The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant

[PAGANE]

Highlights

•Analysis of genome-wide data for nine sites from the Bronze Age Southern Levant

•Contemporaneous samples from multiple sites are genetically similar

•Migration from the Zagros and/or Caucasus to the Levant between 2500–1000 BCE

•People related to these individuals contributed to all present-day Levantine populations

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30487-6?fbclid=IwAR3iAKx7PgBqDfijgEUNAtaeKShHY9VZ0JgnDuD 5KsUg8qHtvF-M3sDNhDo

[JQP4545]

Is this migration from the Zagros/Caucasus connected with the Afro-Asiatic languages or were those languages existent prior to these migrations?

[AncientGreek]

K13 Coordinates for samples in this paper:


Yehud_low_coverage:I7179,0.00,0.00,0.00,4.24,36.64 ,27.23,8.66,0.00,0.00,4.86,5.08,13.30,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I7180,0.00,0.00,11.82,14.35,45. 75,25.19,0.00,0.32,0.00,0.80,1.78,0.00,0.00
Yehud:I7182,2.22,0.00,8.58,13.32,45.92,26.79,2.95, 0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.22,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I7184,0.00,4.04,17.72,8.08,49.6 3,17.84,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,2.69
Megiddo_MLBA_family4:I2189,0.70,19.49,8.37,27.31,3 2.32,8.63,2.27,0.00,0.65,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.26
Megiddo_MLBA:I2190,0.00,0.00,11.28,21.95,45.02,15. 85,2.95,0.00,0.00,0.00,2.24,0.71,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I2195,0.00,0.00,12.44,20.84,50.21,12. 99,1.04,0.00,0.72,0.00,0.00,1.75,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I2198,0.00,0.00,17.80,16.93,46.23,15. 21,0.72,0.00,0.11,0.00,0.00,3.00,0.00
Megiddo_I2200:I2200,8.40,9.41,8.27,28.83,29.33,9.9 4,3.70,0.86,0.04,0.87,0.00,0.00,0.35
Abel:I2201,0.00,0.00,14.97,18.99,45.60,17.88,0.39, 0.75,0.23,0.00,0.00,1.19,0.00
Hazor:I3965,0.00,0.00,13.47,22.39,46.49,14.50,0.00 ,0.00,0.00,0.83,1.07,1.25,0.00
Hazor:I3966,0.00,0.00,11.69,18.43,48.95,18.00,0.00 ,0.00,1.34,0.00,0.72,0.87,0.00
Megiddo_IA:I4517,3.11,0.00,12.06,17.85,44.82,19.37 ,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.33,1.47,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I4518,0.00,0.00,13.94,21.94,41.30,20. 20,0.00,0.50,0.00,0.18,0.00,1.94,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA_family1:I4519,0.00,0.00,17.81,16.04,4 8.29,15.17,0.00,0.00,2.45,0.00,0.24,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_IBA:I4521,0.71,0.00,13.16,9.03,51.60,22.91 ,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,2.59,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I4525,0.00,0.00,15.03,17.19,47.53,18. 82,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.69,0.15,0.58,0.00
Baqah_low_coverage:I6463,0.00,4.08,0.00,9.45,44.71 ,26.99,0.00,0.00,5.48,0.00,2.40,6.89,0.00
Baqah:I6565,0.00,0.00,8.85,18.80,47.87,21.13,0.10, 0.00,0.00,0.00,2.12,1.13,0.00
Baqah_family6:I6461,0.00,0.00,15.02,16.65,49.41,17 .29,0.00,0.20,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.43
Baqah:I6462,0.00,0.00,12.48,13.50,54.16,16.60,0.00 ,1.20,0.00,0.00,0.00,2.06,0.00
Baqah:I6464,0.00,0.00,11.07,11.73,56.71,19.39,0.00 ,1.11,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00
Baqah:I6564,0.82,0.00,10.73,16.99,48.39,20.69,0.66 ,0.00,0.00,0.41,0.00,1.31,0.00
Baqah:I6566,0.00,0.00,13.60,12.83,52.56,18.07,1.16 ,0.97,0.00,0.00,0.01,0.80,0.00
Baqah:I6567,0.00,0.00,14.87,17.12,46.91,19.80,0.00 ,0.07,0.00,0.00,0.75,0.48,0.00
Baqah:I6569,0.00,0.00,9.17,17.35,51.76,20.69,0.00, 0.69,0.15,0.20,0.00,0.00,0.00
Baqah:I6570,0.00,0.00,13.81,15.89,49.11,18.94,0.00 ,0.72,0.00,0.00,0.49,1.03,0.00
Baqah:I6571,0.00,0.00,13.91,15.38,47.74,20.68,0.00 ,0.28,0.00,1.14,0.00,0.87,0.00
Baqah:I6572,0.00,0.00,14.59,15.58,46.47,20.67,0.71 ,0.74,0.00,0.52,0.20,0.51,0.00
Baqah:I6459,0.00,0.00,16.37,16.59,47.79,16.02,0.99 ,0.63,0.00,0.00,0.61,1.00,0.00
Baqah:I6460,0.00,0.00,12.18,17.88,47.33,19.63,0.00 ,2.51,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.47,0.00
Baqah:I3707,0.00,0.00,14.34,11.49,51.10,20.71,0.00 ,0.53,0.00,0.00,0.57,1.25,0.00
Baqah:I3985,0.00,0.00,12.46,11.98,55.73,17.72,0.00 ,0.00,0.00,1.53,0.00,0.59,0.00
Baqah:I3986,0.00,0.00,12.34,17.88,51.21,16.97,0.00 ,0.00,0.74,0.00,0.43,0.43,0.00
Baqah:I3987,0.00,0.00,9.84,16.93,51.46,18.98,0.22, 1.42,0.05,0.47,0.45,0.18,0.00
Baqah:I3705,0.00,0.00,15.45,13.59,48.96,19.43,0.00 ,1.09,0.00,0.00,0.02,1.46,0.00
Baqah:I3706,0.00,1.23,13.83,16.41,50.95,15.40,1.09 ,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.53,0.57,0.00
