Y-SNP: SUPPLEMENT TO—NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR—Y-STR

[VikLevaPatel]

The Bottom Line is ...

"These Y-SNP tests are a supplement to—not a replacement for—the Y-STR tests that have been our staple until now."

—David R. Dowell Ph.D., NextGen Genealogy: The DNA Connection (https://www.google.com/books/edition/NextGen_Genealogy_The_DNA_Connection/S2JhBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Y-STR+and+Y-SNP+results+different&pg=PA40&printsec=frontcover), 2014, page 40


There are two methods of testing the Y chromosome — Y-STR and Y-SNP. ... of repeats within a marker is calculated, we can compare the results of that marker plus a few other markers to see whether two or more individuals are related.
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Genealogy_For_Dummies/txArDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Y-STR+and+Y-SNP+results+different&pg=SA6-PA83&printsec=frontcover

Big Y Results: https://archive.is/StuqX/4d04c2386d9d23c05676b7cd6d529d1a1117bb0e.png
Surnames: https://archive.is/8X3Se/c22f1c409a916035d6af9bdd25b4754d7415f2b3.png
Countries: https://archive.is/3TeCo/f2d6abb88784c9c7c8f1bf0a29fa78fe75b0006c.png
23andMe: https://archive.is/LUNir/25a55e62819ba3592b866655ad16acbc0b675b15.png
Paternal Haplogroup: https://archive.is/Cd67Q/d58d3440375dad702b9107f4f089680a9fb6cbbc.png


From: Roots for Real <roots@geneticancestor.com>
Sent: Friday, 14 January 2022 8:25 AM
To: VIK <vikaryan@hotmail.com>

Subject: Y discrepancies

Well, I would not put it that way. The Y SNPs and the Y STRs are on the same Y chromosome, so they have to point towards the same result. If they do not, then that is a fault of the company lab work, of the company database or of the company algorithm, not the fault of your Y chromosome.

Regards,
Peter

Dr. Peter Forster
and your Roots for Real team
Genetic Ancestor Ltd.
Cambridge, UK


Roots for Real <roots@geneticancestor.com>
Sat 15/01/2022 8:55 PM

Thanks Vik. I have now looked at your original email from 6 Dec 2021, when you submitted the Y reports to Roots for Real, and those two reports, from DDC and from DNA Solutions, claim E1b1b.

So this potential error is nothing to do with FTDNA. I had wrongly assumed from your thread that this was the FTDNA error you were referring to.

Regards,
Peter

Dr. Peter Forster
and your Roots for Real team
Genetic Ancestor Ltd.
Cambridge, UK

[VikLevaPatel]

"In summary, I’d say the iGENEA Basic test is expensive considering you have to choose a maternal or paternal analysis, instead of receiving both. The information you receive explains the results well, and access to the FTDNA database is a great feature, but it was confusing to be given two paternal haplogroups. All in all, if you’re looking for a genetic ancestry test for beginners or as a gift, iGENEA is satisfactory, but your money may go further elsewhere."

https://dnatestingchoice.com/ancestry/provider/igenea/205#:~:text=The%20information%20you%20receive%20ex plains,money%20may%20go%20further%20elsewhere

https://archive.is/dlZcY#selection-1363.0-1371.150

:tongue


The online account gave me the option to buy further tests, including one for a ‘Monoamine Oxidase A’ gene – aka the ‘Warrior Gene’ – which apparently causes its carriers to be more willing to make and take calculated risks!
https://archive.is/dlZcY#selection-1421.0-1421.224

WHAT DO SNP'S TELL US (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Down_from_the_Trees/UANiDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=letters+in+every+thousand,+which+are+known+as+s ingle-nucleotide+polymorphisms,+or+SNPs+(pronounced+%27s nips%27)&pg=PT151&printsec=frontcover)

Oxygen: The molecule that made the world (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oxygen/gvcXvr-SunIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=letters+in+every+thousand,+which+are+known+as+s ingle-nucleotide+polymorphisms,+or+SNPs+(pronounced+%27s nips%27)&pg=PT500&printsec=frontcover)

[VikLevaPatel]

DNA is a double helix (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Behavioural_Genetics_for_Education/JGDNCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=DNA+is+a+double+helix+made+up+of+3+billion+pair s+of+smaller+units+%E2%80%93+nucleotides.&pg=PA82&printsec=frontcover) made up of 3 billion pairs of smaller units – nucleotides. There are four different types of nucleotides – adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

The two most important technological breakthroughs in the field of molecular genetics (https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Bipolar_Child_Third_Edition/vnn-4SZBBdwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=called+a+Single+Nucleotide+Polymorphism+(+SNP+, +pronounced+snip+)+tens+of+thousands&pg=PA164&printsec=frontcover) have been the discovery of DNA markers called SNPs (pronounced “snip/s") and the invention of DNA chips. SNPs are the most common type of DNA variation (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Technology_Review/tNLeAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=letters+in+every+thousand,+which+are+known+as+ single-nucleotide+polymorphisms,+or+SNPs+(pronounced+%27s nips%27)&dq=letters+in+every+thousand,+which+are+known+as+s ingle-nucleotide+polymorphisms,+or+SNPs+(pronounced+%27s nips%27)&printsec=frontcover), simple chemical substitutions estimated to occur about once in every 1,000 letters of DNA code.

SNPs contribute to differences among individuals and populations (https://www.google.com/books/edition/American_Trypanosomiasis/sXL_ESJ_Zl4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Polymorphisms+of+one-letter+variations+in+the+DNA+sequence.+SNPs+contri bute+to+differences+among+individuals+and+populati ons.+Most+of+them+have+no+effect%3B&pg=PA703&printsec=frontcover). Most of them have no effect; others cause subtle differences in countless features, such as appearance, while some affect the risk for certain diseases.

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms, pronounced snips) (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Transcend/83tKH8TRBucC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Most+common+single+nucleotide+polymorphisms+(SN Ps,+pronounced+%E2%80%9Csnips%E2%80%9D)+are+strong ly+correlated+with+at+least+one+other&pg=PA152&printsec=frontcover) are genetic mutations at one point on a gene. SNPs are very common, and every individual may have hundreds of thousands. A SNP, or single-base difference between individuals (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry/9T7hCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=SNP,+or+single-base+difference+between+individuals,+occurs+about+ every+%E2%88%BC1250+bp+on&pg=PA1037&printsec=frontcover), occurs about every ∼1250 bp on average. Over 115 million SNPs have been described.

A large proportion of the genome sequence (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Behavioural_Genetics_for_Education/JGDNCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=gaysina+A+large+proportion+of+the+genome+sequen ce+(~99%25)&pg=PA82&printsec=frontcover) (~99%) is the same for all humans. In all people, 99.9% of the DNA is identical; SNPs (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medical_Surgical_Nursing/MDXiBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Polymorphisms+of+one-letter+variations+in+the+DNA+sequence.+SNPs+contri bute+to+differences+among+individuals+and+populati ons.+Most+of+them+have+no+effect%3B&pg=PA160&printsec=frontcover) are responsible for differences among individuals. Many genes in human populations are polymorphic (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Essential_Genetics/bhFubwD1JlkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Many+genes+in+human+populations+are+polymorphic ,+which+means+that+they+have+two+or+more&pg=PA478&printsec=frontcover), which means that they have two or more alleles that are common in the population.

Polymorphism at the DNA level (https://www.google.com/books/edition/34_Years_Chapterwise_Solutions_NEET_Biol/22tOEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Polymorphism+at+the+DNA+level+includes+a+wide+r ange+of+.&pg=PA279&printsec=frontcover) includes a wide range of variations from single base pair change, many base pairs, and repeated sequences. DNA polymorphisms are endless, and more discoveries continue at a rapid rate.

Each SNP (https://www.google.com/books/edition/14_Years_Solved_Papers_NEET_2022/5UxQEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Most+common+single+nucleotide+polymorphisms+(SN Ps,+pronounced+%E2%80%9Csnips%E2%80%9D)+are+strong ly+correlated+with+at+least+one+other&pg=PA47&printsec=frontcover) represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide.


... descendants of the single person who first showed a specific rare mutation on the Y-chromosome called a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP, pronounced snip), which may occur once in a period of tens of thousands of years.
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographic/tOgMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=called+a+Single+Nucleotide+Polymorphism+(+SNP+ ,+pronounced+snip+)+tens+of+thousands&dq=called+a+Single+Nucleotide+Polymorphism+(+SNP+, +pronounced+snip+)+tens+of+thousands&printsec=frontcover


The scientific name for a born-dirty gene is genetic polymorphism, which is a fancy way of saying “genetic variation.” As we saw in the introduction, these genes are also called single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs—pronounced “snips ...
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dirty_Genes/-9nWDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=called+a+Single+Nucleotide+Polymorphism+(+SNP+, +pronounced+snip+)+tens+of+thousands&pg=PT15&printsec=frontcover

How Sports Science Is Creating a New Generation of Superathletes--and What We Can Learn from Them: (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Faster_Higher_Stronger/9TRBAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=A+SNP+is+a+variation+in+a+DNA+sequence+in+which +just+one+nucleotide+is+different+in+the+genome%3B +a+single+letter+of+the&pg=PT33&printsec=frontcover)

A SNP is a variation in a DNA sequence in which just one nucleotide is different in the genome; a single letter of the genetic code differs between the two samples. If you gather enough people, you can start to associate certain SNPs with the differences between those people, ...


