Y-chromosome genetic analysis of modern Polish population

[Lucas]

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2020.567309/abstract

full version but with editions https://sci-hub.ren/10.3389/fgene.2020.567309


Intra-population variability of Y chromosome

Our findings display slight differences from previous studies20with regard to main haplogroup distribution, haplogroup frequencyand the occurrence of rare haplogroups. In the 388present study, as expected, the most common haplogroup (hg) was found to be R, with a frequency of 71.02%; this is slightly higher than the 68.6% reported by Kayser et al., (2005).

Regarding its subhaplogroups, the highest frequency was observed for R1a(56.93%) followed by R1b(14.08%);
similarly, Kayser et al., (2005) found haplogroup R1a1* to be the most prevalent (57%). The interpolation maps indicate that R1a is distributed mostly in the center part of Poland 3ith a few regions on the west and east of the country. Interestingly, R1a was also foundto be 5presentin high numbers in eastern regions, including the Podlaskie and Warmian-Mazurian voivodeships, as well as almost all of the Lublin voivodeship; similar results were also obtained from central regions and Western Pomerania, which may have some historical basis.

In contrast, R1b was more widely distributed, reaching further east and west than the others; however, it is observed at relatively low frequencies in regions adjacent to the western and eastern borders of Poland. Such a pattern of distribution of hgR in the Polish population can reflect some historical events such as massive human migrations or the changes in the territorialborders.


A similar situation was observed in the case of hg I, whose distribution also followed geographic lines and possibly,historical events. Haplogroup I1 is found to be represented mostly in western Poland with only one region behind the Vistula river with a frequency higher than 9.68%: cluster number 38 (the border of Lublin and Mazovia voivodeships).
Haplogroup I2 appears in eastern Poland,mostly in the Podlaskie and Lublin voivodeships, but also reaches the eastern parts of Mazovia, the western parts of Warmian-Mazurian and almost all of Subcarpathia, which makes these regions similar to the west in terms of haplogroup frequency. Kayser et al. (2005) also note that hgI was ranked just behind hg R with regard to prevalence; however its prevalence was found to be 17.30% compared to 15.49% observed in the current study.

Kayser et al. (2005) also report similar frequencies for the subsequent haplogroups, N (3.7% 414vs. 4.29%)and E (4.5% vs. 3.84%),with a slight difference in the place of haplogroup in the total pattern. Interestingly, in the case of hg N, the Podlaskie voivodeship is distinct from the remaining voivodeships: the frequency of hg N, which is common among Finns and other inhabitants of north-eastEurope, is 14.55% in this area and brings Podlaskie closer to the northern regions in this regard.

In contrast, hg E displays much greater homogeneity across the map, with fewer marked differences between regions.

Regarding the occurrence and frequency of rare haplogroups, i.e. those with a frequency less than 1%, hgs Q, C, T, Hand Owere identified in the current study, while K, DE and P were reported by Kayser et al. (2005). The greatest difference between the two sets of results concerns hgF, its prevalence being 2.0%in the previous study but absent from the present results. 425The observed differences between the studiescan be accounted for by differences in sample population number and profile. The present study was based on a data set comprising 2705 individuals from all 16 voivodeships and 337 out of the 380 counties, while Kayser et al. 428(2005) was probably based on inhabitants of the main cities in Poland (Wrocław, Warsaw, Lublin, Kraków, Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Szczecin and Suwałki). Unfortunately, due to a lack of such studies, it is not possible to perform a detailed comparison of haplogroup frequencies for all voivodeshipsand counties.



https://i.imgur.com/zNEmXg2.png
https://i.imgur.com/sQ1Wu2T.png
https://i.imgur.com/jrxxa9p.png
https://i.imgur.com/jqGnGk4.png
https://i.imgur.com/UP9Ql2k.png

Clusters on PCA
https://i.imgur.com/r1XMAU2.png

[Peterski]

Interesting.

IMO they should divide the samples by voivodeship based on birthplaces of most distant direct paternal ancestors, not place of residence,

[Lucas]

Holy Cross ( Świętokrzyskie) has lowest number of samples so probably quite high N here is due to randomness.

[Kaspias]

Holy Cross ( Świętokrzyskie) has lowest number of samples so probably quite high N here is due to randomness.

Which clade of Q present there?

[Lucas]

Which clade of Q present there?

I hope in suplemental (which is not provided yet) they will show some subclades... This voivodship has also too high number of N for central Poland. I guess it is due to low number of samples comparing to other voivodships. If not I have no idea.

[Ion Basescul]

Can't help but notice the elevated E and J in the Carpathian region.

[Lucas]

Can't help but notice the elevated E and J in the Carpathian region.

