Genetic admixture and language shift in the medieval Volga-Oka interfluve

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Highlights

• Iron Age inhabitants of Suzdal were genetically unique but close to Uralic speakers
• A shift in the local gene pool coincided with Slavic migrations and a language shift
• Genetic changes mirror the insights from historical linguistics and written records
• Outliers suggest far-reaching contacts during the medieval times

Summary

The Volga-Oka interfluve in northwestern Russia has an intriguing history of population influx and language shift during the Common Era. Today, most inhabitants of the region speak Russian, but until medieval times, northwestern Russia was inhabited by Uralic-speaking peoples. A gradual shift to Slavic languages started in the second half of the first millennium with the expansion of Slavic tribes, which led to the foundation of the Kievan Rus’ state in the late 9th century CE. The medieval Rus’ was multicultural and multilingual—historical records suggest that its northern regions comprised Slavic and Uralic peoples ruled by Scandinavian settlers. In the 10th–11th centuries, the introduction of Christianity and Cyrillic literature raised the prestige status of Slavic, driving a language shift from Uralic to Slavic. This eventually led to the disappearance of the Uralic languages from northwestern Russia. Here, we study a 1,500-year time transect of 30 ancient genomes and stable isotope values from the Suzdal region in the Volga-Oka interfluve. We describe a previously unsampled local Iron Age population and a gradual genetic turnover in the following centuries. Our time transect captures the population shift associated with the spread of Slavic languages and illustrates the ethnically mixed state of medieval Suzdal principality, eventually leading to the formation of the admixed but fully Slavic-speaking population that inhabits the area today. We also observe genetic outliers that highlight the importance of the Suzdal region in medieval times as a hub of long-reaching contacts via trade and warfare.

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)01826-7


<colgroup><col style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:2084;width:43pt" width="57"> <col style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:1280;width:26pt" width="35"> <col style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:3620;width:74pt" width="99"> <col style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:2194;width:45pt" width="60"> <col style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:2377;width:49pt" width="65"> <col style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:3437;width:71pt" width="94"> <col style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:16384;width:336pt" width="448"> </colgroup><tbody>
Sample
Year
Cluster
Coverage
mtDNA
Y-DNA
Location


BOL002
188
VolgaOka_IA
76,12%
U4c1
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL006
192
*
70,04%
T2g
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL005
219
VolgaOka_IA
49,59%
V7a1
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL004
263
*
58,65%
U4c1
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL008
289
VolgaOka_IA
79,74%
H13a2b2a
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL003
292
VolgaOka_IA
9,86%
H5a1a
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL001
294
VolgaOka_IA
39,51%
H11a2
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL009
295
VolgaOka_IA
76,14%
H28a
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


BOL007
373
VolgaOka_IA
77,58%
H5
*
Davydovskoe Bol'shoe, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, 155007


SHE003
841
VolgaOka_MA1
65,34%
U5a2a1b
G2a2b1a
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


GOR001
859
VolgaOka_MA1
55,44%
K1c1h
R1a1a1b1a1b1
Sovetskaya Ulitsa, 5, Gorokhovets, Vladimirskaya oblast', Russia, 601480


SHE001
930
VolgaOka_MA2
8,51%
U5a1d1
E1b1b1a1b1
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


SHE004
936
VolgaOka_MA1
74,09%
H6a1a4
*
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


SHE002
1010
*
5,35%
NA
*
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


SHE006
1012
VolgaOka_MA1
54,22%
K1a30a
*
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


SHE005
1046
VolgaOka_MA2
12,84%
HV10
R1a1a
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


GOS003
1090
VolgaOka_MA2
13,28%
I1a1
K
Sovetskaya Ulitsa, 5, Gorokhovets, Vladimirskaya oblast', Russia, 601480


GOS002
1111
VolgaOka_MA2
34,67%
U3a3
R1a1a1b1a2a
Sovetskaya Ulitsa, 5, Gorokhovets, Vladimirskaya oblast', Russia, 601480


SHE007
1125
VolgaOka_MA2
18,63%
H49
I2a2
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


GOS001
1157
VolgaOka_MA2
49,33%
I1a1a
I2a1b2a1
Sovetskaya Ulitsa, 5, Gorokhovets, Vladimirskaya oblast', Russia, 601480


SHK002
1179
SHK
28,02%
Z3c
N1
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


SHK001
1207
SHK
48,50%
M9a1a
J2a
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


SHE009
1346
*
55,64%
U2e1b1
R1a1a1b1a1
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