A DNA sequence variation is called a SNP when a single nucleotide is changed to another at a particular position within a genome. SNPs are the most common sequence variations in the human genome with approximately 1 SNP per 1,000 base ...
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pharmacogenomics_An_Introduction_and_Cli/E0vEywfdpTMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=A+SNP+is+a+variation+in+a+DNA+sequence+in+which +just+one+nucleotide+is+different+in+the+genome%3B +a+single+letter+of+the&pg=PA14&printsec=frontcover

[VikLevaPatel]

Over 200 STR markers (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Essential_Forensic_Biology/IaQsqg7bKS0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=additional+autosomal+or+Y-chromosomal+STR+loci+can+be+beneficial+or+even+nec essary+to+address+a+variety+of+other+human+identit y/+..&pg=PT44&printsec=frontcover) have been identified on the human Y chromosome.

Information about Y-chromosome STR haplotype population frequencie (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Weight_of_Evidence_for_Forensic_DNA_Prof/RbQ_CQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=y+str+snip+tests&pg=PA50&printsec=frontcover)s is available at www.ystr.org (https://yhrd.org/search/search).

Report for Sample #1

https://archive.is/SKFWN/741eb22fcf62572f87d1d4c3103d21bb2bebd75a.png
https://archive.is/tRhtM/5870430600488129488d4b09e07a4b2b42ec305e.png

[VikLevaPatel]

Genovate Review (https://bestdnatestingkits.com/review/genovate.html):

Genovate is a world-renowned specialist in DNA testing, offering services not only in the U.S.A, but also to Canada, the UK, Australia, and many more. It uses state of the art technology to offer accurate test results, as quickly as possible. The scientists at Genovate have a wealth of experience in DNA analysis, and it was even one of the very first laboratories to begin using buccal (mouth) swab DNA collection, over twenty years ago. Today, this is the chosen method for almost all major DNA testing brands. Therefore, if you’re looking for a company with world-class knowledge and experience, look no further. Genovate isn’t only a testing service operator, but also a research organization.
https://archive.is/70Xi5#selection-409.0-417.81

What are fast mutating DNA markers? (https://archive.is/bKotS#selection-673.0-677.22)

STR versus SNP markers

https://i.ibb.co/z5q3FqB/home-fast-str-mutation.png

112159

There is more than one type of marker that can be used for ancestry: STR and SNP. STR markers mutate rapidly, at a rate of once every 20 generations. Fast mutating STR markers can be used to trace recent ancestry, within the past hundreds of years. SNP markers mutate very slowly, once every few thousand years. Slow mutating SNP markers can only trace deep ancestry from thousands of years ago, and do not provide any information on recent ancestral events.

Most scientific studies use STR markers

You need to test your STR markers if you want to dig deeper. Powerful family matching capabilities.

What is mtDNA sequencing & how does it differ from DNA SNP tests? (https://archive.is/bKotS#selection-901.0-901.65)

mtDNA is a circle of DNA which is 16,565 base pairs in length. mtDNA consists of 3 regions: HVR1 region, HVR2 region, and Coding region.

DNA SNP chip testing only samples small regions of the mtDNA. It cannot read the entire mtDNA sequence and many regions are missed. However, mtDNA Sanger Sequencing technology is capable of reading the entire region.

HVR1 and HVR2 contain the most ancestral information because these two regions have the most mutations. SNP chip testing is used in most basic ancestry tests and is not capable of detecting all of the mutations in the HVR1and HVR2 regions, but Sanger Sequencing can.

Most published scientific studies examine the HVR1 and HVR2 regions using Sanger Sequencing technology, so you will need your complete HVR1 and HVR2 data in order to join historical projects.


Test the Same Markers the Pros Use
Most basic ancestry tests in the market use DNA chips to detect only one type of marker, the SNP marker. We offer technologies which allow testing of more than just SNP, including Sanger Sequencing for reading the entire mtDNA sequence, as well as Fragment Analysis to detect Y-DNA STR and Autosomal STR markers which are widely used by professionals for forensic investigations.
https://archive.is/EjHbu#selection-599.0-603.379

https://i.ibb.co/tZWKnHv/markers-comparison.png
https://i.ibb.co/02MTzPh/5ad03038a6d3351e83e060ed05534af984308fc1.png
https://archive.is/EjHbu/5ad03038a6d3351e83e060ed05534af984308fc1.png


Did you descend from royalty?
Discover your ties to royalty and legendary figures. We offer the world’s most comprehensive database of historical projects. Compare yourself against royalty, world leaders, religious figures, forensic investigations and much more.
https://archive.is/EjHbu#selection-635.0-639.232

[VikLevaPatel]

What is the SNP? (https://www.dnageoset.com/frequent-asked-questions/?v=2dc5604b48cd) SNP (pronounced 'snip') refers to the term Single Nucleotide Polymorphism which is a variation in the DNA sequence that affects a single base (adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) in the genome sequence. These variations play a role in making us weaker or stronger in response to illnesses or in response to drugs, and as such, are the fundamental basis of our studies and the corner-stone of our Health Map.

What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)? (https://archive.is/xZieG) Single nucleotide polymorphisms, frequently called SNPs (pronounced “snips”), are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide. For example, a SNP may replace the nucleotide cytosine (C) with the nucleotide thymine (T) in a certain stretch of DNA. SNPs occur normally throughout a person’s DNA. They occur almost once in every 1,000 nucleotides on average, which means there are roughly 4 to 5 million SNPs in a person's genome. These variations may be unique or occur in many individuals; scientists have found more than 100 million SNPs in populations around the world. Most commonly, these variations are found in the DNA between genes. They can act as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. When SNPs occur within a gene or in a regulatory region near a gene, they may play a more direct role in disease by affecting the gene’s function.

Genotyping/SNP testing (https://archive.is/qpHyz#selection-985.0-1021.70): All major DNA testing companies perform genotyping or SNP testing — pronounced as 'snips'. In this method of DNA testing, samples are compared to a reference genome to look for specific SNPs; variations in our genetic code which affect physical traits like skin colour and hair texture. These are found in our autosomal DNA — the 22 out of 23 chromosome pairs unrelated to sex determination — and as certain variants are more likely to be present in some global populations than others, these can also be used as ancestry markers. Such variations are able to reveal ancestry from about ten generations back. We inherit 50% of our autosomal DNA from each parent, but this is randomly allocated, and explains why we’re usually not identical to our siblings. This also means that siblings may inherit different ancestry markers from each other, so although an Asian ancestry DNA test could show that your brother is 17% Asian, you could be just 6%.

What is genotyping? (https://archive.is/ejcO8) Genotyping is the process of determining the DNA sequence, called a genotype, at specific positions within the genome of an individual. Each species is defined by a distinct set of common characteristics, but even within a species, there are subtle differences among individuals. Though the differences are not drastic enough to be called out as a distinct species, individuals within a species that do have slightly different characteristics are called variants. Environmental and genetic differences are at the root of these visible or phenotypic changes. Since environmental changes are not heritable, most researchers are interested in studying the genetic variation that results in the physical differences. Genetic variation can be passed to the next generation, and can increase the fitness for species. Genotyping is the experimental procedure that identifies the differences in DNA sequence among individuals or populations. The genotype is used to understand the connection between genotypes and phenotypes. An individual genome is identified as a distinct variant when compared to a reference sequence, which is derived from the general population or a defined subgroup. A variant sequence can differ from the reference sequence in numerous ways. Types of genetic variation include single nucleotide variants (SNV), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (indels), and copy number variation (CNV).

STRs vs. SNPs: thoughts on the future of forensic DNA testing. (https://strbase.nist.gov/pub_pres/FSMP_STRs_vs_SNPs.pdf) Largely due to technological progress coming from the Human Genome and International HapMap Projects, the issue has been raised in recent years within the forensic DNA typing community of the potential for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers as possible replacements of the currently used short tandem repeat (STR) loci.

The difference between unlocking your full genome and a SNP analysis. (https://archive.is/YkM7h#selection-1141.0-1145.257) What is the difference between whole genome sequencing and SNP analysis? (https://archive.is/YkM7h#selection-1181.0-1181.72) In short, full genome sequencing gives you all of the information of some three billion base pairs of DNA found in humans. Unlocking your full genome is very expensive. A SNP analysis, on the other hand, only looks at specific locations in DNA where relevant information can be gathered. This depends entirely on what you want to know - be it ancestry, paternity, disease risk or health and fitness. This is substantially more affordable for the everyday man on the street.

With WGS, GenePlanet can decode 100% of your DNA. (https://archive.is/67h4O) Decoding 100% of your DNA means more analyses, the most in-depth interpretation of your genome, and even more knowledge as science progresses. With whole genome sequencing, you test once and benefit for life. The targeted approach is used by the majority of home DNA test providers on the market and analyses just a fraction of your genome – less than 1%. WGS maps 100% of your genome – coding and noncoding region (exons and introns).