Those in former German northern and western Poland (except Opole) are probably emigrants from SE Poland too.
https://i.imgur.com/PZ8Ri7v.png



Cluster 30 is partly Ukrainian admixed even (of course resettled there after 1945).
{Ukrainians_in_Poland_2002}
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ukrainians_in_Poland_2002.PNG/310px-Ukrainians_in_Poland_2002.PNG

[Peterski]

Maps of I1 and I2 are interesting. Gdansk (36) has less than 4,1% of I1. They did not sample Kashubia (west of Gdansk) where there is 13% of I1:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians#Genetics

Elevated I1 in place (14) must be the result of Kashub migration westward. In place (27) it is the result of westward migration from Wielkopolska.

[Peterski]

Map of I2 shows where admixture from Polonized in Late Medieval times East Slavs is high - (12), (33), (25) and (18).

[Lucas]

Map of I2 shows where admixture from Polonized in Late Medieval times East Slavs is high - (12), (33), (25) and (18).

If western Ukrainians should be counted as East Slavs which autosomally is debatable.

[Peterski]

Kashubia and Kociewie actually have less than 2% of haplogroup N in both cases, much less than Mazovia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians#Genetics - no more than 1.5%

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kociewie#Genetics - 1.9% (3 out of 158)

And this despite the fact that they also used to be direct neighbours of Balts (Old Prussians in East Prussia).

So some Baltic admixture in Masovia and Podlachia is evident.

[Aren]

The N is interesting, I did not expect it to be above 1-2% in most Polish regions. I'm guessing the diversity of N is nested within the Baltic variation? Or are there are other subclades in Poland?

[Peterski]

The N is interesting, I did not expect it to be above 1-2% in most Polish regions.

Haplogroup N in places (14) and (22) is the result of post-war resettlments from North-Eastern Poland to Western Pomerania.

Not sure about (20), maybe small sample size? This place is also with a resettled population, just not mainly from the North-East.

[Aren]

Haplogroup N in places (14) and (22) is the result of post-war resettlments from North-Eastern Poland to Western Pomerania.

Not sure about (20), maybe small sample size? This place is also with a resettled population, just not mainly from the North-East.

Yeah I thought so aswell. Is the low R1b in Lower Silesia also due to resettlements?

[Peterski]

(30) is likely the town of Giżycko. Or another one further north.

Towns of Olecko, Gołdap, Ełk and Pisz should have elevated N.

[Lucas]

(30) is likely the town of Giżycko. Or another one further north.

Towns of Olecko, Gołdap, Ełk and Pisz should have elevated N.

It is just center of cluster. Clusters are created from those 338 counties and we don't know yet how many counties is in each.

[Lucas]

Kashubia and Kociewie actually have less than 2% of haplogroup N in both cases, much less than Mazovia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians#Genetics - no more than 1.5%

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kociewie#Genetics - 1.9% (3 out of 158)

And this despite the fact that they also used to be direct neighbours of Balts (Old Prussians in East Prussia).

So some Baltic admixture in Masovia and Podlachia is evident.

SW Masovia has the same level as Kashubians. I know cluster is on the border with Kuyavia but as I said it is cluster created from few neighbouring counties from both voivodship I guess (although it is not good idea but anyway).

[Peterski]

Interesting is high E (>5%) in the middle of Wielkopolska, cluster 16.

[Peterski]

Yeah I thought so aswell. Is the low R1b in Lower Silesia also due to resettlements?

Probably.

Here is my old map of population clusters in the Recovered Territories based on 1950 census data by county, maybe it will correlate with Y-DNA data by county (for example cluster WM1 in my map should have high % of N, because most of its population originates from areas with over 10% of N)

https://i.imgur.com/wAnyt0N.png

^^^
Details for 122 counties and cities:

https://i.imgur.com/EIKt52N.png

^^^
I also put this data on English Wiki:
(but not with such degree of detail)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany#Origins_of_p ost-war_inhabitants_of_areas_annexed_by_Poland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_Territories#Origin_of_the_post-war_population_according_to_1950_census

[Ion Basescul]

Those in former German northern and western Poland (except Opole) are probably emigrants from SE Poland too.
https://i.imgur.com/PZ8Ri7v.png



Cluster 30 is partly Ukrainian admixed even (of course resettled there after 1945).
{Ukrainians_in_Poland_2002}
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ukrainians_in_Poland_2002.PNG/310px-Ukrainians_in_Poland_2002.PNG

What's more interesting is that I have 53 samples from a village in Transnistria that was historically populated by Poles. Now they identify as Ukrainians, but compared to Ukrainians in Moldova and Ukraine, they score 0% E.

They are from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%99cov

"One of the oldest villages of Transnistria, it is known for having historically possessing a significant Polish population (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Moldova). From the 15th century, all of northern Transnistria was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania),[2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%99cov#cite_note-2)[3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%99cov#cite_note-3)[4] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%99cov#cite_note-4)[5] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%99cov#cite_note-5)[6] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%99cov#cite_note-6) and later to the Polish Crown (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Crown) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth) (1569–1793) which encouraged the migration of peasants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants) into the territory from neighboring populated areas (from north and from west)."