SHE008
1348
*
26,15%
H3
*
Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia


KED004
1414
*
68,70%
F2e
*
Kideksha, Vladimir Oblast, Russia, 601293


KRS001
1429
*
81,91%
T1a
*
Krasnogvardeiskii, Vladimir Oblast, Russia, 601263


KED003
1634
VolgaOka_H
80,19%
I1a1a3a
*
Kideksha, Vladimir Oblast, Russia, 601293


KBL003
1728
*
26,18%
U5b1b1a
*
Suzdalsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia


KED001
1747
VolgaOka_H
75,13%
H24a
*
Kideksha, Vladimir Oblast, Russia, 601293


KBL001
1756
*
NA
NA
*
Suzdalsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia


KED002
1772
VolgaOka_H
52,77%
H50
*
Kideksha, Vladimir Oblast, Russia, 601293


KBL002
1787
VolgaOka_H
81,75%
J1c3
*
Suzdalsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia

</tbody>

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Graphical abstract

https://i.imgur.com/Jg58D6y.png

Figure 1. Geographic locations, radiocarbon dates, and PCA and ADMIXTURE results of the 32 samples from the Volga-Oka interfluve.

https://i.imgur.com/UOG8Edc.png

https://i.imgur.com/PFT5SE9.png

Figure 3. Results from qpAdm analyses.
(A) Distal model fitted on selected ancient and present-day groups. Ancient populations are in the order from the oldest to youngest as indicated by an arrow. Present-day groups are in the descending order by Siberian ancestry. Error bars indicate one standard error. p values from chi-square test for each model are shown inside the square brackets. We show models that have a p value R 0.01. Right populations used: Ethiopia_4500BP.SG, CHG, Raqefet_M_Natufian, Onge, Villabruna, ANE, Mixe, and SHG.
(B) Sequential proximal models for the Volga-Oka time transect groups. Right populations: Ethiopia_4500BP.SG, Krasnoyarsk_Krai_BA, WEHG, EEHG,
Yamnaya_Samara, and LBK_EN. LBK_EN, European Neolithic farmers; EEHGs, East European hunter-gatherers; WEHGs, West European hunter-gatherers.

https://i.imgur.com/rB1P2ya.png

Figure S3. PCA calculated based on genetic variation of 60 West Eurasian populations. Ancient samples are projected on the principal components. Individuals included in each analysis cluster are indicated by colored outlines. Individuals excluded from analysis clusters are outlined with black. Genetic outliers discussed in detail in Results and Discussion are marked with arrows.

https://i.imgur.com/juVS3BN.png

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Outliers highlight the connectedness of the medieval Suzdal

We detected several genetic outliers in our dataset. On the West Eurasian PCA, one individual from Bolshoye Davydovskoye 2 (BOL006) falls closer to their medieval successors than the main VolgaOka_IA group (Figure S3). Similarly, one individual from Shekshovo 9 (SHE008) falls closer to Central and West Europeans than the rest of the Shekshovo 9 individuals. Most strikingly, both individuals from Shekshovo 2 (SHK001 and SHK002) fell far from other individuals in our dataset, closer to East Asia and the ‘‘forest-steppe cline’’ in the Eurasian-wide PCA. Their closest PCA neighbors were Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Siberian Tatars, and other Turkic-speaking groups from Central Asia and Siberia. Both individuals also carried mitochondrial haplogroups that are more common in Asia than in Europe. In cladality f4 tests, we found the smallest number of significantly non-zero estimates with Karakalpaks, suggesting genetic similarity. In a previous study, their strontium values indicated a non-local origin, further supporting the interpretation that these individuals had moved to the Volga area in their adulthood. These two men, who died at a young age, may represent Turkic-speaking groups whose members were in the military service in Kievan Rus’, mostly guarding its southern borders. Lastly, the earliest individual from Kideksha (KED004) carried an intriguing mixture of ancestries. On the West Eurasian PCA, this individual falls within the space between European and Iranian clines. This individual also carried a geographically unusual mitochondrial haplogroup F2e, mostly found in present-day East Asians and mainland Southeast Asians. ADMIXTURE suggested that this individual has genetic affinity to ancient and present-day Iranians, and thus we fitted qpAdm models with temporally proximate Iranian-related sources. The best model included medieval Alans from northern Caucasus in addition to VolgaOka_IA and Slavic-like ancestry. These findings highlight the connectedness and importance of the Volga-Oka interfluve during the medieval era.