[VikLevaPatel]

autosomal STR (auSTR) loci (IntelliGenetics (https://intelligenetics.com/))
D3S1358
D1S1656
D2S441
D10S1248
D13S317
Penta E
D16S539
D18S51
D2S1338
CSF1PO
Penta D
TH01
VWA
D21S11
D7S820
D5S818
TPOX
D8S1179
D12S391
D19S433
FGA
D22S1045
Amelogenin

The Heart of Silk Road “Xinjiang,” Its Genetic Portray, and Forensic Parameters Inferred From Autosomal STRs: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.760760/full
Genetic polymorphism of 23 autosomal STR loci in Han population: https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/wpr-880666
Variability of New STR Loci and Kits in US Population Groups: https://www.promega.com.au/resources/profiles-in-dna/2012/variability-of-new-str-loci-and-kits-in-us-population-groups/
Allele frequencies of 21 autosomal STR markers in a mixed race Peruvian population applied to forensic practice: https://www.elsevier.es/pt-revista-spanish-journal-legal-medicine-446-articulo-allele-frequencies-21-autosomal-str-S2445424919300275
Population data for 23 autosomal STR loci in White British population: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349331060_Population_data_for_23_autosomal_STR_loc i_in_White_British_population
Allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 22 autosomal STR loci in a population of 983 individuals from Serbia and comparison with 24 other populations (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014460.2020.1846784)
Genetic data for PowerPlex 21™ autosomal and PowerPlex 23 Y-STR™ loci from population of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. (https://web.p.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09379827&AN=138200598&h=5QQ0pTLU6qhCAKTfbHKZxxzF0C7ljzP%2f2r8MlPSoPKk41e Tk1VcU5GrjBrDOoaM2DLwtLkpXtO%2bNMOV%2bHEcPRQ%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3d ehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3 d09379827%26AN%3d138200598)
Population genetics data of 23 autosomal STR loci for three Populations in United Arab Emirates: https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/population-genetics-data-of-23-autosomal-str-loci-for-three-popul
Estimation of Allele and Haplotype Frequencies for 23 YSTR Markers in the Lebanese Population: https://medcraveonline.com/FRCIJ/estimation-of-allele-and-haplotype-frequencies-for-23-ystr-markers-in-the-lebanese-population.html
Genetic polymorphisms and genetic relationship of 23 autosomal STR loci in Kazakh population of Xinjiang: http://journal11.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_jcyxylc/EN/Y2019/V39/I2/157
Population genetics data for 22 autosomal STR loci in European, South Asian and African populations using SureID: https://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/39161/
autosomal str loci: Topics by WorldWideScience.org (https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/a/autosomal+str+loci.html)
Genetic variation of 23 autosomal STR loci in Korean population (https://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973(12)00229-3/pdf)
Autosomal STR Markers and Interpretation - International ... (https://www.isfg.org/files/ISFG2017_WS10_Butler_AutosomalSTRs.pdf)

This article (https://www.promega.com.au/resources/profiles-in-dna/2012/variability-of-new-str-loci-and-kits-in-us-population-groups/) describes the observed variability of STR loci in 1036 unrelated (primarily male) samples from U.S. Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian and African American self-declared ancestries.

Autosomal STR markers are increasingly applied forensically, as genetic profiles in databases increase considerably in size. The exchange of genetic profiles is expected to expand in future between countries to genetically identify individuals who, due to globalisation, are migrating rapidly in order to commit crimes or disappear (https://archive.ph/jCN6Q#selection-2393.417-2393.624). As noted by the Research and Development Working Group of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence (https://www.future-science.com/doi/10.2144/000112582), STRs will probably be the markers of choice for the foreseeable future because of their widespread use in national DNA databases. Short tandem repeat (STR) (https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=113875) refers to the core repeat formed by tandem connection with relatively constant 2 - 6 bases as repeat units, also known as satellite DNA, the most commonly used genetic marker in forensic physical evidence identification. Because STR typing technology has the characteristics such as high sensitivity, standardization and automatic typing, it has become the leading technology for forensic physical evidence identification. Millions of STR profiles are generated worldwide each year by government, university, and private laboratories performing various forms of human identity testing, including DNA databasing, forensic casework, missing persons/mass disaster victim identification, or parentage testing. Although the human genome contains thousands upon thousands of STR markers (https://www.future-science.com/doi/10.2144/000112582), only a small core set of loci have been selected for use in forensic DNA and human identity testing. Like using a single, common currency in a financial sense, core loci permit equivalent genetic information to be shared and compared. Due to the genetic feature of high diversity than other DNA markers, short tandem repeat (STR) plays key roles in forensic, anthropology, and population genetics. Newly introduced multiple STR kit is more valuable because of the greatly improved discriminatory power with the increase in the number of STR loci. The genetic polymorphic data are essential for the application and research in specific population. The results show that the 23 STR provided highly polymorphic information and forensic efficiency for forensic individual identification and paternity testing (Basic & Clinical Medicine ›› 2019, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (2): 157-164 (http://journal11.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_jcyxylc/EN/Y2019/V39/I2/157)). The study of genetic diversity among different populations is useful in research of their origins, migrations and their relationships.


In our previous study, we established allelic frequency databases for 14 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) for four minority populations from XUARC (MCH, KGZ, MGL, and UZK) using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit. In this study, we genotyped 2,121 samples using the GoldenEye™ 20A Kit (Beijing PeopleSpot Inc., Beijing, China) amplifying 19 autosomal STR loci for four major ethnic groups (UGR, HAN, KZK, and HUI). These groups make up 97.33% of the total XUARC population.

The Altai is a mountain range in Central and East Asia and stretches around Kazakhstan and Russia in the west while Xinjiang in the northwest China and Mongolia in the East. In ancient times, Europeans were settled on the western side and Asians on the eastern side of these mountains (Li et al., 2019). Later on, the region was used as a corridor by European and Asian populations. This corridor played an important role in the formation of new ethnic groups and diversity of populations today (Ovodov et al., 2011). The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is the most diversified region in China, and it is the home of almost 50 ethnic groups. XUAR has played a vital role in the early ages because it was connecting not only the Altai mountain range corridor but also western Eurasia and eastern Eurasia (Esposito, 1999). It was also the main hub for the famous Silk Road, which linked trade between the Middle East, East Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Europe (Esposito, 1999). XUAR is divided into two basins, Dzungarian (North Basin) and Tarim (South Basin). Many ethnic groups, including the Uyghur (UGR), Kazakh (KZK), Hui (HUI), Han (HAN), Manchu (MCH), Mongols (MGL), Kirgiz (KGZ), and Uzbek (UZK) have lived there for hundreds of years (Millward, 2007).

Front. Genet., 17 December 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.760760

https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/760760/fgene-12-760760-HTML-r2/image_m/fgene-12-760760-t001.jpg

Comparison of allele frequencies among the Peruvian population under study and the Hispanic population: (https://archive.ph/jCN6Q#selection-2357.0-2357.102)


Alleles 11, 12, and 17.3 are not present in the vWA marker for the Peruvian population, but are reported in the Hispanic population. The most frequent alleles are 16 and 17 in both populations; while the least frequent allele in the Peruvian population is 13, and the most frequent in the Hispanic population are alleles 11, 13 and 17.3.

In marker D3S1358, allele 11 is only found in the Peruvian population; while alleles 9, 12 and 13 are only found in the Hispanic population. The most frequent allele in both populations is 15, while the least frequent alleles in the Peruvian population are 11 and 19, and allele 9 in the Hispanic population.

Marker D10S1248 of the Peruvian population under study has allele 18, which the Hispanic population does not have, while the Peruvian population does not have alleles 8 and 9 that the Hispanic population does have. The most frequent allele in both populations is allele 14; while the least frequent alleles in the Peruvian population are alleles 10 and 18, and alleles 8, 9 and 10 in the Hispanic population.

Marker SE33 of the Peruvian population under study provides alleles 17.2, 19.2, 23 and 35.2, which the Hispanic population does not have, while the Hispanic population does not have alleles 12, 12.2, 13, 14.2, 15.2, 16.2, 16.3, 20.2, 23.2, 26, 33, 34, 34.2, or 37. The most frequent allele is allele 17 in the Peruvian population, and allele 18 in the Hispanic population. On the other hand, the least frequent alleles are 11.2, 13.2, 23 and 24 in the Peruvian population, and alleles 11.2, 13.2, 24, 31 in the Hispanic population.

Marker D2S1338 of the Peruvian population under study does not have alleles 26, 27 and 28 that the Hispanic population does have, the most frequent allele in the Peruvian population is 19, and in the Hispanic population it is 17; while the least frequent allele in the Peruvian population is 16 and in the Hispanic population, alleles 27 and 28.

[VikLevaPatel]

From around 4,000 to 2,000 BC the forest-steppe north-western Pontic region (https://archive.ph/gyiC2) was occupied by people who shared a nomadic lifestyle, pastoral economy and barrow burial rituals. It has been shown that these groups, especially those associated with the Yamnaya culture (https://archive.ph/gyiC2#selection-1273.0-1273.412), played an important role in shaping the gene pool of Bronze Age Europeans, which extends into present-day patterns of genetic variation in Europe.

