000

Sure, 500 years later it was certainly more, but still much less than Britain and Ireland.

[Voskos]

When are these R1a dated? R1a CTS1211 is very common in albania and greece.

[SharpFork]

Population size of Scandinavia around year 1 AD (source: estimates by Angus Maddison):

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?260572-Population-size-of-Ancient-Germanic-Tribes

Denmark - 180,000
Sweden - 200,000
Norway - 100,000

Sure, 500 years later it was certainly more, but still much less than Britain and Ireland.
The data Grace brought up gives for Denmark a population 2.5 times larger, same goes for 1000 AD data. In any case it would be hard for the British isles to have more than 3 million people in 800AD, probably as low as 2 million even.

[MagnusDark]

I been saying Z280/M458 would pop up. Some of the later ones were probably Varangian guard from Kievan Rus.

[Peterski]

Funen island (Denmark), one man is autosomally Polish (this is consistent with historical records and existence of Slavic toponyms on the island), he has R1a-L1029:

https://i.postimg.cc/NGK5VzQB/Screen-Hunter-2770-Jul-18-14-28.jpg


I been saying Z280/M458 would pop up. Some of the later ones were probably Varangian guard from Kievan Rus.

But these samples are autosomally Slavic.

[MagnusDark]

But these samples are autosomally Slavic.

Doesn’t matter. They participated in the same Viking raids. One was from the Varangian era too. You forget a lot of Vikings in Byzantium were incorporated from Kievan Rus. They were not homogeneous when it comes to those who participated in raids.

It illustrates my point that lineages were absorbed and moved with different cultures. Opposite the tunnel vision approach most have for how these lines moved around.

[Aren]

Were people really surprised that there would be foreigners among the Vikings?

Instead of discussing how many outliers and where they were from I'm more interested in the BA > IA > Viking Age transition in Southern Scandinavia and whether the Scandinavian regions could be differentiated autosomally by the early Viking Age.

[MagnusDark]

Let’s wait until we get gedmatch kits for this guys. Litvinski you’re pretty good with posting those kits as they become available so please update this thread if you get a hold of them.

[Lucas]

NJ tree based on autosomal admixtures from published table.

Colors are assigned to regions like Denmark, Estonia etc., I think it is self-explaining.

https://i.imgur.com/zIoliNV.jpg

[Peterski]

"Celtic Iron Age in Denmark", interesting article (might explain why VK329 has "British" and "Southern European" admixtures - from the Cimbri?):

http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dk-historie10.htm

Also: http://www.davidkfaux.org/Cimbri-Chronology.pdf

=====

Edit:

Ukrainian sample VK541 from Lutsk (autosomally >95% Polish, Y-DNA R1a-L1029) was a prince:

https://i.postimg.cc/pX0SLvr5/Screen-Hunter-2770-Jul-18-15-40.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/QjdGG4CW/Screen-Hunter-2770-Jul-18-15-41.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/MpvFcLfP/Screen-Hunter-2771-Jul-18-15-41.jpg

[SharpFork]

"Celtic Iron Age in Denmark", interesting article (might explain why VK329 has "British" and "Southern European" admixtures - from the Cimbri?):

http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dk-historie10.htm

Also: http://www.davidkfaux.org/Cimbri-Chronology.pdf


David Faux thesis is so dumb that it's pointless to entertain it.

Also I don't see the point of making random theories, why would Southern European admixture be weird in Denmark? What is this Southern European or British admixture supposed to mean anyway?



Ukrainian sample VK541 from Lutsk (autosomally >95% Polish, Y-DNA R1a-L1029) was a prince:

The "Polish" part seems rather a general Eastern European admixture, the fact that Rus Vikings have Polish admixture makes no sense.

[Dick]

Polacks everywhere

[Voskos]

Out of 10 people living in my building, 3 are Slavs. They're everywhere.

[Lucas]

The "Polish" part seems rather a general Eastern European admixture, the fact that Rus Vikings have Polish admixture makes no sense.

Of course it is very important to state here that "Polish" admixture is proxy for general Slavic admixture in this study.
Litvinski tried to hide this info.

[Peterski]

David Faux thesis is so dumb that it's pointless to entertain it.

I don't see why it is dumb. Celts established themselves in the middle of Asia Minor (Galatians), so why not in Jutland?

[Duke]

So Vikings were yelling kurwa? :D

It could be that Slavs at one point entered Scandinavia, raped the women, pillaged and left, children of those women were thought Germanic languages by their mothers, but from father side they held Slavic warlike blood, which made them go Viking

[Peterski]

Of course it is very important to state here that "Polish" admixture is proxy for general Slavic admixture in this study.
Litvinski tried to hide this info.

I did not try to "hide" this info - when we upload these samples to GEDmatch, we will see if their Slavic admixture was similar to Poles or to Russians instead.

But Lechites (Poles and Polabians) were the only Slavic groups that had access to the Baltic Sea coast. Russians did not have access to the Baltic Sea coast at that time. Slavic-inhabited part of the Baltic Sea coast during the Viking Age extended from present-day Wendtorf in Kreis Plön (54°25′N 10°0′E - the name Wendtorf literally means "Slavic village" and was probably the westernmost Slavic town along the Baltic coast) in the region of Wagrien (Wagria) in what is now Holstein, all the way to Lipa (Liep / Kahlberg, present-day Krynica Morska), 54°22′57″N 19°26′40″E. The islands of Fehmarn, Rügen, Usedom and Wolin were also Slavic.

Wendtotf (Coordinates: 54°25′N 10°18′E) in the region of Wagria:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendtorf

Lechites = North-Western Slavs = tribes from the Lechitic language group, which included modern Poles and - already extinct today - Polabians.

Modern Poles (including Kashubians) are the only living descendants of Lechites, because Polabians got extinct as the results of their resistance to Christianity.

Sorbs are also closely related to Lechites, but their language also has some Czecho-Slovak influences, that's why it is not classified as Lechitic.

=====

Wagria was Pagan and Slavic until the 12th century when it was conquered by crusaders.

Helmold, "Slavic Chronicle", Chapter 57 - "Foundation of the city of Lübeck" - about German conquest and colonization of Wagria:

https://i.imgur.com/PuAHchx.png

"(...) Count Adolf started building the castle of Segeberg and fortified it. Because the land was ravaged, he sent messengers to many regions, namely to Flanders, Holland, Utrecht, Westphalia and Frisia, with a message that if they needed more land they were free to come with their families, and they would be given a lot of good fertile land, full of fish and game, rich in vast pastures. He also told Holsatians and Sturmarians: 'Aren't you the ones who conquered Slavic land and obtained it through deaths of your brothers and relatives? So why should you settle as the last ones? Be first, start migrating to this desired land, settle it and benefit from its resources' (...). After that call, huge crowds of people from various nations started coming, together with their families and property, to the land of the Wagrians ruled by Adolf, who promised to give them land.