[Ajeje Brazorf]

G25 preliminary coordinates sorted by autosomal cluster


RUS_Vladimir_1:BOL001__AD_294,0.112685,0.026404,0. 084098,0.089148,0.007078,0.01255,0.016921,0.019384 ,-0.011453,-0.04155,0.006658,-0.012739,0.02215,0.001514,-0.009229,-0.016043,-0.010431,-0.006081,-0.008296,0.001251,0.003494,-0.001113,-0.003574,-0.022654,0.003832
RUS_Vladimir_1:BOL002__AD_188,0.112685,0.014217,0. 097674,0.097546,-0.001539,0.014223,0.014806,0.014076,-0.001227,-0.035901,0.015914,-0.005095,0.014271,-0.017065,-0.00855,-0.001724,-0.000522,0.001014,-0.003017,0.001751,0.003119,0.002597,0.00419,-0.003374,-0.001317
RUS_Vladimir_1:BOL004__AD_263,0.10927,0.00914,0.09 8051,0.090117,-0.00954,0.013945,0.011986,0.019615,-0.001432,-0.034443,0.013153,-0.01139,0.018137,-0.007432,-0.012351,-0.008618,-0.014342,0.001647,0.000503,0.004752,0.007861,-0.004328,-0.003328,0.00241,0.002155
RUS_Vladimir_1:BOL005__AD_219,0.120652,0.036559,0. 093903,0.076551,0.001231,0.013945,0.00705,0.017076 ,-0.00409,-0.053213,0.015265,-0.010191,0.035381,0.004129,-0.024158,0.000928,0.018515,-0.002407,-0.006034,0.006628,0.00025,-0.00371,0.012078,-0.000602,0.00012
RUS_Vladimir_1:BOL007__AD_373,0.113823,0.032497,0. 089755,0.084303,0.007386,0.00753,0.00987,0.015922,-0.007567,-0.043554,0.014453,-0.012889,0.025421,-0.006881,-0.011943,-0.003713,0.004172,-0.005701,0.005531,0.002251,-0.000499,0.002844,0.002218,-0.004699,-0.000958
RUS_Vladimir_1:BOL008__AD_289,0.113823,0.019295,0. 098051,0.095931,-0.001539,0.018686,0.015276,0.009692,-0.010431,-0.046835,0.016239,-0.01124,0.024975,0.008945,-0.015608,-0.000928,-0.003651,0.004561,-0.008673,0.001251,0.006114,-0.006801,0.001356,-0.015183,0.00012
RUS_Vladimir_1:BOL009__AD_295,0.117238,0.041637,0. 085229,0.084626,0.000923,0.020917,0.012926,0.01361 5,-0.0045,-0.040274,0.011692,-0.009591,0.016799,-0.000413,-0.010586,0.013789,0.018123,-0.005068,-0.003771,-0.000625,0.007487,0.000495,0.002465,0.000241,0.005 269
RUS_Vladimir_2:BOL006__AD_192,0.121791,0.066009,0. 090132,0.08721,0.016926,0.026216,0.004935,0.017538 ,-0.0045,-0.035172,0.012342,-0.007643,0.028246,0.01913,-0.011129,0.006629,0.005346,0.001267,-0.007793,0.001501,0.003244,-0.005441,0.001725,-0.011206,-0.002515
RUS_Vladimir_2:GOR001__AD_859,0.117238,0.07718,0.0 82967,0.076228,0.022773,0.019243,0.013866,0.009923 ,0.003477,-0.035172,0.005846,-0.009591,0.018434,0.010459,-0.011401,-0.001989,0.003912,-0.006334,-0.000251,0.004502,-0.003743,-0.004575,0.0053,0.005784,-0.002515
RUS_Vladimir_2:SHE003__AD_841,0.117238,0.045699,0. 086361,0.08075,0.01908,0.02008,0.012926,0.018922,-0.006749,-0.029522,0.013153,-0.016335,0.029732,0.023671,-0.013572,-0.012861,-0.008475,-0.00152,0.005531,-0.003627,0.000374,-0.001978,0.00037,-0.017593,-0.002036
RUS_Vladimir_2:SHE004__AD_936,0.120652,0.07718,0.0 89378,0.091086,0.022158,0.02259,0.00846,0.00923,0,-0.037541,0.009743,-0.014987,0.023042,0.012386,-0.020358,0.008751,0.01708,-0.011655,-0.006662,0.008879,0.001373,-0.005317,0.000616,-0.009158,0.000599
RUS_Vladimir_2:SHE006__AD_1012,0.114961,0.069056,0 .084475,0.073967,0.017542,0.012271,0.002585,0.0133 84,0.000614,-0.031345,-0.001299,-0.012589,0.02334,0.009496,-0.011943,0.005569,0.020601,-0.004307,-0.000754,0.01088,-0.000374,-0.00643,-0.006286,-0.000482,0.007544
RUS_Vladimir_3:GOS001__AD_1157,0.120652,0.102568,0 .078818,0.05814,0.031698,0.015618,0.010575,0.01453 8,0.000818,-0.012392,-0.006496,-0.01124,0.013231,0.012386,-0.003122,0.000796,0.005737,-0.001394,-0.000754,0.006378,0.005615,0.000371,0.005176,-0.003494,-0.007784
RUS_Vladimir_3:GOS002__AD_1111,0.127482,0.11577,0. 075801,0.069768,0.034468,0.026774,0.011045,0.01269 2,0.000205,-0.021504,0.002436,-0.001199,0.015015,0.023258,-0.002714,-0.008353,-0.01343,-0.002534,0.010056,0.00075,-0.007612,-0.005317,0.007025,0.000843,-0.008263