Y-chromosomal DNA results - Google Haritalarım (https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?hl=tr&fbclid=IwAR3CLV0gbU9KdL7Gu-nIRcB87bFEq3g39exbAtGtuEEzq5_W9GE7otsQgjY&mid=1xYZrp9V60fcsnLXZR8t_vrLQdEU&ll=39.15325396734354%2C39.76622306679564&z=10)

DERSIM DNA PROJECT
https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join.aspx?group=PROJEDERSIMIEDNA&code=W56863

https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/projedersimiedna/about

Ancient mitochondrial genome data from the western Pontic region and, for the first time, from the south-eastern part of present day Poland, show close genetic affinities between populations associated with the eastern Corded Ware culture and the Yamnaya horizon (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29914-5). This indicates that females had also participated in the migration from the steppe. Furthermore, greater mtDNA differentiation between populations associated with the western Corded Ware culture and the Yamnaya horizon points to an increased contribution of individuals with a maternal Neolithic farmer ancestry with increasing geographic distance from the steppe region, forming the population associated with the western Corded Ware culture.

Narasimhan (2019) Y haplogroups reanalyzed with Y SNP calls (http://open-genomes.org/genomes/Narasimhan%20(2019)/Narasimhan_(2019)_Y-DNA_haplogroup_reanalysis.html?fbclid=IwAR1vhxQpFp jkP84f_9Ylqt9pV4J8Qh1fetmPOgwhRZQKj5k0YEKZcI2LF7Y)

Narasimhan et al. (2019): A reanalysis of ancient Y-DNA haplogroups
from Central Asia, South Asia, the Steppe, and Europe (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cnhY6oBAOuGjnd5AeAuXZXgw0bCfninZ5Ta0EC9cKbk/edit#gid=362332466)

Y-SNP calls for Narasimhan (2019): https://indo-european.eu/miscellanea/topic/y-snp-calls-for-narasimhan-2019-the-formation-of-human-populations-in-south/

There is evidence that people of the Oxus Civilization and the nomads of the Great Eurasian Steppe (http://www.projectglobalawakening.com/oxus-civilization-bactria-margiana-archaeological-complex/) where in steady contact with one another throughout the Regionalization Era, which seems to have intensified c.2000 BC.

Oxus - pannous/hieros Wiki (https://github-wiki-see.page/m/pannous/hieros/wiki/Oxus)

Afanasievo were an early PIE 3300BC eneolithic steppe culture with ⋍100% haplogroup R1b.

The agricultural Oxus Civilization (https://archive.ph/dqwrH#selection-525.0-529.301) which peaked 2400-1900 BC had a different genetic setup:

E1b1a 1/18, E1b1b 1/18, G 2/18, J* 2/18, J1 1/18, J2 4/18, L 2/18, R* 1/18, R1b 1/18, R2 2/18, and T 1/18. Highly admixtured with ancient/'near east' populations (natufian:E1b1b semitic:J…).

Oxus Civilization ⋍ Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex BMAC
Marguš, the capital of which was Merv Mary/Gonur
Bactria > Box > Ox (⋍Bull) vs Taur

Bactria–Margiana material has been found at Susa. BMAC material is subsequently found further to the south in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, India and Pakistan, the subsequent movement of Indo-Iranian-speakers 'after they had adopted the culture of the BMAC'.

The male specimens belonged to haplogroup (https://archive.ph/4D1ua#selection-181.0-197.8) E1b1a (1/18), E1b1b (1/18), G (2/18), J* (2/18), J1 (1/18), J2 (4/18), L (2/18), R* (1/18), R1b (1/18), R2 (2/18), and T (1/18).

South Asian Groups with highest frequencies of Haplogroup E


Shia (India) 11%

Balochi (Pakistan) 8%

Baluchi (Afghanistan) 7.7%

Uzbek (Afghanistan) 5.9%

Hazara (Afghanistan) 5%

Gujarat Brahmins (India) 3.33%
https://archive.ph/MZ4HF#selection-1017.0-1043.30

Indo-Aryan speakers probably formed the vanguard of the movement into south-central Asia and many of the BMAC loanwords which entered Iranian may have been mediated through Indo-Aryan. The male specimens of BMAC skeletons from the Bronze Age sites of Bustan, Dzharkutan, Gonur Tepe, and Sapalli Tepe (https://aratta.wordpress.com/old-europe-1/) have shown to belong to haplogroup E1b1a (1/18), E1b1b (1/18), G (2/18), J* (2/18), J1 (1/18), J2 (4/18), L (2/18), R* (1/18), R1b (1/18), R2 (2/18), and T (1/18). A follow-up study by Narasimhan (2019) suggested the primary BMAC population largely derived from preceding local Copper Age peoples who were in turn related to prehistoric farmers from the Iranian plateau and to a lesser extent early Anatolian farmers and hunter-gatherers from Western Siberia, and they did not contribute substantially to later populations further south in the Indus Valley.


Afanasevo people might be the precursors of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages. In 2014, Clément Hollard of Strasbourg University tested three Y-DNA samples from the Afanasevo culture and all three turned out to belong to haplogroup R1b, including two to R1b-M269. The R1b people who stayed in the Volga-Ural region were probably the initiators of the Poltavka culture (2700-2100 BCE), then became integrated into the R1a-dominant Sintashta-Petrovka culture (2100-1750 BCE) linked to the Indo-Aryan conquest of Central and South Asia. Nowadays in Russia R1b is found at higher frequencies among ethnic minorities of the Volga-Ural region (Udmurts, Komi, Mordvins, Tatars) than among Slavic Russians. R1b is also present in many Central Asian populations, the highest percentages being observed among the Uyghurs (20%) of Xinjiang in north-west China, the Yaghnobi people of Tajikistan (32%), and the Bashkirs (47%, or 62.5% in the Abzelilovsky district) of Bashkortostan in Russia (border of Kazakhstan). R1b-M73, found primarily in North Asia (Altai, Mongolia), Central Asia and the North Caucasus is thought to have spread during the Neolithic from the Middle East to Central and North Asia, and therefore can be considered to be pre-Indo-European.
https://archive.ph/1ugYZ#selection-5173.0-5189.245


The Indo-Europeans’s bronze weapons and the extra mobility provided by horses would have given them a tremendous advantage over the autochthonous inhabitants of Europe, namely the native haplogroup C1a2, F and I (descendants of Cro-Magnon) and the early Neolithic herders and farmers (G2a, H2, E1b1b and T1a). This allowed R1a and R1b to replace most of the native male lineage,although female lineages seem to have been less affected. A comparison with the Indo-Iranian invasion of South Asia shows that 40% of the male linages of northern India are R1a, but less than 10% of the female lineages could be of Indo-European origin.
https://archive.ph/1ugYZ#selection-5193.0-5197.320

Juras, A., Chyleński, M., Ehler, E. et al. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations. Sci Rep 8, 11603 (2018) (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29914-5).
Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.740167/full)
Frequencies of Y-chromosomal haplogroups in Kazakh clans of the Senior Zhuz (https://archive.ph/Nbw2T/1897b97985ee1732f33f3a20ec9871043493937d.webp) (From: The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan (https://bmcgenomdata.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12863-020-00897-5))
Genetic Continuity of Bronze Age Ancestry with Increased Steppe-Related Ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan (https://watermark.silverchair.com/msab216.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3 ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAsQwggLABgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKxMI ICrQIBADCCAqYGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM uZp8vQNCdFzQtdo_AgEQgIICd_PA9OV8CT5sdUD02JC_4e2QiR mNxID8TYS_KFMLZlMe4ywrk9jvWwvg14TP4mBwB-7MFenWMj_PlvuMrTtv4CNF5epInz2eICV5KhQ8jmumCyKU27VF 4sUXqh1ZouOKz9PW0PHiYhHiwnhig0eNdbuRtjT8R7HvOFkTkf 6-JJxk26ZplTNTgZ6-54uMgSiqkywp7IE3QgOjPM3yYfmYAx2tMuQFPNzi87PZ5RUXC2 4YVVnzdxzVu6678EGqwp-5ZioYhspAYLw0iSy5QS5cYrJEiIc1M6nbL03RaOYdq8gNcmD0a CkJ8iA0nk3dl6JPHFu49s5IO9si6_7IzJB1V6uiEIM-MFkNRUivz0Z6l3-Trjr8glYrOANnfE96bTQI_Tu0S_VLV8uKDv-CDWe9GNVzLB3elIhMQJL62PNau6cVceF0XsVgtqjQKcm9ia1by zDVxTZws9i15WvycQdLpt5Huu8T_gWZsYaYmNfDepY8qGdRBO8 DHhmk6uUMwOji5nuKvXsJvKDtGD3RhuAZprHm00BiQKrBg1RtW hzNy__1DlJBqZ1yN2OMd184bV9BzQzZ3jXIoIrVCXURRTHzV5X W6mr1Kn9KN_Eh_0tLMXSnOECN5J_NBHQpm4zbo62Fun6MqQoDY Lq8u6r6FBlqNy8AfNvjcSVV6x-hFrPCr2c3C78ZW-xlLhFuOFsXowfvFKmqiMrk7qvYHE-1uf3ClBclZkZtpQGwMXa2Bu2o9wmXvDrjclHRVS4EZvWbqBvNo LUTgTHxePkX3ejstkGWqWojQ9MCCP_WRuWAlcWa-VyryBOi85RyLVOlGrxsRZvbpty7-c-SFeE)
Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance (https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(19)30712-2.pdf)
The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619/)
Post-last glacial maximum expansion of Y-chromosome haplogroup C2a-L1373 in northern Asia and its implications for the origin of Native Americans (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.24173)
Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.801295/full)
The Spread of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the
Islands of the Western Mediterranean (https://homepage.univie.ac.at/daniel.fernandes/publications/Fernandes%20et%20al.%202020%20-%20The%20Spread%20of%20Steppe%20and%20Iranian%20Re lated%20Ancestry%20in%20the%20Western%20Mediterran ean.pdf)
Ancient Genomes Reveal Yamnaya-Related Ancestry and a Potential Source of Indo-European Speakers in Iron Age Tianshan (https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdfExtended/S0960-9822(19)30771-7)
Maternal genetic link of a south Dravidian tribe with native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014460.2019.1599067)
Fitness and Power: The Contribution of Genetics to the History of Differential Reproduction (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14747049211066599)
The FORCE Panel: An All-in-One SNP Marker Set for Confirming Investigative Genetic Genealogy Leads and for General Forensic Applications (https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/12/1968/htm)