Holsatians were given safe areas to the west of Segeberg, near the Trave river, including the Zuentineveld [modern Bornhöved] fields as well as everything between the river Schwale up to Agrimesov [modern Grimmeisberg] and up to Lake Plön.

The region of Dargun [modern Warder and Ahrensbök/Stoob] was settled by Westphalians.

The region of Utyn [Eutin] was settled by Hollanders.

The region of Süsel [south-east of Eutin] was settled by Frisians.

The region of Plön still remained depopulated for the time being.

Regions of Starogard [Oldenburg] and Lutjenburg as well as other areas along the sea coast were left for farming to the Slavs, who now had to pay rent to Count Adolf (...)" - BTW, do you have any GEDmatch kits of modern Germans from this area? :) Should be very Slavic-shifted.

[Peterski]

So Vikings were yelling kurwa? :D

DNA exposing the lies of Canadian TV who made the propaganda TV series in which two Vikings single-handedly defeat the army of East Europeans: :picard1:


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fioCjgnwfaA

^^^ Stupid Canadian cucks (I bet XenophobicPrussian-like people made that TV series!) with their Anti-Balto-Slavic propaganda, while the reality was... :

https://periklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com/2014/07/31/harold-bluetooths-vikings-were-polish-mercenaries/

http://www.lodose.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/013b-Bohus-Fortress-Kungah%C3%A4lla-Kung%C3%A4lv-eng.pdf

https://slavicchronicles.com/history/slavs-in-the-viking-world-series-slavs-in-scandinavia/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324472719_Slavic_Raid_on_Konungahella

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungah%C3%A4lla

https://kopenhaga.msz.gov.pl/en/bilateral_cooperation/diplomatic_relations/

http://main5.amu.edu.pl/~rafalp/sigrida/thietmar-eng.htm

[Lucas]

I did not try to "hide" this info - when we upload these samples to GEDmatch, we will see if their Slavic admixture was similar to Poles or to Russians instead.

But Lechites (Poles and Polabians) were the only Slavic groups that had access to the Baltic Sea coast. Russians did not have access to the Baltic Sea coast at that time. Slavic-inhabited part of the Baltic Sea coast during the Viking Age extended from present-day Wendtorf in Kreis Plön (54°25′N 10°0′E - the name Wendtorf literally means "Slavic village" and was probably the westernmost Slavic town along the Baltic coast) in the region of Wagrien (Wagria) in what is now Holstein, all the way to Lipa (Liep / Kahlberg, present-day Krynica Morska), 54°22′57″N 19°26′40″E. The islands of Fehmarn, Rügen, Usedom and Wolin were also Slavic.
.[/B]

Don't pretend to don't know obvious facts:) Varangians explored Russia since VIII century and much more probable was Russian-like admixture among Vikings in general, than Polabian or Polish like.
All samples from Russia and Ukraine in this study (Stara Ladoga etc) are obviously Russsian influenced, not Polish influenced.

[billErobreren]

Well known fact that Danes and Swedes corresponded heavily with Pomeranians and Pollacks. They didn't settle for just Wolin and old Rana.


Polacks everywhere

#EuropeSoSlavic

[Duke]

Ukranians are pretty beast in those knight games


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28UNwAp1PrA

[Lucas]

BTW I'm not sure what Polish dataset was used to establish Polish admixture. If it was infamous Estonian Poles dataset those frequencies are not very correct.

[Peterski]

BTW I'm not sure what Polish dataset was used to establish Polish admixture. If it was infamous Estonian Poles dataset those frequencies are not very correct.

No, they were not those "infamous" Estonian Poles. And they were not Masovians! They were Poles from Lodz!

It was this dataset (samples are available upon request - maybe we will send a request, what do you think?): :)

https://ega-archive.org/datasets/EGAD00000000120

Denmark (DEN)
Patients were recruited by neurologists at multiple sclerosis centres from across the whole of
Denmark, although the majority of patients originate from the Copenhagen area.

Finland (FIN)
Cases were recruited from seven centres (Helsinki University Central Hospital, Tampere
University Hospital, Kuopio University hospital, Oulu University Hospital, Seinäjoki Central
Hospital, Satakunta Central Hospital and Rovaniemi Central Hospital) and thus come from
many different regions of Finland. All were identified in hospital clinics by experienced
neurologists.

Italy
Two centres contributed cases.
a) Piedmont (ITP)
Patients were collected from Continental Italy (excluding Sardinia) as part of the
PROGEMUS (PROgnostic GEnetic factors in MUltiple Sclerosis) project, 87% of cases were
collected in North-West Italy (Novara, Torino, Milano, Pavia) and 13% in Central Italy (Rome).

b) San Raffaele, Milan (ITM)
Patients have been consecutively recruited from two main projects: the Italian Network of
Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PROGRESSO consortium), and from the inpatients
and outpatient clinics of the Scientific Institute San Raffaele in Milan. Most of the patients are
from the North of Italy (65%).

Norway (NOR)
The Norwegian samples were derived from two sources; the Oslo MS DNA biobank and the
Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Biobank held in Bergen. In the Oslo MS DNA
biobank the majority of patients are recruited by the neurologists at Oslo University Hospital,
Ullevål with the remainder coming from local MS Societies and other neurological
departments serving the suburban Oslo areas. Samples in the Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis
Registry and Biobank were recruited from all other parts of Norway.

Poland (POL)
All Polish patients were recruited from amongst those treated in the Department of
Neurology, Medical University of Lodz. The patients were white and Polish. None of the
patients selected in the study have a family history of the disease.

Sweden (SWE)
Swedish samples were derived from three sources (overlaps between these were prevented
using the national personal identification numbers): An ongoing population based casecontrol
study called EIMS (Epidemiological Investigations in Multiple Sclerosis)19 in which
diagnosis was established at neurological clinics throughout Sweden, a set of local patients
from Stockholm County (recruited and diagnosed at Karolinska University Hospital and
Danderyds Hospital) and a set of patients being treated with Natalizumab (recruited and
diagnosed throughout Sweden in conjunction with the start of treatment).


All samples from Russia and Ukraine in this study (Stara Ladoga etc) are obviously Russsian influenced, not Polish influenced.

^^^ Lutsk sample could be Polish-influenced, very close to the Polish border and to "Grody Czerwieńskie" (= "Cherven Towns"):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherven_Cities

Also remember that Slavs came to Russia from the West. The Proto-Slavic homeland was not in Russia but to the west of Russia.