RUS_Vladimir_3:KBL002__AD_1787,0.121791,0.1046,0.0 75424,0.065246,0.030775,0.023706,0.010105,0.014538 ,-0.001636,-0.020957,0.001461,-0.005995,0.015907,0.020231,-0.013979,0.003182,0.002738,0.00114,0.00176,0,-0.002371,-0.007914,0.011216,0.002289,0.001796
RUS_Vladimir_3:KBL003__AD_1728,0.119514,0.093429,0 .067882,0.058786,0.039392,0.018128,-0.00846,0.005769,-0.010226,-0.022962,-0.000812,-0.004946,0.012636,0.025323,-0.010179,-0.00305,0.003651,-0.003927,0.010182,0.001376,-0.006239,-0.001978,0.004314,-0.003615,-0.008622
RUS_Vladimir_3:KED001__AD_1747,0.127482,0.107646,0 .07731,0.069122,0.025235,0.023985,0.00846,0.021461 ,-0.0045,-0.03098,0.002436,-0.009442,0.020367,0.02546,-0.005157,-0.009414,-0.012647,-0.002027,-0.003645,0.00075,-0.002745,0.004451,0.006655,0.000723,0.001916
RUS_Vladimir_3:KED002__AD_1772,0.129758,0.105615,0 .07995,0.06783,0.036314,0.016455,0.00705,0.012692,-0.005113,-0.024784,0.002436,-0.007643,0.019475,0.014313,-0.00475,0.009546,0.004824,0.000127,0.005028,-0.006378,0,0.001113,0.018117,0.001205,0.009221
RUS_Vladimir_3:KED003__AD_1634,0.133173,0.105615,0 .07731,0.063308,0.031698,0.01506,0.013631,0.016384 ,0.001841,-0.023326,0.005846,-0.013638,0.010704,0.018579,-0.012893,-0.003447,0.000522,-0.009122,0.006913,0.007504,-0.005116,-0.010634,0.001972,-0.009519,-0.006945
RUS_Vladimir_3:KRS001__AD_1429,0.126344,0.097491,0 .075047,0.068476,0.021542,0.024821,0.009165,0.0106 15,-0.00225,-0.018406,-0.001624,-0.009891,0.021258,0.013487,-0.016286,0.00769,0.019036,-0.005068,-0.00088,0.003126,0.009358,0.002844,0.00419,0.00578 4,-0.008263
RUS_Vladimir_3:SHE005__AD_1046,0.110408,0.121864,0 .075801,0.073644,0.023697,0.034025,0.002585,0.0101 53,-0.002454,-0.036447,0.00065,-0.007343,0.016501,0.025185,-0.006515,-0.003182,-0.004303,-0.007601,0.002263,-0.004627,0.000873,-0.012984,0.005053,-0.011929,-0.004431
RUS_Vladimir_3:SHE007__AD_1125,0.113823,0.113739,0 .066373,0.059109,0.01908,0.012829,0.008225,0.01892 2,0.000205,-0.018041,-0.003248,-0.005395,0.022745,0.032204,-0.011129,-0.010077,-0.005867,-0.004181,-0.003771,0.010255,0.013102,-0.008285,0.005793,-0.011688,-0.005389
RUS_Vladimir_3:SHE009__AD_1346,0.119514,0.107646,0 .065242,0.052326,0.039392,0.026216,0.011281,0.0117 69,0.000205,-0.015308,-0.008444,-0.007044,0.015609,0.024634,-0.013572,-0.002387,0.005215,-0.004054,0.013324,0.003752,0.004492,-0.009521,0.00037,0.00012,-0.001078
RUS_Vladimir_4:KED004__AD_1414,0.119514,0.094444,0 .042238,0.033592,0.008617,0.008925,0.003995,0.0080 77,-0.016771,-0.011481,-0.000162,-0.002548,0.000595,0.012111,-0.00855,-0.012463,-0.009648,0.00114,0.007039,-0.009505,0.001747,-0.004451,0.00037,-0.006145,-0.001317
RUS_Vladimir_5:GOS003__AD_1090,0.122929,0.122879,0 .04978,0.052972,0.042469,0.019243,-0.00094,0.017538,0.006954,-0.016583,0.00341,-0.005545,-0.00223,0.015138,-0.004479,0.016441,0.017863,-0.008488,-0.003142,0.001126,0.001622,-0.002597,0.016638,-0.011929,0.010418
RUS_Vladimir_6:SHE008__AD_1348,0.121791,0.122879,0 .055437,0.04199,0.035083,0.023427,0.008695,0.00346 1,0.002659,0.007107,-0.004547,0.005395,-0.009366,-0.013487,0.016286,0.022275,0.014212,-0.003801,0.005279,0.007629,0.00861,-0.005812,-0.001849,0.011929,-0.003712
RUS_Vladimir_7:SHK001__AD_1207,0.073985,-0.182795,0.062979,0.014858,-0.04924,-0.018686,0.001645,0.00923,-0.012271,-0.006378,-0.013803,-0.002847,0.003717,-0.015138,0.002307,-0.006895,-0.009909,0.0019,0.01257,0.009379,-0.022959,0.001978,-0.00493,-0.006989,-0.002395
RUS_Vladimir_7:SHK002__AD_1179,0.066017,-0.174671,0.042615,-0.000646,-0.038469,-0.003347,0.007755,0.014769,-0.009613,-0.008383,-0.021922,-0.001499,-0.000297,-0.004817,0.002986,0.011403,-0.00326,0.003294,0.010936,0.012006,-0.018467,-0.003586,-0.016885,0.002048,-0.000599