Recent archaeogenetic studies showed that the expansion of western steppe herders (WSHs) had a marked impact on the demographic, cultural, social and linguistic development since the third millennium BCE on the Eurasian continent (Allentoft et al., 2015; Haak et al., 2015; Damgaard et al., 2018a; Jeong et al., 2018, 2020; Narasimhan et al., 2019; Wang C. C. et al., 2021). One of the earliest representatives, known as the Yamnaya culture (ca. 3,300–2,700 BCE) from the Pontic–Caspian steppe migrated into Europe and Asia, bringing with them metallurgy, animal herding skills, and possibly the Indo-European languages (Frachetti, 2009; Allentoft et al., 2015; Haak et al., 2015). By the middle and late Bronze Age, the Sintashta culture (ca. 2,200–1,800 BCE) arose near the Urals and succeeded a majority of ancestry from the preceding Yamnaya culture. It carried a similar genetic profile with the Srubnaya and the Andronovo cultures that spread over a large part of the Eurasia landmass, extending westward into Europe, southward into Central Asia and the India subcontinent, and eastward into the Mongolian Plateau (Allentoft et al., 2015; Haak et al., 2015; Damgaard et al., 2018b; Narasimhan et al., 2019; Jeong et al., 2020; Wang C. C. et al., 2021). A number of studies provided the evidence that the steppe cultures from western Eurasia had also integrated into the early Bronze Age cultures of western China.
https://archive.ph/VjfMg#selection-1431.0-1495.163

[VikLevaPatel]

YSEQ-Alpha-Beta (https://archive.ph/V88Bo) and iGENEA use the same markers although the orders are different. iGENEA uses the "FTDNA Order."

iGENEA Y-DNA certificate: https://archive.ph/OQvwx/9d3034ff61a5175e42d56bcce39de568469db0b3.jpg, https://archive.ph/dlZcY

YSEQ-Alpha-Beta [Alpha-Beta]: α) DYS391, DYS389I, DYS437, DYS439, DYS389II, DYS438, DYS426, DYS393, YCAII, DYS390, DYS385, Y-GATA-H4, DYS388, DYS447, DYS19, and DYS392. β) DYS458, DYS455, DYS454, DYS464, DYS448, DYS449, DYS456, DYS576, CDY, DYS460, DYS459, DYS570, DYS607, and DYS442.

iGENEA DYS# 393, 390, 19, 391, 385, 426, 388, 439, 389I, 392, 389II, 458, 459, 455, 454, 447, 437, 448, 449, 464, 460, Y-GATA-H4, YCAII, 456, 607, 576, 570, CDY, 442, 438.

I might potentially belong to the J Haplogroup (specifically J1) as well. (I Doubt It). We'll see.

FTDNA gives me a value of "10" for Y-GATA-H4 whereas both Roots for Real (UK) and IntelliGenetics (https://intelligenetics.com/) (based in Atlanta-Georgia) give me a value of "11'" for the same Marker. :picard1::confused:

Whit Athey's Haplogroup Predictor: http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/

21-Haplogroup Program:

FTDNA Order: https://i.ibb.co/mhjZ0Vh/21ftdna.png

E1b1b (Haplogroup), 19 (Fitness score), 1.7 Probability (%)
J1 (Haplogroup), 22 (Fitness score), 98.3 Probability (%)

Numeric Order: https://i.ibb.co/9t0pHRc/numericorder.png

E1b1b: 19 (Fitness score), 1.7 Probability (%)
J1: 22 (Fitness score), 98.3 Probability (%)

Main 111-Marker Program:

FTDNA Order: (E1b1b Probability 85.2% Equal priors) https://i.ibb.co/gZwQSQH/ftdnafull.png

Talk about the "broken" male lineage!

Markers 393-455 (FTDNA Order): Equal priors J2a1 (86.3%), J1 (7.1%), I2a (4.6%), https://i.ibb.co/f0NyxVK/455.png
Markers 393-447 (FTDNA Order): Northwest Europe J2a1 (63.0%), E1b1b (27.5%), https://i.ibb.co/zSXLjJP/447.png
Add The Next Marker (437): Northwest Europe E1b1b (60.7%), J2a1 (27.0%), I2a (4.2%).
393-448 (Equal priors): J2a1 (42.5%), E1b1b (27.6%), J1 (24.9%), I2a (4.9%), https://i.ibb.co/58Zp8QF/448.png
Add The Next Marker, 449 (393-449): Equal priors J1 (99.8%), https://i.ibb.co/CwKNTf2/449.png

[Sasimoyhui]

Lmao. You’re not E1b or J.

[VikLevaPatel]

FTDNA gives me a value of "10" for Y-GATA-H4 whereas both Roots for Real (UK) and IntelliGenetics (https://intelligenetics.com/) (based in Atlanta-Georgia) give me a value of "11'" for the same Marker. :picard1::confused:

YSEQ points out that the "Y-GATA-H4 matches the NIST standard and is one unit different from the FTDNA value."

YSEQ STR Results: https://i.ibb.co/6yC1nJY/yseq.png

Thomas Krahn (https://www.google.com/search?q=thomas+krahn+ftdna&rlz=1C1GCEA_enAU973AU973&oq=thomas+krahn+ftdna&aqs=chrome..69i57.3611j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8) was head of FTDNA's research lab and was the Chief Y chromosome scientist and a Member of FTDNA's Scientific Advisory Board.

YSEQ DNA Shop:
Copy & paste this string into Whit Athey's Haplogroup Predictor (external link):
Or Milos Cetkovic Gentula and Aco Nevski's NEVGEN Predictor (external link):
https://www.yseq.net/strs.php


It is possible to predict the haplogroup based on the STR markers alone
https://stevemorse.org/dna/hapest.php

Stephen P. Morse's Predicting haplogroups in one-step, allows to fetch STR-values from Ysearch or FTDNA (kit login), 2008
Whit Athey's haplogroup predictor (http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/) (2004-2012), used by scientific papers
Jim Cullen's haplogroup predictor, v1.2 2008, (http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm) used by scientific papers

https://isogg.org/wiki/Y-DNA_tools

Haplo-I Subclade Prediction is disabled until you perform a Haplogroup Prediction on a changed set of markers. Your predicted Haplogroup(s) and probabilities will be displayed. If the predictor indicates that your haplotype is probably haplogroup 'I', then Haplo-I Subclade Prediction will be re-enabled.

https://i.ibb.co/yRtwBtY/ip37.png

Y-37 Haplogroup / Sub-Haplogroup or Y-67 Haplo-I Subclade Prediction: https://i.ibb.co/m6syn9q/subclade.png

Haplo-I Subclades and probabilities are as follows:


I-S31*-C =>60% I-P78-Cont3a =>8% I-S23-C =>8% I-M223-Cont2c =>5% I-M26-C =>5% I-P37.2*-French =>3%
I-S31*-C =>55% I-P37.2*-French =>8% I-S23-C =>8% I-P78-Cont3a =>7%
I-S31*-C =>51% I-M26-C =>11% I-S23-C =>8% I-P78-Cont3a =>7%
I-S31*-C =>50% I-P78-Cont3a =>12% I-M26-C =>8%
I-S31*-C =>49% I-S23-C =>11% I-P78-Cont3a =>9% I-M26-C =>7%
I-S31*-C =>46% I-S23-C =>15% I-M26-C =>11%
I-S31*-C =>44% I-M26-C =>14% I-P78-Cont3a =>13%
I-S31*-C =>41% I-P78-Cont3a =>18% I-S23-C =>9% I-M26-C =>8%
I-S31*-C =>38% I-P78-Cont3a =>12% I-M26-C =>10%

I2a subclades allocated to specific European Regions by NevGen:


I2a1 S21825> L1294 ("France")
I2a1 S21825>> L880 ("Northern France")
I2a1 S21825>> Y11949 ("Alpine")
I2a1 S21825>> L233 ("Western")
I2a1b3 Slavic-Carpathian & Disles L621
I2a1 Isles

[VikLevaPatel]

An Autosomal STR Profile of Napoléon the First - Scientific ... (https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=47915)

Objective: We report the results of nuclear DNA analyses of Napoléon the First (Napoléon Bonaparte; 1769-1821).