[Lucas]

No, they were not those "infamous" Estonian Poles. And they were not Masovians! They were Poles from Lodz!


https://ega-archive.org/datasets/EGAD00000000120

Poland (POL)
All Polish patients were recruited from amongst those treated in the Department of
Neurology, Medical University of Lodz. The patients were white and Polish. None of the
patients selected in the study have a family history of the disease.


a.


Ok, but there aren't people with family tree from Lodz vicinity. Just patients which were hospitalized there. So we could call this dataset Poland-mixed:)

[Peterski]

Ok, but there aren't people with family tree from Lodz vicinity. Just patients which were hospitalized there. So we could call this dataset Poland-mixed:)

Yeah they could be from all of Poland not only locals native to Lodz region.

But I don't think there were Estonian Polish patients in that hospital, hehe.

[Lucas]

Yeah they could be from all of Poland not only locals native to Lodz region.

But I don't think there were Estonian Polish patients in that hospital, hehe.

Yes, indeed, but who knows:)

[Dick]

Yeah they could be from all of Poland not only locals native to Lodz region.

But I don't think there were Estonian Polish patients in that hospital, hehe.

Is that how Polish geneticists get samples? My mtdna matches seem to be all patients and were all uploaded by geneticists from some university

[Voskos]

Lukaszm where are the moderns in the NJT?

[Lucas]

Lukaszm where are the moderns in the NJT?

They weren't added to autosomal breakdown table. We must wait for samples, to upload to Gedmatch or check in G25, and then make comparison.

In the meantime: Matt, commentator from Eurogenes added this breakdown according to haplogroups. Very interesting. R1a isn't very Slavic (Polish admixture).

https://i.imgur.com/thb00Yg.png

[MagnusDark]

They weren't added to autosomal breakdown table. We must wait for samples, to upload to Gedmatch or check in G25, and then make comparison.

In the meantime: Matt, commentator from Eurogenes added this breakdown according to haplogroups. Very interesting. R1a isn't very Slavic (Polish admixture).

https://i.imgur.com/thb00Yg.png

Isn’t that all the R1a together though? What about L1029/Z280 by themselves?

[Peterski]

Isn’t that all the R1a together though?

It is. Which makes no sense, he should count it separately for major subclades (Z280, M458, Z284, L664).

He should also count separately autosomal admixtures for men with R1b-U106 and for men with R1b-P312.

[Aren]

They weren't added to autosomal breakdown table. We must wait for samples, to upload to Gedmatch or check in G25, and then make comparison.

In the meantime: Matt, commentator from Eurogenes added this breakdown according to haplogroups. Very interesting. R1a isn't very Slavic (Polish admixture).

https://i.imgur.com/thb00Yg.png

Interesting. R1a in the Viking "world" is almost as much from British-like remains as from Polish/Slavic-like ones.

I think the great amount of British-influenced Vikings they found in this study, in Scandinavia alone is the real talking point and not the fact that there were a few Polish Vikings.

[XenophobicPrussian]

DNA exposing the lies of Canadian TV who made the propaganda TV series in which two Vikings single-handedly defeat the army of East Europeans: :picard1:


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fioCjgnwfaA

^^^ Stupid Canadian cucks (I bet XenophobicPrussian-like people made that TV series!) with their Anti-Balto-Slavic propaganda, while the reality was... :

https://periklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com/2014/07/31/harold-bluetooths-vikings-were-polish-mercenaries/

http://www.lodose.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/013b-Bohus-Fortress-Kungah%C3%A4lla-Kung%C3%A4lv-eng.pdf

https://slavicchronicles.com/history/slavs-in-the-viking-world-series-slavs-in-scandinavia/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324472719_Slavic_Raid_on_Konungahella

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungah%C3%A4lla

https://kopenhaga.msz.gov.pl/en/bilateral_cooperation/diplomatic_relations/

http://main5.amu.edu.pl/~rafalp/sigrida/thietmar-eng.htm
?

I've been saying Sweden has around 10% Slavic admixture for a year now, the fuck you smoking? What does a battle between Vikings and Slavs have to do with any of this? The Polish samples among the Vikings are either mercenaries or recruited thralls that earned their freedom, and neither you or me have any idea whether the majority of Slavic admixture in Swedes comes from thralls or Slavs imposing themselves on Scandinavians(raids, conquest, whatever).

[Dick]

There's a lot of I1 and even a few G2 Ydna's found. What about them? So the R1a were Slavs?