Averages


RUS_Vladimir_1,0.11431086,0.025678429,0.092394429, 0.088317429,0.00057142857,0.014542286,0.012690714, 0.015625714,-0.0058142857,-0.042252857,0.013339143,-0.010447857,0.022447714,-0.0024575714,-0.013203571,-0.0023298571,0.0016948571,-0.0017192857,-0.0033938571,0.0024655714,0.0039751429,-0.0014308571,0.0022007143,-0.0062658571,0.0013172857
RUS_Vladimir_2,0.118376,0.0670248,0.0866626,0.0818 482,0.0196958,0.02008,0.0085544,0.0137994,-0.0014316,-0.0337504,0.007957,-0.012229,0.0245588,0.0150284,-0.0136806,0.0012198,0.0076928,-0.0045098,-0.0019858,0.004427,0.0001748,-0.0047482,0.000345,-0.006531,0.0002154
RUS_Vladimir_3,0.12272191,0.10690755,0.074087091,0 .064159545,0.030299182,0.021601545,0.0076056364,0. 013593909,-0.0020822727,-0.022282455,-0.00048718182,-0.007616,0.016677091,0.021369091,-0.0091178182,-0.0016996364,0.00049781818,-0.0035128182,0.0036796364,0.0020805455,0.000850636 36,-0.0043503636,0.0063528182,-0.0026619091,-0.0034401818
RUS_Vladimir_4,0.119514,0.094444,0.042238,0.033592 ,0.008617,0.008925,0.003995,0.008077,-0.016771,-0.011481,-0.000162,-0.002548,0.000595,0.012111,-0.00855,-0.012463,-0.009648,0.00114,0.007039,-0.009505,0.001747,-0.004451,0.00037,-0.006145,-0.001317
RUS_Vladimir_5,0.122929,0.122879,0.04978,0.052972, 0.042469,0.019243,-0.00094,0.017538,0.006954,-0.016583,0.00341,-0.005545,-0.00223,0.015138,-0.004479,0.016441,0.017863,-0.008488,-0.003142,0.001126,0.001622,-0.002597,0.016638,-0.011929,0.010418
RUS_Vladimir_6,0.121791,0.122879,0.055437,0.04199, 0.035083,0.023427,0.008695,0.003461,0.002659,0.007 107,-0.004547,0.005395,-0.009366,-0.013487,0.016286,0.022275,0.014212,-0.003801,0.005279,0.007629,0.00861,-0.005812,-0.001849,0.011929,-0.003712
RUS_Vladimir_7,0.070001,-0.178733,0.052797,0.007106,-0.0438545,-0.0110165,0.0047,0.0119995,-0.010942,-0.0073805,-0.0178625,-0.002173,0.00171,-0.0099775,0.0026465,0.002254,-0.0065845,0.002597,0.011753,0.0106925,-0.020713,-0.000804,-0.0109075,-0.0024705,-0.001497