Design: His genomic DNA was extracted from dandruff adherent to his hair, coming from a lock of his hair dating from the year of 1811.

Results: We obtained the complete STR (short tandem repeats) profile of Napoléon, based on fifteen autosomal loci. On this profile, ten loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, D3S1358, TH01, D16S539, D2S1338, vWa, D18S51 and FGA) are heterozygous; the most frequent alleles in Caucasians are present for only seven (allele 8 for TPOX and allele 11 for D5S818, allele 13 for D8S1179, allele 10 for D7S820, allele 9.3 for THO1, allele 12 for D16S539 and allele 24 for FGA) of the homozygous and heterozygous loci.

Conclusions: So the discriminating power of this sort of genetic profile is elevated, permitting useful comparisons to other STR profiles in the future. Finally, an analysis of fifteen Y chromosomal STRs from the dandruff of this lock of hair confirms allele values of Napoléon already obtained or deduced for the corresponding loci in previous determinations.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275996775_An_Autosomal_STR_Profile_of_Napoleon_the _First

Lucotte, G. and Wilkinson, A.B. (2014) An Autosomal STR Profile of Napoléon the First. Open Journal of Genetics, 4, 292-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojgen.2014.44027

Genetics added recently a new dimension to genealogical research; this discipline is called “Genetic genealogy”. Genetic genealogy is useful to verify maternal and paternal lineages, using haploid markers from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome. The usefulness of genetic genealogy was initially demonstrated by the pioneering works on the Romanov family and on the third US President Thomas Jefferson. The enormous success of genetic genealogy today is mainly due to that it concerns personages of historical interest and, above all, royal families.

The Y-haplogroup of Napoléon, determined by the study of ten NRY-SNPs (non-recombinant Y-single nucleotide polymorphisms) is the E1b1b1c1* paragroup.

Forensic use of Y-chromosome DNA: a general overview (https://archive.ph/2LsWp)

An STR is (https://archive.ph/Hc42p), by definition, a tandemly arrayed repetition of a DNA fragment of one to six base pairs. Because of their polymorphisms and high mutation rates (https://archive.ph/f37hh#selection-931.112-931.213), STRs are widely used in biological research. The STR loci (https://www.nature.com/articles/Art39) from a non-recombining (https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/211979.pdf) region of the human Y chromosome display the same mutation rate to that of autosomal loci. Up to 27 markers are currently included in commercial Y-STR kits (https://archive.ph/2LsWp#selection-1789.2-1807.2). Due to the achieved high haplotype diversity, these tools allow for the characterization of a paternal lineage with high, albeit not maximal, degree of certainty, especially when the tested sample donor comes from an outbred population (Purps et al. 2014; Vermeulen et al. 2009).

Here's my Autosomal STR Data: https://i.ibb.co/SQhCT5Q/au.jpg

DNA Analysis Report by IntelliGenetics (https://intelligenetics.com/), Fully-Accredited DNA Relationship Testing ... (https://archive.ph/mojnl#selection-937.0-958.0)

Paternity testing service in Chamblee, Georgia (https://archive.ph/mojnl#selection-2611.0-2611.46)

114121

pop.STR

USC

http://spsmart.cesga.es/search.php?dataSet=strs_local

23 Core STRs + D6S1043
CSF1PO D1S1656 D2S441 D2S1338 D3S1358 D5S818 D7S820 D8S1179 D10S1248 D12S391 D13S317 D16S539 D18S51 D19S433 D21S11 D22S1045 FGA TH01 TPOX vWA SE33 Penta D Penta E D6S1043

CENTRAL-SOUTH ASIA (N=202): https://i.ibb.co/s95NFB0/ps.png
MIDDLE EAST (N=160): https://i.ibb.co/C5HyL0n/me.png
EUROPE (N=2135): https://i.ibb.co/P9KfX3T/sps.png
AFRICA (N=507): https://i.ibb.co/VCxm6R9/af.png
AMERICA (N=551): https://i.ibb.co/t8K0pwC/am.png
OCEANIA (N=27): https://i.ibb.co/df5fj3Q/oc.png
EAST ASIA (N=227): https://i.ibb.co/FHs75qk/eas.png

Illumina ForenSeq
CSF1PO D1S1656 D2S1338 D2S441 D3S1358 D4S2408 D5S818 D6S1043 D7S820 D8S1179 D9S1122 D10S1248 D12S391 D13S317 D16S539 D17S1301 D18S51 D19S433 D20S482 D21S11 D22S1045 FGA Penta D Penta E TH01 TPOX vWA

CENTRAL-SOUTH ASIA (N=202): https://i.ibb.co/P4k4mLp/il1.png
MIDDLE EAST (N=160): https://i.ibb.co/DWntDT3/il2.png
EUROPE (N=2135): https://i.ibb.co/5jsYL3S/il3.png
AFRICA (N=507): https://i.ibb.co/6PhXwXK/il4.png
AMERICA (N=551): https://i.ibb.co/vVcMMxd/il5.png
OCEANIA (N=27): https://i.ibb.co/pfzzW94/il6.png
EAST ASIA (N=227): https://i.ibb.co/K2wrt62/il7.png

Promega CS7
LPL F13B FESFPS F13A01 Penta B Penta C Penta D Penta E

CENTRAL-SOUTH ASIA (N=202): https://i.ibb.co/Xs8FjkM/pro1.png
MIDDLE EAST (N=160): https://i.ibb.co/5Gb36Rn/pro2.png
EUROPE (N=2135): https://i.ibb.co/2SW6DTb/pro3.png
AFRICA (N=507): https://i.ibb.co/CwwMBNV/pro4.png
AMERICA (N=551): https://i.ibb.co/9cS88D1/pro5.png
OCEANIA (N=27): https://i.ibb.co/x1snPKt/pro6.png
EAST ASIA (N=227): https://i.ibb.co/ZLJtJ8B/pro7.png

AFRICA
C. African Republic - Biaka Pygmies
D. R. of Congo - Mbuti Pygmies
Kenya - Bantu N.E.
Namibia - San
Nigeria - Yoruba
Senegal - Mandenka
Somalia
South Africa - Bantu

AMERICA
Brazil - Karitiana
Brazil - Surui
Colombia - Colombian
Dominican Republic
Mexico - Maya
Mexico - Pima

CENTRAL-SOUTH ASIA
China - Uygur
Pakistan - Balochi
Pakistan - Brahui
Pakistan - Burusho
Pakistan - Hazara
Pakistan - Kalash
Pakistan - Makrani
Pakistan - Pathan
Pakistan - Sindhi

EUROPE
France - Basque
France - French
Italy (Bergamo) - North Italian
Italy - Sardinian
Italy - Tuscan
N.W. Spain
Orkney Islands - Orcadian
Russia - Russian
Russia Caucasus - Adygei
Sweden
U.S. Europeans

OCEANIA
Bougainville - NAN Melanesian
New Guinea - Papuan

EAST ASIA
Cambodia - Cambodian
China - Dai
China - Daur
China - Han
China - Hezhen
China - Lahu
China - Miaozu
China - Mongola
China - Naxi
China - Oroqen
China - She
China - Tu
China - Tujia
China - Xibo
China - Yizu
Japan - Japanese
Siberia - Yakut

[VikLevaPatel]

You must always remember this.


For a better understanding of Y DNA and paternal-related subjects, including the different types of tests and the differences between them, see the following thread:

Thread: Y-SNP: SUPPLEMENT TO—NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR—Y-STR

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...76#post7514376

Start by knowing the differences between STRs and SNPs. They are two different types of tests. They're really two different things!
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?363330-Sergei-Lavrov-Hitler-Was-Part-Jewish&p=7529720#post7529720

This point cannot be emphasized enough: Do not be fooled into thinking you must pair STRs with SNPs. Or, to put it slightly differently, pair or match the two sets of results. As Y-STR tests are, and always have been, different from SNIP tests, and therefore not directly comparable.

Here's some to help you out a bit more:

SNPs are more stable (https://archive.ph/2ESHP#selection-271.0-285.33).

Their reason?

They have very low mutation rates.

Mutations (https://archive.ph/2ESHP#selection-421.30-421.84) are any changes made in the sequence of DNA. Mutation is the change of nucleotide in DNA sequence (https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_a_SNP_and_a_mutatio n) or any genetic material that after being stable becomes polymorphism (variation).

SNPs are variants in the genome (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-625.0-625.114) occurring naturally in the human population. SNPs is often pronounced as "snips." Each individual inherits one allele copy from each parent (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-625.114-637.2), so that the individual genotype at an SNP site is AA, BB, or AB.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms are the largest source of genetic variation (https://archive.ph/VLILG#selection-2213.0-2213.86) in humans, and it goes without saying that the advantages of using SNPs in forensic casework and population genetic studies lie in their abundance in the genome (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-787.0-787.195) – approximately 85% of the human genetic variation can be attributed to SNPs.

Compared to STRs, these markers have lower mutation rates (approximately 2 × 10−8), and are thus more stable, making them more suitable to use in kinship analyses and in circumstances where pedigree/lineage reconstruction is needed (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-791.0-795.151).