VK1 J1c3g Female N/A
VK6 T2a1a Female N/A
VK9 J1c3g Female N/A
VK11 J1c3g Female N/A
VK14 J1c1a Male I1
VK15 J1b1a1 Female N/A
VK16 X2b4 Male I1
VK17 U5a2a1b Male T1a1a
VK18 H1b1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK19 J1c Female N/A
VK20 H6c Male I1
VK21 H5a1 Female N/A
VK22 T2b Male I
VK23 U4a1a Male I1
VK24 J1b1a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK25 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a3b1a
VK27 U5a1g1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a2
VK29 T2b3b Male I1
VK30 U5b1c2b Male R1a1a1
VK31 I4a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1
VK33 K1a4a1 Female N/A
VK34 HV+16311 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b1a4b1
VK35 T2f1a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK39 T2b4b Male G2a2b2a1a1b1a
VK40 T1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b1c1b
VK42 T2b11 Male J2a1a1b2a1b1
VK44 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1a1a1a1a
VK45 H3a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK46 H5 Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b1a
VK48 H10e Male R1a1a1b1a3a1a1a
VK50 H1+16189 Male I1a1a1a1a
VK51 U5b1e1 Male N1a1a1a1a1a1a
VK53 HV9b Male I2a1a2b1a1
VK56 H6a1a Female N/A
VK57 J1c6 Male R1b1a1b1a1a
VK58 I4a1 Female N/A
VK60 H13a1a1b Male R1a1a1b1a2b
VK63 H56 Female N/A
VK64 I1a1 Male R1a1a1b1a2a
VK65 V25 Female N/A
VK69 H2a2a1 Female N/A
VK70 H7d4 Male I1a1b1a1
VK71 U5a1a Male I1
VK74 U4b1b1b Female N/A
VK75 H54 Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK76 U4a1 Male? N/A
VK77 I2 Female N/A
VK78 H1i2 Female N/A
VK84 J1c2p Female N/A
VK86 T1a1c Female N/A
VK87 K1c2 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a
VK90 H3+152 Female N/A
VK92 H1c3b Female N/A
VK94 U5a1b1 Female N/A
VK95 H6a1a3a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1a1a1a1a
VK98 T2b3b Male I1a1b1a4a2
VK99 I2a1 Female N/A
VK101 U5b1g Male R1b1a1b1a1a2d1a1
VK102 J1c3f Male R1b1a1b1a1a1
VK108 J2b1a Female N/A
VK110 H10+(16093) Male I1a1b1a1
VK111 H10+(16093) Female N/A
VK113 J1b1a1a Female N/A
VK114 R1a1a Female N/A
VK116 U6a3 Male F
VK117 H1a3a Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK118 H1bb Female N/A
VK122 H24a Female N/A
VK123 J1c9 Male R2a2b1
VK124 H10a1 Female N/A
VK125 U3a1c Not_Assigned N/A
VK127 H3g1b Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b
VK128 H+195 Female N/A
VK129 U5b1b1a Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK133 K1a4a1a3 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b1a
VK134 H1cg Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b1
VK135 H6a2 Female N/A
VK138 T2b5 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b1c1
VK139 J1c3k Male R1a1a1b1a1a1c1
VK140 H27f Male G2a
VK141 H1as Female N/A
VK143 U5b1b1+@16192 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c1a2b
VK144 V1a1 Male I1
VK145 H17 Male R1a1a1b
VK146 J1c3e1 Male I1a2a1a1d1a
VK147 T1a1q Male R1b1a1b1a1a2
VK148 H6a1a Male I1
VK149 H1a1 Male I1
VK150 H1+16239 Male I2a1b1a2b1a2
VK151 T2b4+152 Male I1a1
VK153 H1c3 Male R1a1a
VK154 H1c3 Female N/A
VK155 H1c Female N/A
VK156 J1c2c2a Male R1a1a1b1a2a
VK157 H1c Male I1
VK158 N1b1a Female N/A
VK159 U2e2a1d Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK160 C4a1a+195 Male R1a1a1b1a1a1c1c
VK161 T2b Male F
VK163 U2e2a1a1 Male I1
VK164 I3a1 Male BT
VK165 U4b1b1 Male I1a1b1
VK166 H3ag Male R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1
VK167 H4a1a4b Male I1
VK168 H4a1a4b Male R1b1a1b1a1a1b
VK170 HV9b Male R1b1a1b1a1a1b1a
VK171 H2a2b4 Female N/A
VK172 I1a1e Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK173 U5a1b+16362 Male I2a1b1a1a1
VK174 H1+16239 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b1b1a
VK175 H1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK176 H10 Male I1a1b1a1
VK177 H82 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b
VK178 K2a5 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2b
VK179 K1a3a Male I1
VK180 J1c3b Male IJ
VK182 H2a1 Male I
VK183 T2b21 Male I1
VK184 H4a1a4b Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK185 H4a1a1 Male CT
VK186 H1ao Male I1
VK187 T2a1a Female N/A
VK189 H54 Female N/A
VK190 K1a+195 Male I1a
VK191 W Female N/A
VK193 U3a1 Female N/A
VK196 U5b1e1 Female N/A
VK200 J1b1a1b Male R
VK201 H3k1a Male I2a1b1a
VK202 H1ai1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a3a2a1d
VK203 H4a1a1a1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1
VK204 H1m Male_(XXY?) R1b1a1b1a1a1b1a
VK205 H3 Male R1a1a1b1a3a1a
VK206 J2b1a Female N/A
VK207 U4b1b1 Female N/A
VK208 J1b1a1 Female N/A
VK210 H5e1a1 Male I2a
VK211 W6 Male R1b1a1b
VK212 H1+152 Male R1a1a1b
VK213 H1 Female N/A
VK214 X2c1 Female N/A
VK215 J1c2k Male R1b1a1b
VK216 J1c2k Female N/A
VK217 J1b1b1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a
VK218 H5 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c
VK219 T2b6a Male I1a1b1
VK220 J2b1a Male I1a1
VK221 K1d Male I1a1b1
VK222 H63 Male BT
VK223 H13a1a1c Male I1a
VK224 H7a1 Male N1a1a1a1a1a
VK225 H3v+16093 Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b
VK226 H3a1a Female N/A
VK227 K1b2a2 Female N/A
VK228 T2b4 Female N/A
VK230 H10+(16093) Female N/A
VK232 N1a1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1
VK234 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a3b1a
VK236 H3a1a Female N/A
VK237 J2a2c Male R1a1a1b1a
VK238 H3a1a Male R1a1a1b1a3a2a
VK239 H5 Male R1b1a1b
VK240 H1ap1 Female N/A
VK241 H17 Female N/A
VK242 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1f1
VK244 H2a2a2 Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK245 H3a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b1a
VK247 H10e1 Female N/A
VK248 H49a Male I1
VK251 U5b1e1 Male R1
VK252 H26a1 Male? N/A
VK253 V13 Female N/A
VK254 HV0a1 Female N/A
VK255 U4c1 Female N/A
VK256 H1c7 Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK257 H5a1c1a Male I1a1
VK258 K1a4a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK259 I2 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1b1a
VK260 H1e1a Male Q1b
VK261 H52 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2
VK262 J1c4 Male I1a2a
VK263 K1a4d Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a2b2b
VK264 N1a1a1a2 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK265 H13a1a Female N/A
VK266 V Female N/A
VK267 T2b4b Male R1b
VK268 K1c1 Male R1b1a1b
VK269 H1e1a Male R1b1a1b
VK270 U4 Female N/A
VK272 K1b2b Female N/A
VK273 U5a2a1b1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2
VK274 T2b+152 Male R1a1a1b1a2b3a
VK275 H Male I1c
VK276 HV0 Female N/A
VK278 U5a2a1 Female N/A
VK279 I4a Male I1a1b
VK280 H11a Male I2a1b1a
VK281 T2 Male I1a1b1a1
VK282 H4a1a4b Male R1a1a1b1a2b
VK284 J1c5a1 Female N/A
VK285 H7a1 Female N/A
VK286 J1c+16261 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b1a1
VK287 T2b Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a2a1a1a1
VK288 H3b3 Female N/A
VK289 J2b1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a1a
VK290 I1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b1b3b
VK291 U5a1a2b Male I1a1b1a4a
VK292 J1c2c1 Male R1a1a
VK294 U5a1b1h Female N/A
VK295 T1a1 Male I1a
VK296 HV6 Male I1a1b1a1
VK297 J1c2h Male I1a1b1
VK298 U5a1a1d Female N/A
VK300 H3 Female N/A

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/07/17/703405.full.pdf

[MagnusDark]

There's a lot of I1 and even a few G2 Ydna's found. What about them? So the R1a were Slavs?