Hazor:I3832,0.00,0.00,14.49,10.75,52.04,21.46,0.00 ,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.26,0.00
Baqah:I3703,0.00,0.00,13.29,18.35,52.13,14.65,0.00 ,1.13,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.45,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I6932,0.00,0.00,14.84,0.00,51.6 7,30.74,1.79,0.78,0.18,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I6925,0.00,0.00,3.17,17.73,41.3 2,37.79,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I6924,0.00,3.15,4.27,17.58,38.3 3,32.37,0.00,0.00,0.00,3.73,0.57,0.00,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I6928,0.00,0.00,21.96,6.04,45.1 4,23.96,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.44,0.00,1.46,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I7002,0.00,1.98,11.04,13.84,45. 84,25.54,0.00,1.72,0.00,0.00,0.06,0.00,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I6922,0.00,0.00,15.10,11.26,47. 02,19.44,0.62,0.00,0.11,6.44,0.00,0.00,0.00
Yehud:I6923,0.00,0.00,16.34,10.29,44.23,29.02,0.00 ,0.00,0.00,0.11,0.00,0.00,0.00
Yehud:I7003,0.00,0.00,17.85,5.17,51.81,21.88,3.01, 0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.28,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10092,1.34,0.00,11.99,12.57,48.31,22 .85,0.00,1.75,0.00,0.00,0.70,0.48,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10093,0.42,0.00,11.26,13.21,48.41,22 .87,0.27,0.90,0.00,0.00,0.24,2.42,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA_low_coverage:I10096,1.78,1.05,0.00,27 .52,40.55,29.10,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10097,0.00,0.00,13.64,15.91,51.44,17 .39,0.00,0.26,0.00,0.00,0.30,1.07,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10099,3.04,0.00,8.09,20.51,48.38,17. 57,0.00,0.91,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.50,0.00
Megiddo_I10100:I10100,15.48,10.19,2.79,28.89,21.57 ,9.40,5.25,0.00,0.00,3.10,3.33,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA_family3:I10101,4.91,0.00,15.18,10.69, 50.11,15.79,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,3.32,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10104,0.00,0.00,6.17,8.26,60.32,22.1 7,2.03,0.00,0.00,1.06,0.00,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10106,0.00,0.00,8.56,17.54,51.27,20. 76,0.00,0.97,0.00,0.00,0.90,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10263,0.00,2.82,4.54,17.63,49.61,21. 15,0.00,0.00,2.43,0.00,0.32,1.51,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10264,0.00,0.00,9.51,20.42,46.80,19. 51,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.92,1.84,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10265,0.00,0.00,7.39,15.37,58.91,13. 04,0.00,5.03,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.26,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10266,0.00,0.00,18.34,22.48,46.48,11 .75,0.00,0.00,0.20,0.75,0.00,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA_low_coverage:I10267,0.00,0.00,1.97,2. 58,55.74,30.67,4.61,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,4.43
Megiddo_MLBA:I10268,0.00,0.00,15.91,15.58,48.48,17 .38,0.00,0.25,0.67,0.10,0.72,0.91,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA_low_coverage:I10269,4.46,0.00,21.98,2 3.15,6.09,15.05,28.45,0.00,0.00,0.82,0.00,0.00,0.0 0
Megiddo_MLBA_family3:I10270,0.00,0.00,12.94,16.43, 47.27,18.69,2.20,0.00,0.00,0.00,2.46,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I10359,0.00,0.00,6.04,26.93,44.42,18. 88,0.00,1.74,1.32,0.00,0.58,0.09,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA_family3:I10361,0.00,0.00,25.27,0.00,5 1.89,16.42,6.42,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00
Yehud_low_coverage:I7177,0.00,0.00,8.14,0.00,68.88 ,22.97,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:I8187,0.00,0.00,12.71,11.93,53.43,20. 04,0.00,0.39,0.00,0.31,0.00,1.19,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA_family2:I8188,0.00,0.00,15.19,11.96,5 3.40,15.71,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.33,3.41,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:S10771.E1.L1,0.00,0.00,14.17,19.63,47 .68,16.45,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,2.07,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:S10769.E1.L1,0.00,0.00,9.67,20.98,49. 60,17.44,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.65,0.67,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:S10770.E1.L1,0.00,0.00,7.03,21.05,51. 01,16.56,1.42,0.02,0.81,0.00,1.62,0.49,0.00
Megiddo_MLBA:S10768.E1.L1,2.40,0.00,12.69,15.32,49 .55,17.90,0.76,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.39,0.00,0.00