Distances


Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_1
0.02716834 Russian_Leshukonsky
0.02993012 Saami_Kola
0.02998968 Komi
0.04850213 Russian_Pinezhsky
0.05196850 Russian_Pinega

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_2
0.02204465 Vepsian
0.02221318 Russian_Pinezhsky
0.02252796 Russian_Pinega
0.02462559 Russian_Krasnoborsky
0.02675214 Karelian

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_3
0.01358258 Russian_Ryazan
0.01450500 Russian_Tver
0.01605313 Russian_Kursk
0.01662030 Russian_Orel
0.01873338 Ukrainian_Dnipro

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_4
0.05006917 Moldovan
0.05012817 Turkish_Deliorman
0.05543867 Ukrainian_Zakarpattia
0.05550358 Moldovan_o
0.05666444 Hungarian

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_5
0.03861691 Slovakian
0.04005217 Moldovan_o
0.04177744 Ukrainian_Zakarpattia
0.04241052 Czech
0.04499683 Sorb_Niederlausitz

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_6
0.03477232 Afrikaner
0.03511915 Dutch
0.03859357 French_Brittany
0.03869940 French_Pas-de-Calais
0.03876305 German

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_7
0.02891882 Karakalpak
0.03415786 Nogai
0.04939685 Kazakh
0.05073268 Tubalar
0.06179607 Tatar_Siberian