VK1 J1c3g Female N/A
VK6 T2a1a Female N/A
VK9 J1c3g Female N/A
VK11 J1c3g Female N/A
VK14 J1c1a Male I1
VK15 J1b1a1 Female N/A
VK16 X2b4 Male I1
VK17 U5a2a1b Male T1a1a
VK18 H1b1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK19 J1c Female N/A
VK20 H6c Male I1
VK21 H5a1 Female N/A
VK22 T2b Male I
VK23 U4a1a Male I1
VK24 J1b1a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK25 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a3b1a
VK27 U5a1g1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a2
VK29 T2b3b Male I1
VK30 U5b1c2b Male R1a1a1
VK31 I4a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1
VK33 K1a4a1 Female N/A
VK34 HV+16311 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b1a4b1
VK35 T2f1a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK39 T2b4b Male G2a2b2a1a1b1a
VK40 T1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b1c1b
VK42 T2b11 Male J2a1a1b2a1b1
VK44 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1a1a1a1a
VK45 H3a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK46 H5 Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b1a
VK48 H10e Male R1a1a1b1a3a1a1a
VK50 H1+16189 Male I1a1a1a1a
VK51 U5b1e1 Male N1a1a1a1a1a1a
VK53 HV9b Male I2a1a2b1a1
VK56 H6a1a Female N/A
VK57 J1c6 Male R1b1a1b1a1a
VK58 I4a1 Female N/A
VK60 H13a1a1b Male R1a1a1b1a2b
VK63 H56 Female N/A
VK64 I1a1 Male R1a1a1b1a2a
VK65 V25 Female N/A
VK69 H2a2a1 Female N/A
VK70 H7d4 Male I1a1b1a1
VK71 U5a1a Male I1
VK74 U4b1b1b Female N/A
VK75 H54 Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK76 U4a1 Male? N/A
VK77 I2 Female N/A
VK78 H1i2 Female N/A
VK84 J1c2p Female N/A
VK86 T1a1c Female N/A
VK87 K1c2 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a
VK90 H3+152 Female N/A
VK92 H1c3b Female N/A
VK94 U5a1b1 Female N/A
VK95 H6a1a3a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1a1a1a1a
VK98 T2b3b Male I1a1b1a4a2
VK99 I2a1 Female N/A
VK101 U5b1g Male R1b1a1b1a1a2d1a1
VK102 J1c3f Male R1b1a1b1a1a1
VK108 J2b1a Female N/A
VK110 H10+(16093) Male I1a1b1a1
VK111 H10+(16093) Female N/A
VK113 J1b1a1a Female N/A
VK114 R1a1a Female N/A
VK116 U6a3 Male F
VK117 H1a3a Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK118 H1bb Female N/A
VK122 H24a Female N/A
VK123 J1c9 Male R2a2b1
VK124 H10a1 Female N/A
VK125 U3a1c Not_Assigned N/A
VK127 H3g1b Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b
VK128 H+195 Female N/A
VK129 U5b1b1a Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK133 K1a4a1a3 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b1a
VK134 H1cg Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b1
VK135 H6a2 Female N/A
VK138 T2b5 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b1c1
VK139 J1c3k Male R1a1a1b1a1a1c1
VK140 H27f Male G2a
VK141 H1as Female N/A
VK143 U5b1b1+@16192 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c1a2b
VK144 V1a1 Male I1
VK145 H17 Male R1a1a1b
VK146 J1c3e1 Male I1a2a1a1d1a
VK147 T1a1q Male R1b1a1b1a1a2
VK148 H6a1a Male I1
VK149 H1a1 Male I1
VK150 H1+16239 Male I2a1b1a2b1a2
VK151 T2b4+152 Male I1a1
VK153 H1c3 Male R1a1a
VK154 H1c3 Female N/A
VK155 H1c Female N/A
VK156 J1c2c2a Male R1a1a1b1a2a
VK157 H1c Male I1
VK158 N1b1a Female N/A
VK159 U2e2a1d Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK160 C4a1a+195 Male R1a1a1b1a1a1c1c
VK161 T2b Male F
VK163 U2e2a1a1 Male I1
VK164 I3a1 Male BT
VK165 U4b1b1 Male I1a1b1
VK166 H3ag Male R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1
VK167 H4a1a4b Male I1
VK168 H4a1a4b Male R1b1a1b1a1a1b
VK170 HV9b Male R1b1a1b1a1a1b1a
VK171 H2a2b4 Female N/A
VK172 I1a1e Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK173 U5a1b+16362 Male I2a1b1a1a1
VK174 H1+16239 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b1b1a
VK175 H1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1
VK176 H10 Male I1a1b1a1
VK177 H82 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b
VK178 K2a5 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2b
VK179 K1a3a Male I1
VK180 J1c3b Male IJ
VK182 H2a1 Male I
VK183 T2b21 Male I1
VK184 H4a1a4b Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK185 H4a1a1 Male CT
VK186 H1ao Male I1
VK187 T2a1a Female N/A
VK189 H54 Female N/A
VK190 K1a+195 Male I1a
VK191 W Female N/A
VK193 U3a1 Female N/A
VK196 U5b1e1 Female N/A
VK200 J1b1a1b Male R
VK201 H3k1a Male I2a1b1a
VK202 H1ai1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a3a2a1d
VK203 H4a1a1a1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1
VK204 H1m Male_(XXY?) R1b1a1b1a1a1b1a
VK205 H3 Male R1a1a1b1a3a1a
VK206 J2b1a Female N/A
VK207 U4b1b1 Female N/A
VK208 J1b1a1 Female N/A
VK210 H5e1a1 Male I2a
VK211 W6 Male R1b1a1b
VK212 H1+152 Male R1a1a1b
VK213 H1 Female N/A
VK214 X2c1 Female N/A
VK215 J1c2k Male R1b1a1b
VK216 J1c2k Female N/A
VK217 J1b1b1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a
VK218 H5 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c
VK219 T2b6a Male I1a1b1
VK220 J2b1a Male I1a1
VK221 K1d Male I1a1b1
VK222 H63 Male BT
VK223 H13a1a1c Male I1a
VK224 H7a1 Male N1a1a1a1a1a
VK225 H3v+16093 Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b
VK226 H3a1a Female N/A
VK227 K1b2a2 Female N/A
VK228 T2b4 Female N/A
VK230 H10+(16093) Female N/A
VK232 N1a1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1
VK234 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a3b1a
VK236 H3a1a Female N/A
VK237 J2a2c Male R1a1a1b1a
VK238 H3a1a Male R1a1a1b1a3a2a
VK239 H5 Male R1b1a1b
VK240 H1ap1 Female N/A
VK241 H17 Female N/A
VK242 H3a1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1f1
VK244 H2a2a2 Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK245 H3a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a2b1a
VK247 H10e1 Female N/A
VK248 H49a Male I1
VK251 U5b1e1 Male R1
VK252 H26a1 Male? N/A
VK253 V13 Female N/A
VK254 HV0a1 Female N/A
VK255 U4c1 Female N/A
VK256 H1c7 Male R1a1a1b1a3a1
VK257 H5a1c1a Male I1a1
VK258 K1a4a1 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK259 I2 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1b1a
VK260 H1e1a Male Q1b
VK261 H52 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2
VK262 J1c4 Male I1a2a
VK263 K1a4d Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a2b2b
VK264 N1a1a1a2 Male R1a1a1b1a3a
VK265 H13a1a Female N/A
VK266 V Female N/A
VK267 T2b4b Male R1b
VK268 K1c1 Male R1b1a1b
VK269 H1e1a Male R1b1a1b
VK270 U4 Female N/A
VK272 K1b2b Female N/A
VK273 U5a2a1b1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2
VK274 T2b+152 Male R1a1a1b1a2b3a
VK275 H Male I1c
VK276 HV0 Female N/A
VK278 U5a2a1 Female N/A
VK279 I4a Male I1a1b
VK280 H11a Male I2a1b1a
VK281 T2 Male I1a1b1a1
VK282 H4a1a4b Male R1a1a1b1a2b
VK284 J1c5a1 Female N/A
VK285 H7a1 Female N/A
VK286 J1c+16261 Male R1b1a1b1a1a2b1a1
VK287 T2b Male R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a2a1a1a1
VK288 H3b3 Female N/A
VK289 J2b1a Male R1b1a1b1a1a1a
VK290 I1a1 Male R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b1b3b
VK291 U5a1a2b Male I1a1b1a4a
VK292 J1c2c1 Male R1a1a
VK294 U5a1b1h Female N/A
VK295 T1a1 Male I1a
VK296 HV6 Male I1a1b1a1
VK297 J1c2h Male I1a1b1
VK298 U5a1a1d Female N/A
VK300 H3 Female N/A