[Leto]

https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/e041c539-b3a2-45d6-9ccf-95f93be546d8/figs4.jpg
https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/f8d0941f-39e8-43fd-859f-ba66beed2787/gr5.jpg

[Eline]

Is this migration from the Zagros/Caucasus connected with the Afro-Asiatic languages or were those languages existent prior to these migrations?Most likely just Hurrians who were influenced by the Sumerian Uruk era.

Semitic is not from the Zagros/Caucasus (NorthWest Asia). Semitic is part of an Afro-Euroasian group and is more 'southern' from SouthWest Asia.

[JQP4545]

It would be interesting to discuss how these studies relate to the DNA of ancient Egyptians. If Iranian like DNA did not migrate into the region until 2500 - 1500 BC does that mean it must have been absent from the people who founded Egyptian civilization in 3500 BC? This would mean the DNA of the ancient Egyptian mummies from Abusir el-Meleq could not be representative of the earliest Egyptians because they share DNA from these Iranian/Caucasus related groups. So who were the earliest Egyptians? Were they related to; Natufian? Iberomaurusian? Mota, Ethiopia?

[Peterski]

Megiddo_IA and Abel_IA are close to Samaritans and Palestinian Christians.

Yehud IBA samples look like a mixture of Peninsular Arabs with Samaritans.

[Isleño]

It would be interesting to discuss how these studies relate to the DNA of ancient Egyptians. If Iranian like DNA did not migrate into the region until 2500 - 1500 BC does that mean it must have been absent from the people who founded Egyptian civilization in 3500 BC? This would mean the DNA of the ancient Egyptian mummies from Abusir el-Meleq could not be representative of the earliest Egyptians because they share DNA from these Iranian/Caucasus related groups. So who were the earliest Egyptians? Were they related to; Natufian? Iberomaurusian? Mota, Ethiopia?This is way off topic, but Iranic DNA was already in the area long before the lifetime of the Abusir mummies, as late chalcolithic samples from 4500-3900BC Israel show nearly a fifth of their DNA to be Iran related. That’s well before even the creation of dynastic Egypt and the 1st Dynasty which came to fruition in 3100 BC.

But back to topic, it’s an important find that we can relate to modern Palestinians and Jews in some form as the Canaanite samples from from separate studies cluster with and near Palestinians and not too far from some Jews. This gives more confirmation that Palestinians and Jews have ancestry from the area and this also reinforces an idea that the Israelites were similar in ancestry components to the Canaanites since Jews cluster in the direction of the Canaanites and the Palestinians, but we know almost for certain the Levantine ancestors of the jews were Israelites. History dictates that the Israelites entered southern Canaan (Israel/Palestine area) around 1250 BC, so although the Israelites were not from the land where Israel/Palestine is today, they most probably descend from a group not that far away which received similar ancestral components as the Canaanites which could make them cluster with Canaanites. The Iron Age sample from Abel Beth Maacah may have been an Israelite and it clustered with the rest of the Canaanites. The Canaanites cluster with Palestinians and Jordanians at one side of the Canaanite cluster and Lebanese at the other side of the cluster. The Canaanite cluster basically fills in the “hole” or gap between the Palestinian/Jordanian cluster and the Lebanese cluster.

[Mark76]

https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/e041c539-b3a2-45d6-9ccf-95f93be546d8/figs4.jpg
https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/f8d0941f-39e8-43fd-859f-ba66beed2787/gr5.jpg

Wait. I can accept the Tuscans at a stretch, but... What are the English doing in there? And how does one interpret those graphs?i