Due to their high abundance in the genome (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-529.176-529.270), SNPs already serve as the predominant marker type. The Human Genome Project, the SNP Consortium, and other groups, have identified about 15 million common DNA variants (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-637.2-643.2), mostly SNPs (199).

The vast majority of SNPs (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ) have only two alleles because the mutation rate (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-715.467-715.676) at a particular bp position is extremely low and it is highly unlikely that two point mutations happen at the same position over time. For this reason, SNPs have been used extensively to map the history of populations (https://archive.ph/LYiwJ#selection-715.676-715.843) by identifying the distribution of SNP alleles among existing and past populations.

Out of Africa? (https://archive.ph/zOCoX#selection-2511.0-2511.57) :confused: Human ancestors originated in Europe – not Africa? (https://archive.ph/Dfkvo) :confused:

Earliest 'human' actually came from Greece

114386 :thumb001:

F*ck, I love everything European. And I love everything that is white.

:bowlol::whoo::notworth::clap::clap::clap::bump2:: bump2::bump2::love0034::love0033::love0001::love00 01::iloveyou::love0031::love0031::love0031::algiz: :valknut::irminsul::odinsleipnir2::odinsleipnir::d rink3::nussknacker::irishdancer::bagpipe::hitler:: loveheart::love0003:

Europe was the birthplace of mankind, not Africa (https://archive.ph/QIYMY)

:thumbs::jump0000:

Researchers have long believed humans split from apes some five million years ago in Africa (https://archive.ph/7LtqL), but a study suggests it happened in Europe far earlier (https://archive.ph/BSaXf)than that.

Graecopithecus freybergi, nicknameded 'El Graeco' is not an ape. He is a member of the tribe of hominins (https://i.imgflip.com/6kyfwt.jpg) and the direct ancestor of homo.

An international team of paleoanthropologists, led by Professor Madelaine Böhme of the University of Tübingen, Germany, has analyzed 7.2 million-year-old remains of the hominin Graecopithecus freybergi (http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/anthropology/graecopithecus-freybergi-hominin-04888.html) and came to the conclusion that they belong to pre-humans.

The discovery of the creature, named Graecopithecus freybergi, and nicknameded ‘El Graeco' by scientists, proves our ancestors were already starting to evolve in Europe 200,000 years before the earliest African hominid (https://archive.ph/QIYMY#selection-1501.0-1505.60). An international team of researchers say the findings entirely change the beginning of human history and place the last common ancestor of both chimpanzees and humans - the so-called Missing Link - in the Mediterranean region (https://archive.ph/QIYMY#selection-1509.0-1513.190). At that time climate change had turned Eastern Europe into an open savannah (https://archive.ph/QIYMY#selection-1525.0-1525.181) which forced apes to find new food sources, sparking a shift towards bipedalism, the researchers believe.

This is a controversial view though. :fponder::confused3::noidea::shrug:

It was and still is a controversial issue. (https://archive.ph/iQ4CB#selection-833.0-833.76)

:censored:

But although this is a topic which remains controversial (https://archive.ph/iQ4CB#selection-837.0-837.92), researchers believe these 7.2-million-year-old teeth have a lot to say about human evolution.

Most experts conclude, from genetic and material evidence (https://archive.ph/5ittA), that migration on a mass scale only occurred within the last 60,000 years or so (https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-first-migrations-out-of-africa/).

STR markers show mutations in recent timeframes, generally within the past 500-800 years, but SNPs take you back into antiquity (https://archive.ph/aBHGY#selection-717.0-717.215) – just like your family pedigree chart – working from closest to further back in time (https://www.facebook.com/groups/151540824897222/).

As I have asked elsewhere: "How far back do you want to go?"

:confused::confused::confused::icon_ask::icon_ask: :bored0::confused3::confused3::confused3::noidea:: shrug::shocked::icon1::icon1::scratch::scratch:

Apparently, they go back 50,000 years in time.

Let that sink in, so to speak. Yes, please repeat it slowly and clearly. The iGENEA report (https://i.ibb.co/y4XdrX4/cm.png) states the following (https://i.ibb.co/LhRx9LJ/cmh-2.png): "Haplogroup C is 50,000 years old and therefore one of the oldest human clans. It undertook one of the largest migrations from Africa. Good seafaring capabilities helped them, to take the path out of Africa and across the sea. They navigated along the coasts and populated the Arabian Penninsula, India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. With their ships, they overcame very great distances, so that they also reached Australia."

This point cannot be emphasized enough:

STR markers (https://www.genovate.com/) mutate rapidly, at a rate of once every 20 generations. Fast mutating STR markers can be used to trace recent ancestry, within the past hundreds of years. SNP markers (https://www.genebase.com/) mutate very slowly, once every few thousand years. Slow mutating SNP markers (https://www.genetrackcanada.com/) can only trace deep ancestry from thousands of years ago, and do not provide any information on recent ancestral events.

And it cannot be emphasized enough how important that is.

The peopling of Europe (https://archive.ph/7jU0V#selection-1565.146-1569.2) itself involved several population replacements and turnovers.

And the Y chromosome pool of West Eurasia (https://archive.ph/7jU0V#selection-1587.210-1587.291) itself has undergone significant changes over time.

It goes without saying that evolution is the result of (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751718/#:~:text=It%20goes%20without%20saying%20that%20evo lution%20is%20the%20result%20of%20descent%20with%2 0modification%20and%20natural%20selection.%20) descent with modification and natural selection. This implies that all organisms/organs/structures have evolved continuously (https://archive.ph/GOcBq#selection-2903.104-2903.242) through small steps, with each new step giving some advantage. Non-adaptive modifications (https://archive.ph/GOcBq#selection-2903.243-2903.414) will be selected against, and proposed evolutionary series (https://archive.ph/GOcBq#selection-2903.300-2903.413) where only the end point is functional/advantageous must be rejected as orthogenesis.

Hg C (https://archive.ph/SeQN4#selection-1315.95-1315.157) is likely one of the earliest Out-of-Africa founder types, and a diverse set of haplogroup C lineages (https://archive.ph/7jU0V#selection-1587.13-1587.133) may have been common and widely spread throughout Eurasia before Middle Holocene.

The phylogeographic distribution pattern of Hg C (https://archive.ph/SeQN4#selection-951.798-959.48) supports a single coastal ‘Out-of-Africa’ route by way of the Indian subcontinent, which eventually led to the early settlement of modern humans in mainland Southeast Asia. The northward expansion of Hg C in East Asia started ∼40 thousand of years ago (KYA) (https://archive.ph/SeQN4#selection-951.1020-959.48) along the coastline of mainland China and reached Siberia ∼15 KYA and finally made its way to the Americas.

This YouTube video examines the great antiquity of man and specifically explains the migration path of Y chromosome haplogroup C:


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gxXwVfVAeA&ab_channel=GeoNomad

[VikLevaPatel]

These facts cannot be ignored. :smilie_stop::voodoo::cussing:

These facts and points cannot be overemphasized, and they cannot be emphasized strongly enough.

Many resellers (https://archive.ph/qeYyn#selection-249.11-249.20) claim to be your race or nationality, but they (https://archive.ph/qeYyn#selection-253.184-253.193) ship your DNA samples outside of the country, and without your knowledge or permission, for testing in a different country.

:smilie_stop::machine gun::machine gun::flynch::smilie_stop::smilie_stop::smilie_stop ::smilie_stop::voodoo::cussing::voodoo::cussing::v oodoo::cussing::machine gun::machine gun:

Let this be a warning to you: "Beware of Brokers!"


Brokers are NOT laboratories. Brokers pretend to be DNA labs, but are usually owned and operated by private merchants who set up online stores to sell DNA tests and then pass your samples to another laboratory for testing. Do not be misled. Brokers usually charge a high price for the DNA test and profit from the markup, and include other hidden lab fees after you order your test. Even if a broker is able to match the price of a real DNA lab, it is unlikely that they can match the quality of testing and accuracy.
https://archive.ph/PJkU7#selection-217.0-221.339

:fuckyou::fuck_you::fuckyou::fuck_you::fuck::fucky ou::fuckyou::eek2::shrug::noidea::banging head:thumb down:no:

Always deal directly with the DNA testing laboratory (https://dnatestingchoice.com/paternity-testing). Accreditation is important to ensure that you are receiving the highest quality testing.

Many laboratories falsely claim to be accredited by the AABB. Click here (https://www.aabb.org/standards-accreditation/accreditation/accredited-facilities/aabb-accredited-relationship-testing-facilities) to view the complete list of all AABB accredited labs. If the laboratory is not in this list, they are NOT accredited.

This list of AABB-Accredited Relationship Testing Facilities (ttps://www.aabb.org/standards-accreditation/accreditation/accredited-facilities/aabb-accredited-relationship-testing-facilities) specifies facilities that have attained AABB Accreditation in relationship testing activities (https://www.genetrackcanada.com/benefits#:~:text=We%20Are%20Approved%20by%20Citize nship,for%20immigration%20casework%20for%20Canada. ). ALL facilities listed below are deemed acceptable by USCIS for immigration cases.

https://www.aabb.org/standards-accreditation/accreditation/accredited-facilities/aabb-accredited-relationship-testing-facilities

Here's a list of more.

https://ua.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/151/DNA-Accredited-Relationship-Testing-Facilities.docx.pdf

AABB is not a DNA testing laboratory.