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/07/17/703405.full.pdf

A good amount of the R1a was still Z284. However a few of the M458 were east European like. Perhaps early assimilation considering the material culture of the gravesites. 2 of the M458 were Rus Vikings. One of which was a prince. Z280 were Balto-Slavic and Finnish like.

The Danish L1029 was Viking era, the other 2(one of which was YP417) was likely later Rus Viking. There was a handful of I2a1b as well that were autosomally mostly East European. Sadly no STRS only SNPS. The early Viking were all I1/Z284. These were all between 9-13th century so long after the Slavic tribes intermingled with the surrounding groups.

Hopefully we eventually get pre-migration/Bronze and Iron Age samples that can better display migratory origin.

There’s Wielbark and Przeworsk papers coming out years end and I heard something was in the works regarding the Tollense battle(hopefully Ydna).

[Dick]

A good amount of the R1a was still Z284. However a few of the M458 were east European like. Perhaps early assimilation considering the material culture of the gravesites. 2 of the M458 were Rus Vikings. One of which was a prince. Z280 were Balto-Slavic and Finnish like.

The Danish L1029 was Viking era, the other 2(one of which was YP417) was likely later Rus Viking. There was a handful of I2a1b as well that were autosomally mostly East European. Sadly no STRS only SNPS. The early Viking were all I1/Z284. These were all between 9-13th century so long after the Slavic tribes intermingled with the surrounding groups.

Hopefully we eventually get pre-migration/Bronze and Iron Age samples that can better display migratory origin.

There’s Wielbark and Przeworsk papers coming out years end and I heard something was in the works regarding the Tollense battle(hopefully Ydna).

Wielbark paper came out a few years ago. There was no R1a/b among Goths.

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?214934-Y-DNA-from-Iron-Age-amp-Early-Medieval-Poland

[MagnusDark]

Wielbark paper came out a few years ago. There was no R1a/b among Goths.

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?214934-Y-DNA-from-Iron-Age-amp-Early-Medieval-Poland

Another one coming according to Waldemar from Anthrogenica.

[PaleoEuropean]

Wielbark paper came out a few years ago. There was no R1a/b among Goths.

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?214934-Y-DNA-from-Iron-Age-amp-Early-Medieval-Poland

We avoided some of these obstacles by analyzing DNA from ten Viking Age subjects that at the time of sampling were untouched by humans for 1,000 years. We removed teeth from the subjects prior to handling by archaeologists and anthropologists using protective equipment. An additional tooth was removed after standard archaeological and anthropological handling. All pre-PCR work was carried out in a “clean- laboratory” dedicated solely to ancient DNA work. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted and overlapping fragments spanning the HVR-1 region as well as diagnostic sites in the coding region were PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Consistent results were obtained with the “unhandled” teeth and there was no indication of contamination, while the latter was the case with half of the “handled” teeth. The results allowed the unequivocal assignment of a specific haplotype to each of the subjects, all haplotypes being compatible in their character states with a phylogenetic tree drawn from present day European populations. Several of the haplotypes are either infrequent or have not been observed in modern Scandinavians. The observation of haplogroup I in the present study (<2% in modern Scandinavians) supports our previous findings of a pronounced frequency of this haplogroup in Viking and Iron Age Danes.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002214


The 2%=I2 as l1 is found in much larger numbers, R1a was mostly brought back by Swedes and Norwegians as Thralls, Mercenaries and adoptees. Modern populations aren't reliable for past populations.

[Dick]

Another one coming according to Waldemar from Anthrogenica.

Ok and?

[J. Ketch]

Exploring twenty-two SNPs with large effect associated with eye color and hair pigmentation, we
450 observe that their frequencies are very similar to those of present-day Scandinavians (Supplementary
451 Note 13). This suggests that pigmentation phenotype in VA Scandinavians may not have differed
452 much from the present-day occupants of the region (although see section on complex traits below for
453 an analysis including alleles of small effect). Nevertheless, it is important to stress that there is quite
454 a lot of variation in the genotypes of these SNPs across the sequenced samples, and that there is
455 therefore not a single ‘Viking phenotype’. For example, two of the ancient samples with the highest
456 coverage have different pigmentation phenotypes: VA individual VK42 from Skara, Sweden has
457 alleles associated with brown eyes and darker hair coloration while VK1 from Greenland was likely
458 to have had blue eyes and lighter hair.
Forward this to braindead mudicist troll Renaissance12.