G25 preliminary coordinates sorted by period


RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL001__AD_294,0.112685,0.026404,0.084098,0.08 9148,0.007078,0.01255,0.016921,0.019384,-0.011453,-0.04155,0.006658,-0.012739,0.02215,0.001514,-0.009229,-0.016043,-0.010431,-0.006081,-0.008296,0.001251,0.003494,-0.001113,-0.003574,-0.022654,0.003832
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL002__AD_188,0.112685,0.014217,0.097674,0.09 7546,-0.001539,0.014223,0.014806,0.014076,-0.001227,-0.035901,0.015914,-0.005095,0.014271,-0.017065,-0.00855,-0.001724,-0.000522,0.001014,-0.003017,0.001751,0.003119,0.002597,0.00419,-0.003374,-0.001317
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL004__AD_263,0.10927,0.00914,0.098051,0.0901 17,-0.00954,0.013945,0.011986,0.019615,-0.001432,-0.034443,0.013153,-0.01139,0.018137,-0.007432,-0.012351,-0.008618,-0.014342,0.001647,0.000503,0.004752,0.007861,-0.004328,-0.003328,0.00241,0.002155
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL005__AD_219,0.120652,0.036559,0.093903,0.07 6551,0.001231,0.013945,0.00705,0.017076,-0.00409,-0.053213,0.015265,-0.010191,0.035381,0.004129,-0.024158,0.000928,0.018515,-0.002407,-0.006034,0.006628,0.00025,-0.00371,0.012078,-0.000602,0.00012
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL006__AD_192,0.121791,0.066009,0.090132,0.08 721,0.016926,0.026216,0.004935,0.017538,-0.0045,-0.035172,0.012342,-0.007643,0.028246,0.01913,-0.011129,0.006629,0.005346,0.001267,-0.007793,0.001501,0.003244,-0.005441,0.001725,-0.011206,-0.002515
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL007__AD_373,0.113823,0.032497,0.089755,0.08 4303,0.007386,0.00753,0.00987,0.015922,-0.007567,-0.043554,0.014453,-0.012889,0.025421,-0.006881,-0.011943,-0.003713,0.004172,-0.005701,0.005531,0.002251,-0.000499,0.002844,0.002218,-0.004699,-0.000958
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL008__AD_289,0.113823,0.019295,0.098051,0.09 5931,-0.001539,0.018686,0.015276,0.009692,-0.010431,-0.046835,0.016239,-0.01124,0.024975,0.008945,-0.015608,-0.000928,-0.003651,0.004561,-0.008673,0.001251,0.006114,-0.006801,0.001356,-0.015183,0.00012
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500:BOL009__AD_295,0.117238,0.041637,0.085229,0.08 4626,0.000923,0.020917,0.012926,0.013615,-0.0045,-0.040274,0.011692,-0.009591,0.016799,-0.000413,-0.010586,0.013789,0.018123,-0.005068,-0.003771,-0.000625,0.007487,0.000495,0.002465,0.000241,0.005 269
RUS_Vladimir_AD_500-1000:GOR001__AD_859,0.117238,0.07718,0.082967,0.07 6228,0.022773,0.019243,0.013866,0.009923,0.003477,-0.035172,0.005846,-0.009591,0.018434,0.010459,-0.011401,-0.001989,0.003912,-0.006334,-0.000251,0.004502,-0.003743,-0.004575,0.0053,0.005784,-0.002515
RUS_Vladimir_AD_500-1000:SHE003__AD_841,0.117238,0.045699,0.086361,0.0 8075,0.01908,0.02008,0.012926,0.018922,-0.006749,-0.029522,0.013153,-0.016335,0.029732,0.023671,-0.013572,-0.012861,-0.008475,-0.00152,0.005531,-0.003627,0.000374,-0.001978,0.00037,-0.017593,-0.002036
RUS_Vladimir_AD_500-1000:SHE004__AD_936,0.120652,0.07718,0.089378,0.09 1086,0.022158,0.02259,0.00846,0.00923,0,-0.037541,0.009743,-0.014987,0.023042,0.012386,-0.020358,0.008751,0.01708,-0.011655,-0.006662,0.008879,0.001373,-0.005317,0.000616,-0.009158,0.000599
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500:GOS001__AD_1157,0.120652,0.102568,0.078818,0. 05814,0.031698,0.015618,0.010575,0.014538,0.000818 ,-0.012392,-0.006496,-0.01124,0.013231,0.012386,-0.003122,0.000796,0.005737,-0.001394,-0.000754,0.006378,0.005615,0.000371,0.005176,-0.003494,-0.007784
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500:GOS002__AD_1111,0.127482,0.11577,0.075801,0.0 69768,0.034468,0.026774,0.011045,0.012692,0.000205 ,-0.021504,0.002436,-0.001199,0.015015,0.023258,-0.002714,-0.008353,-0.01343,-0.002534,0.010056,0.00075,-0.007612,-0.005317,0.007025,0.000843,-0.008263
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500:KRS001__AD_1429,0.126344,0.097491,0.075047,0. 068476,0.021542,0.024821,0.009165,0.010615,-0.00225,-0.018406,-0.001624,-0.009891,0.021258,0.013487,-0.016286,0.00769,0.019036,-0.005068,-0.00088,0.003126,0.009358,0.002844,0.00419,0.00578 4,-0.008263
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500:SHE005__AD_1046,0.110408,0.121864,0.075801,0. 073644,0.023697,0.034025,0.002585,0.010153,-0.002454,-0.036447,0.00065,-0.007343,0.016501,0.025185,-0.006515,-0.003182,-0.004303,-0.007601,0.002263,-0.004627,0.000873,-0.012984,0.005053,-0.011929,-0.004431