<google-sheets-html-origin style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: medium;">
<colgroup><col style="width: 120px"><col width="87"></colgroup><tbody>
Haplogroup
Rashkov (Ukrainians)


R1b
21%


R1a
40%


I2
21%


J2
8%


E1b1b
0%


J1
2%


G2a
0%


I1
4%


N1c
6%


T
0%


G1
0%


Q1
0%


E1a
0%


Other
0%


Total
53

</tbody>
</google-sheets-html-origin>

[Peterski]

^^^ 53 samples from one village?!

=====

Very familiar name too:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raszków

[Aspirin]

^^^ 53 samples from one village?!

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0053731.g001
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0053731.t002

[Peterski]

^^^
And these Ukrainians are/were in fact Poles? I wonder if they are of Polish proper origin, or Polonized locals:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Transnistria

[Peterski]

They still speak Polish based on this video, who published a study calling them Ukrainians, LOL?:

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?320284-Poles-from-Transnistria&p=6629468&viewfull=1#post6629468


Looking exotic, some aren't even sure about the roots but still speaking Polish ....

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FW53oesFBQ

Poles from Latvia should be DNA-tested too: https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?267735-The-Forgotten-Minority-Latvia-s-Poles

[Ion Basescul]

^^^
And these Ukrainians are/were in fact Poles? I wonder if they are of Polish proper origin, or Polonized locals:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Transnistria

The village was sacked and burned several times (burned in 1617 by Poland and sacked in 1662 by feuding Ukrainian hetmans). So the population there probably moved in and out several times.
In the middle of the 17th century, the population is recorded to have been a mix of Ukrainians, Poles, Armenians and Jews. It is mentioned that Armenians specifically used to practice Catholicism.

"К середине XVII в. был весьма значительным поселением, в котором проживали украинцы, поляки, евреи. Среди жителей выделялись армяне, община которых исповедовала католицизм (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D 0%B7%D0%BC) и по грамоте Ю. Любомирского (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D 0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5% D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD), пользовалась автономией."

"Жители села исповедуют православие (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D 0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5) и католицизм (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D 0%B7%D0%BC)."

Catholicism is still practiced to this day there, although there aren't any Armenians left.


It is said that the Polish writer Genrik Senkevich mentioned that Rascov is the most Southern Polish avant-poste.

"Известный польский писатель Генрик Сенкевич (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_ %D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA) описал город в популярном историческом романе «Пан Володыевский» (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4% D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D1%80% D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)). События, описанные Сенкевичем, относятся к 60-70 гг. XVII в., когда Рашков был самой крайней польской крепостью на юге, и в нём размещался сильный военный гарнизон. Город, по выражению Сенкевича, находился «на краю света». Вокруг него в скалистых склонах берега Днестра (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80) чернело множество пещер."

Source (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%9F %D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D 0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0 %BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0% A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA %D0%B0))

[Peterski]

The village was sacked and burned several times (burned in 1617 by Poland and sacked in 1662 by feuding Ukrainian hetmans). So the population there probably moved in and out several times.
In the middle of the 17th century, the population is recorded to have been a mix of Ukrainians, Poles, Armenians and Jews. It is mentioned that Armenians specifically used to practice Catholicism.

"К середине XVII в. был весьма значительным поселением, в котором проживали украинцы, поляки, евреи. Среди жителей выделялись армяне, община которых исповедовала католицизм (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D 0%B7%D0%BC) и по грамоте Ю. Любомирского (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D 0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5% D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD), пользовалась автономией."

"Жители села исповедуют православие (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D 0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5) и католицизм (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D 0%B7%D0%BC)."

Catholicism is still practiced to this day there, although there aren't any Armenians left.


It is said that the Polish writer Genrik Senkevich [Henryk Sienkiewicz] mentioned that Rascov is the most Southern Polish settlement.

"Известный польский писатель Генрик Сенкевич (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_ %D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA) описал город в популярном историческом романе «Пан Володыевский» (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4% D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D1%80% D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)). События, описанные Сенкевичем, относятся к 60-70 гг. XVII в., когда Рашков был самой крайней польской крепостью на юге, и в нём размещался сильный военный гарнизон. Город, по выражению Сенкевича, находился «на краю света». Вокруг него в скалистых склонах берега Днестра (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80) чернело множество пещер."

Source (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%9F %D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D 0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0 %BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0% A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA %D0%B0))

This high % of R1b could be partially from those Armenians who lived there.

The name itself sounds Polish. There is a town of the same name in my region:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raszk%C3%B3w

[Peterski]

IMO they should divide the samples by voivodeship based on birthplaces of most distant direct paternal ancestors, not place of residence,

^^^
They would have two datasets for the price (cost) of one dataset:

1) 2705 samples of Y-DNA according to their modern locations

2) 2705 samples of Y-DNA according to oldest known ancestor

Saving money is not their strength it seems.