[Dick]

We avoided some of these obstacles by analyzing DNA from ten Viking Age subjects that at the time of sampling were untouched by humans for 1,000 years. We removed teeth from the subjects prior to handling by archaeologists and anthropologists using protective equipment. An additional tooth was removed after standard archaeological and anthropological handling. All pre-PCR work was carried out in a “clean- laboratory” dedicated solely to ancient DNA work. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted and overlapping fragments spanning the HVR-1 region as well as diagnostic sites in the coding region were PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Consistent results were obtained with the “unhandled” teeth and there was no indication of contamination, while the latter was the case with half of the “handled” teeth. The results allowed the unequivocal assignment of a specific haplotype to each of the subjects, all haplotypes being compatible in their character states with a phylogenetic tree drawn from present day European populations. Several of the haplotypes are either infrequent or have not been observed in modern Scandinavians. The observation of haplogroup I in the present study (<2% in modern Scandinavians) supports our previous findings of a pronounced frequency of this haplogroup in Viking and Iron Age Danes.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002214


The 2%=I2 as l1 is found in much larger numbers, R1a was mostly brought back by Swedes and Norwegians as Thralls, Mercenaries and adoptees. Modern populations aren't reliable for past populations.

I don't know what they use to determine haplogroups with these ancient samples, STRs or SNPs.

[Coastal Elite]

This dude did a video on the paper


https://youtu.be/y07s67F1vp4

[PaleoEuropean]

I don't know what they use to determine haplogroups with these ancient samples, STRs or SNPs.

Honestly I am not sure, they never talk about their study methods specifically.

[Dick]

Honestly I am not sure, they never talk about their study methods specifically.

There's a basal IJ in there as well which is fucking impossible. I'm guessing they uses STRs which can be inaccurate. Ftdna had me at I-M710 for a while at 37 markers and I'm a living being, also not contaminated afaik.

[PaleoEuropean]

There's a basal IJ in there as well which is fucking impossible. I'm guessing they uses STRs which can be inaccurate. Ftdna had me at I-M710 for a while at 37 markers and I'm a living being, also not contaminated afaik.

I hear stories of I people all the time getting changes or mistakes in their clades and subclades. I wonder why others don't of that problem.

[Dick]

I hear stories of I people all the time getting changes or mistakes in their clades and subclades. I wonder why others don't of that problem.

That's a good question. I ended up doing the Big Y because it tests for SNPs.

[Coastal Elite]

That's a good question. I ended up doing the Big Y because it tests for SNPs.

Everybody wants to be Johnny Viking but nobody is willing to raid and plunder a small medieval village. At someone point people have to prove themselves.

[Dick]

Everybody wants to be Johnny Viking but nobody is willing to raid and plunder a village anymore. At someone point people have to prove themselves.

What does this have to do with what I said.

[Coastal Elite]

What does this have to do with what I said.

Nothing really, just a great observation on my part. Am I wrong?

[Dick]

Nothing really, just a great observation on my part. Am I wrong?

that's entertainment

[Coastal Elite]

that's entertainment

I bet I could drink more beer than a Viking and beat them in pool and darts.

[Dick]

I bet I could drink more beer than a Viking and beat them in pool and darts.

You probably drink more beer than most humans.

[Coastal Elite]

You probably drink more beer than most humans.

Lol, you're damn right!

[Lucas]

This dude did a video on the paper


https://youtu.be/y07s67F1vp4

I don't have time to waste 36 minutes. What he is talking about?

[J. Ketch]

I don't have time to waste 36 minutes. What he is talking about?
Just summarising it.

[Peterski]

Coming back to Gleb's autosomal DNA (his grandmother was Ingegerd):

Ingegerd's mother would be "Polish-like":

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrid_of_the_Obotrites

Ingegerd's paternal grandmother too (daughter of Mieszko I & Doubravka):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa

So Ingegerd could be >3/4 "Polish-like" autosomally, not "Swedish-like"...

[KuriousKatKommittee]

Renaissance12.
Gentlemen, man your popcorn stations.

https://media.giphy.com/media/TrDxCdtmdluP6/giphy.gif

[Aren]

A good amount of the R1a was still Z284. However a few of the M458 were east European like. Perhaps early assimilation considering the material culture of the gravesites. 2 of the M458 were Rus Vikings. One of which was a prince. Z280 were Balto-Slavic and Finnish like.

The Danish L1029 was Viking era, the other 2(one of which was YP417) was likely later Rus Viking. There was a handful of I2a1b as well that were autosomally mostly East European. Sadly no STRS only SNPS. The early Viking were all I1/Z284. These were all between 9-13th century so long after the Slavic tribes intermingled with the surrounding groups.

Hopefully we eventually get pre-migration/Bronze and Iron Age samples that can better display migratory origin.

There’s Wielbark and Przeworsk papers coming out years end and I heard something was in the works regarding the Tollense battle(hopefully Ydna).

Looking at the chart posted above here (https://i.imgur.com/thb00Yg.png) it still seems like R1a in this study from the men sampled is overhwelmingly Western autosomally(75% Scandinavian, British and Italian-like the other 25% split between Polish and Finnish-like).

Outside of the island Gotland(where the Polish admix is most likely Baltic eitherway) there are only I believe three heavily Polish-like remains in Scandinavia.

[Peterski]

Judeo-Slavic Viking from Gotland, Sweden: http://www.blueheronblast.com/2019/07/eric-redstein.html :)

Check: https://jewishdna.net/E1b-old.html

=====

I remember that some E1b1b was also found among the Slavic population of Usedom (Uznam) island:

https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/4796

"This study investigates 200 skeletons from an early Christian graveyard of the 12th to early 13th century in Usedom (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany). The city of Usedom was a notable maritime place of trade in a time of major political and social transformations. The Christianisation of the Slavic elite in 1128, the following raids of the Danes and the influx of German settlers starting in the 13th century were formative events. The reconstruction of the living conditions of the Usedom population was achieved by means of well established anthropological and palaeodemographical methods. Age and sex distribution comply with other ordinary populations of that time frame: high proportion of children (32 %), comparatively few adolescents but many adults (59 %) as well as a slight surplus in men. Remarkably, a deficit in women in the mature age class is attended by an increased mortality of girls of the age class infans I. However, this may be due to a methodical error. In order to clarify a possible Slavic, Danish or German background of the inhabitants of Usedom, eight skull measures, four skull indices and five measures of the long bones of the extremities were investigated typologically as well as statistically on the basis of their arithmetic means and compared to the measures of two series of Slavic or multiethnic/place of trade background (Sanzkow and Haithabu, respectively). The comparison of arithmetic means did yield statistically significant differences between the three populations. The men and women of Usedom seem to be more closely related to the Sanzkow population. However, they appear to take a position between the two other populations. Unfortunately, a comparison with Slavic and Germanic populations of the Neolithic till Early Middle Ages did not provide distinct results. The archaeologically based assumption of a mainly Slavic population cannot be rejected with anthropological means. The analysis of mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal DNA, however, generated auspicious results despite adverse storage conditions. Results could be obtained from all four samples. Two individuals were of mtDNA haplogroup H and two of haplogroup K. Y-chromosome analysis yielded haplogroups E1b1b and R1a1a7, respectively, in two males. Future molecular research will see improved methods for the even more detailed reconstruction of human migration."