Accredited - An AABB assessor has been on the facility's premises and the facility practices were found to conform to AABB standards of practice.

See these posts too.

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?363927-GENETIC-REPORTS-AND-ANALYSES-AND-LOVING-LINEAGE-AND-HERITAGE-WITH-ALL-YOUR-HEART-AND-SOUL&p=7541943&viewfull=1#post7541943

[VikLevaPatel]

Locus means nothing other than location, as the website DNA-experts.ca points out. And by comparing an increasing number of locations on the chromosome, we can increase the accuracy of the results (https://www.dna-experts.ca/paternity-test.html?gclid=CjwKCAjw1ICZBhAzEiwAFfvFhNjP9LBS1R c0INk_OLDWJSMyBymz6siZNdWUDF1i2XfG19Hy2UXkjRoCTAYQ AvD_BwE). Both men and women can have their X chromosome analysed (https://archive.ph/vvbMs#selection-599.0-603.75) in order to investigate the maternal line. In both cases, the ancestral line can be traced back to a known haplogroup, so you know exactly where your origin is. Your haplogroup can be for example 'South European', 'African' or 'Asian'. And use this formula as a general rule of thumb:

20 loci - 99.999% probability
25 loci - 99.9999% probability

But remember, this is a rule of thumb, and as with everything in life and with any system or set of rules, there are exceptions, of course, to this rule. And don't forget that the exceptions prove the rule (like all exceptions). Additional STR markers, it goes without saying, will refine your matches. As Concetta Burgarella and Miguel Navascués note (https://archive.ph/pNusF) in their article titled "Mutation rate estimates for 110 Y-chromosome STRs combining population and father–son pair data," Y-chromosome microsatellites (Y-STRs) are typically used for kinship analysis and forensic identification, as well as for inferences on population history and evolution. The Australian Institute of Criminology points out (https://archive.ph/0iDQW#selection-1007.0-1011.144) that repetitive sections of DNA, called short tandem repeats (STRs), vary between individuals and that a DNA profile is created by analysing the number of STRs that occur at specific points in an individual’s DNA. But even more importantly, DNA evidence (https://archive.ph/0iDQW#selection-1019.681-1023.124) must always be considered in the context of the other available evidence. Especially considering the consequences. Because the potential consequences of error are immense and very dangerous and could be disastrous. A DNA profile, of course, can demonstrate genetic relationships (https://archive.ph/0iDQW#selection-1045.0-1045.140) when the profiles are matched on the basis of the number of STR markers that are shared. And, as FamilyTreeDNA points out (https://archive.ph/ucDxT), STRs have a fast mutation rate, whereas a SNP (pronounced snip) is a single nucleotide polymorphism, and that means that it is a single small change in your DNA code. These changes, in contrast, are rare. Once they happen, they seldom change back (back mutate). Compared to STRs, these markers, as already pointed out repeatedly, have lower mutation rates (approximately 2 × 10−8), and are thus more stable, making them more suitable to use in kinship analyses and in circumstances where pedigree/lineage reconstruction is needed. After all, their main advantages lie in their abundance in the genome, for approximately 85% of the human genetic variation can be attributed to SNPs. Fast mutating STR markers, in contrast, can be used to trace recent ancestry, within the past hundreds of years. STR markers show mutations in recent or modern timeframes, generally within the last 500-800 years or so, whereas SNPs take you back into antiquity or prehistory. If you do a side-by-side comparison you would see that SNP markers mutate very slowly, once every few thousand years, while STR markers, on the other hand, mutate rapidly, at a rate of once every 20 generations. This obviously stands in sharp contrast to SNP markers. Slow mutating SNP markers, it's important to remember, can only trace deep ancestry from thousands of years ago, and do not provide any information on recent ancestral events. The upshot is that they are immutably true, even determinately true, but that they are "true in virtue of fact", hence only contingently (i.e., contingent on data collection and analysis) true (in the face of apparent counter-examples) and not necessarily so or necessarily true. As opposed to "true in virtue of meaning" (hence necessarily true). And what might be so here is not necessarily so. It is tricky, of course. There is no question about it. It's a tricky thing, indeed, this Y-DNA haplogroup, and it feels like a thing that's not necessarily either true or false in an absolute sense, and ever but not never both or neither. And here is an instructive lesson, and consider this a lesson in what not to do:



Roots for Real <roots@geneticancestor.com>
Well, I would not put it that way. The Y SNPs and the Y STRs are on the same Y chromosome, so they have to point towards the same result. If they do not, then that is a fault of the company lab work, of the company database or of the company algorithm, not the fault of your Y chromosome.

Regards,
Peter

Dr. Peter Forster
and your Roots for Real team
Genetic Ancestor Ltd.
Cambridge, UK

From: Roots for Real <roots@geneticancestor.com>
Sent: Tuesday, 13 September 2022 9:52 PM
To: VIK <vikaryan@hotmail.com>
Subject: Re: Fw: Y discrepancies

Dear Vik,

Certainly I used the information you supplied. That is why you gave it to me. I initially trusted the false haplogroup information, and that is why I placed it among the first result.

However I cannot agree to your implication that Y-SNPs and Y-STRs do not relate to the same Y chromosome. No geneticist will agree to such a statement. It does not dignify you to doubt this fundamental genetic fact.

I cannot help feeling that you are the victim of some mischievious third party prank. If so, I urge you to contact another academic geneticist for independent advice.

Best wishes,
Dr. Peter Forster
and your Roots for Real team
Genetic Ancestor Ltd.
Cambridge, UK

In short - Houston, we have an attitude problem. Roots for Real is an object lesson in what not to do. As I have pointed out, Peter Forster has got an attitude problem and has constantly insulted in more ways than one. This guy is completely out of his mind and completely out of his depth. Let he be a lesson for every person, and let this be a lesson for all:



i don't think you know what you're talking about.
i've had tests done with accredited labs and they are two different tests.
so it's obvious you don't know the fundamental difference between the two.
sad but true.
you're not fooling me.
and stop insulting all the accredited labs and scientists. they know what they're doing.
you were not supposed to venture into that field, that is, the information from ftdna.
you were only supposed to deal with the str markers that you yourself test.
stop trying to deal with information from other dna companies.
you have insulted and slandered accredited labs and hard working scientists.
you're a third rate idiot for doing so.
i am no victim but you are the one making an absolute fool of himself here.
go away. and don't come back.
moron.

The lesson here is to know your limitations. And to avoid provoking or insulting or slandering. Roots for Real should be avoided like the plague.

[whitecuban]

You’re not E-V13 and E-V13 is not Proto Semitic

[VikLevaPatel]

In short - Houston, we have an attitude problem. Roots for Real is an object lesson in what not to do. As I have pointed out, Peter Forster has got an attitude problem and has constantly insulted in more ways than one. This guy is completely out of his mind and completely out of his depth. Let he be a lesson for every person, and let this be a lesson for all. The lesson here is to know your limitations. And to avoid provoking or insulting or slandering. Roots for Real should be avoided like the plague.

He has been reported to the Scamwatch website (https://i.ibb.co/TwGj69C/screencapture-scamwatch.png). Stupidity should be painful, and let it serve as a warning. :dumbass::fuckyou:


Briefly describe the scam

Peter Foster engaged in fraud and deception and illegal acts by using genetic data from FTDNA, a well known and respected genetics testing company, without permission, instead of using his own testing methods to arrive at a result that makes sense. He was never once given permission verbally or in writing to do this, but instead went ahead and committed this illegal act and illegally used another company's data freely without any hesitation, and unhindered. Not only that but he is stupid and does not know basic differences between the tests at the various laboratories and has insulted accredited labs and scientists. The company's website looks like something Peter Foster aborted with a coat hanger and looks like it was designed by small-time punks. He himself is just another amateur punk trying to capitalize in a totally over-saturated market.

Looks like every man and his dog is entering this crampy, bloated, murky, overburdened, overstimulated, and oversaturated genetics services market.

:stop:fuck::dancingpoop::dumbass::Bondage1::stop:f uck::dancingpoop::dumbass::Bondage1:

This is such an oversaturated and blatantly artificial market with players who have suspiciously vague and scandalously arrogant conceptualizations, and who just keep spewing indistinguishable products into an already cannibalized and oversaturated and bled out market and want to remain in the business to gain from the ever increasing demand for genetics services without investing in new technology and skills and specialties.

[Wunder-Zeichen]

Y-DNA 101 STR Markers Test

According to Genetrack Biolabs, I am a predicted member of Y-DNA Haplogroup E. But this is a very weak prediction strength. The major branches (Y-DNA haplogroups) of the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree are shown below. The origin of the tree represents the YChromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA), a name given by researchers to the most recent patrilineal ancestor of all humans living today. The origin of the tree dates back approximately 150,000 to 300,000 years. The placement of Y-DNA Haplogroup E in the Y-DNA Phylogenetic tree is as follows:

117831
117830

https://i.ibb.co/89h8zzQ/str101.png
https://i.ibb.co/y4GHTzm/tree.png