[Harkonnen]

They weren't added to autosomal breakdown table. We must wait for samples, to upload to Gedmatch or check in G25, and then make comparison.

In the meantime: Matt, commentator from Eurogenes added this breakdown according to haplogroups. Very interesting. R1a isn't very Slavic (Polish admixture).

https://i.imgur.com/thb00Yg.png

So according to this N1c1 is the most Swedish-like haplo.

[Harkonnen]

I1 found in these samples looks to be Finnish and North Scandinavian type

I1 is the most well represented haplogroup in our ancient dataset,
and most regions contained individuals belonging to this lineage
(especially Estonia, Russia, Denmark and Greenland), with the
exception of the Isle of Man, Ireland and Italy, however these regions
have comparatively small sample sizes which may not allow the
detection of this haplogroup. The ancient samples of the present-study
are mainly distributed in two main clades, I1a1b1-L22, which accounts
for 71% of the I1 haplotypes in a Y-chromosome survey of Finland,
and I1a2a-S246. Of particular interest, the clade I1a2a1a1d1a-S247 is
especially well represented in Estonian samples, and is found mostly
in present-day Finnish and Northern Scandinavian groups.

[Peterski]

Looking at the chart posted above here (https://i.imgur.com/thb00Yg.png) it still seems like R1a in this study from the men sampled is overhwelmingly Western autosomally (75% Scandinavian, British and Italian-like the other 25% split between Polish and Finnish-like).

^^^
That combines R1a-Z284 (a native Scandinavian subclade of R1a, from Battle Axe Culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture#Swedish-Norwegian_Battle_Axe_culture)) with Balto-Slavic R1a-M458 and Z280, which is wrong.

Autosomal results of all the men with M458 and with R1a-Z280 were much more "Polish-like" than those of the men with native Norse R1a-Z284.

Also "Italian-like" is by no means a Western component, but merely a Southern one (equally South-Eastern as South-Western). Remember that the authors did not use any East Mediterranean and Greek references, so anyone coming from the Byzantine Empire would also score "Italian-like" in this study's ethnicity estimate.


Outside of the island Gotland (where the Polish admix is most likely Baltic eitherway) there are only I believe three heavily Polish-like remains in Scandinavia.

Check distribution of ethno-linguistic groups in North-Central Europe ca. year 850 AD:

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?275741-Origins-of-Germans-in-Mecklenburg-and-Brandenburg

https://i.imgur.com/xqnrWpA.png

^^^
There were Slavic settlements (but as a minority of inhabitants) also beyond that area.

For instance on Bornholm there is archaeological evidence of Slavic presence. Check the link below about Slavic graves on Bornholm (based on archaeological data, Slavs could be between 1/10 and 1/5 of the inhabitants there - in Grødbygård 41 graves with Slavic grave goods or 13%; and 4 Slavic graves in Munkegård or 12%):

https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=pl&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fechaswantewita.blogspot.com%2F2014 %2F04%2Fbornholm-wyspa-skandynawow-i-sowian.html

More about it:

https://www.adlibris.com/no/bok/homelands-lost-and-gained-slavic-migration-and-settlement-on-bornholm-in-the-early-middle-ages-9789189578234

I will check what does the Viking DNA study say about the archaeological context of these burials from Gotland with autosomally "Polish-like" people.

[sailormoon]

https://i.postimg.cc/nLLfGct1/table1.png
Table 1: Information on the seven Scandinavian hunter-gatherers investigated in this study, including calibrated date before present (cal BP) corrected for the marine reservoir effect, given as a range of two standard deviations, average genome coverage, average mitochondrial (mt) coverage, mt and Y chromosome haplogroups and contamination estimates based on the mt, the X-chromosome for males and the autosomes.

Günther et al. (‎2017) showed that Haplogroup I2a1 or I2-L68 was common among Scandinavian hunter-gatherers. The study also found that one sample belonged to I2a1b, which is considered to be Slavic and absent in Scandinavia nowadays. I2 is rare in Scandinavia except for I2a2, which peaks in northern Germany and northern Sweden (10-20%). The Varangian Guard in Byzantium is associated with I2a2 and the Varangians (Vikings) may have carried this haplogroup, who ruled over the territories of modern Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine between the 9th and 11th centuries.



Scandinavia was one of the last geographic areas in Europe to become habitable for humans after the last glaciation. However, the origin(s) of the first colonizers and their migration routes remain unclear. We sequenced the genomes, up to 57x coverage, of seven hunter-gatherers excavated across Scandinavia and dated to 9,500-6,000 years before present. Surprisingly, among the Scandinavian Mesolithic individuals, the genetic data display an east-west genetic gradient that opposes the pattern seen in other parts of Mesolithic Europe. This result suggests that Scandinavia was initially colonized following two different routes: one from the south, the other from the northeast. The latter followed the ice-free Norwegian north Atlantic coast, along which novel and advanced pressure-blade stone-tool techniques may have spread. These two groups met and mixed in Scandinavia, creating a genetically diverse population, which shows patterns of genetic adaptation to high latitude environments. These adaptations include high frequencies of low pigmentation variants and a gene-region associated with physical performance, which shows strong continuity into modern-day northern Europeans.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164400v2

[Token]

I want to see this Foggian sample. It is from Norman period Southern Italy.

Based on the map it looks like Southern Italians got some small Norman admixture. I've got no time to read the paper so can someone tell me if they looked at rare allele sharing to get these figures?

[J. Ketch]

The distribution of my mtdna is only in the British Isles and Scandinavia, I wonder if it was native to Scandinavia since the Neolithic or brought there during the Viking Age?
https://i.postimg.cc/dtRCGcKY/mtdna2.jpg
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Y8ZJIjblMPzmNesm37Ea7n3Yv3w&usp=sharing

description
Viking age Sweden, 10th-12th century CE (AD), Christian cemetery; from the academic paper https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1.supplementary-material . male skeleton VK405 or Sweden_Skara 83 . no 16291T so K1a10; this individual had 80% "UK ancestry" (Supplementary Table 6); "This is
consistent with the migration of individuals with ‘UK’ ancestry into Scandinavia, rather than
a population present in Scandinavia.""

[PaleoEuropean]

Vikings Stronk