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500:SHE006__AD_1012,0.114961,0.069056,0.084475,0. 073967,0.017542,0.012271,0.002585,0.013384,0.00061 4,-0.031345,-0.001299,-0.012589,0.02334,0.009496,-0.011943,0.005569,0.020601,-0.004307,-0.000754,0.01088,-0.000374,-0.00643,-0.006286,-0.000482,0.007544
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500:SHE007__AD_1125,0.113823,0.113739,0.066373,0. 059109,0.01908,0.012829,0.008225,0.018922,0.000205 ,-0.018041,-0.003248,-0.005395,0.022745,0.032204,-0.011129,-0.010077,-0.005867,-0.004181,-0.003771,0.010255,0.013102,-0.008285,0.005793,-0.011688,-0.005389
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500:SHE009__AD_1346,0.119514,0.107646,0.065242,0. 052326,0.039392,0.026216,0.011281,0.011769,0.00020 5,-0.015308,-0.008444,-0.007044,0.015609,0.024634,-0.013572,-0.002387,0.005215,-0.004054,0.013324,0.003752,0.004492,-0.009521,0.00037,0.00012,-0.001078
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1500-2000:KBL002__AD_1787,0.121791,0.1046,0.075424,0.06 5246,0.030775,0.023706,0.010105,0.014538,-0.001636,-0.020957,0.001461,-0.005995,0.015907,0.020231,-0.013979,0.003182,0.002738,0.00114,0.00176,0,-0.002371,-0.007914,0.011216,0.002289,0.001796
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1500-2000:KBL003__AD_1728,0.119514,0.093429,0.067882,0. 058786,0.039392,0.018128,-0.00846,0.005769,-0.010226,-0.022962,-0.000812,-0.004946,0.012636,0.025323,-0.010179,-0.00305,0.003651,-0.003927,0.010182,0.001376,-0.006239,-0.001978,0.004314,-0.003615,-0.008622
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1500-2000:KED001__AD_1747,0.127482,0.107646,0.07731,0.0 69122,0.025235,0.023985,0.00846,0.021461,-0.0045,-0.03098,0.002436,-0.009442,0.020367,0.02546,-0.005157,-0.009414,-0.012647,-0.002027,-0.003645,0.00075,-0.002745,0.004451,0.006655,0.000723,0.001916
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1500-2000:KED002__AD_1772,0.129758,0.105615,0.07995,0.0 6783,0.036314,0.016455,0.00705,0.012692,-0.005113,-0.024784,0.002436,-0.007643,0.019475,0.014313,-0.00475,0.009546,0.004824,0.000127,0.005028,-0.006378,0,0.001113,0.018117,0.001205,0.009221
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1500-2000:KED003__AD_1634,0.133173,0.105615,0.07731,0.0 63308,0.031698,0.01506,0.013631,0.016384,0.001841,-0.023326,0.005846,-0.013638,0.010704,0.018579,-0.012893,-0.003447,0.000522,-0.009122,0.006913,0.007504,-0.005116,-0.010634,0.001972,-0.009519,-0.006945
RUS_Vladimir_o1_AD_1000-1500:KED004__AD_1414,0.119514,0.094444,0.042238,0. 033592,0.008617,0.008925,0.003995,0.008077,-0.016771,-0.011481,-0.000162,-0.002548,0.000595,0.012111,-0.00855,-0.012463,-0.009648,0.00114,0.007039,-0.009505,0.001747,-0.004451,0.00037,-0.006145,-0.001317
RUS_Vladimir_o2_AD_1000-1500:GOS003__AD_1090,0.122929,0.122879,0.04978,0.0 52972,0.042469,0.019243,-0.00094,0.017538,0.006954,-0.016583,0.00341,-0.005545,-0.00223,0.015138,-0.004479,0.016441,0.017863,-0.008488,-0.003142,0.001126,0.001622,-0.002597,0.016638,-0.011929,0.010418
RUS_Vladimir_o3_AD_1000-1500:SHE008__AD_1348,0.121791,0.122879,0.055437,0. 04199,0.035083,0.023427,0.008695,0.003461,0.002659 ,0.007107,-0.004547,0.005395,-0.009366,-0.013487,0.016286,0.022275,0.014212,-0.003801,0.005279,0.007629,0.00861,-0.005812,-0.001849,0.011929,-0.003712
RUS_Vladimir_o4_AD_1000-1500:SHK001__AD_1207,0.073985,-0.182795,0.062979,0.014858,-0.04924,-0.018686,0.001645,0.00923,-0.012271,-0.006378,-0.013803,-0.002847,0.003717,-0.015138,0.002307,-0.006895,-0.009909,0.0019,0.01257,0.009379,-0.022959,0.001978,-0.00493,-0.006989,-0.002395
RUS_Vladimir_o4_AD_1000-1500:SHK002__AD_1179,0.066017,-0.174671,0.042615,-0.000646,-0.038469,-0.003347,0.007755,0.014769,-0.009613,-0.008383,-0.021922,-0.001499,-0.000297,-0.004817,0.002986,0.011403,-0.00326,0.003294,0.010936,0.012006,-0.018467,-0.003586,-0.016885,0.002048,-0.000599

Averages


RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500,0.11524587,0.03071975,0.092111625,0.088179,0.0 0261575,0.0160015,0.01172125,0.01586475,-0.00565,-0.04136775,0.0132145,-0.01009725,0.0231725,0.000240875,-0.01294425,-0.00121,0.00215125,-0.001346,-0.00394375,0.002345,0.00388375,-0.001932125,0.00214125,-0.006883375,0.00083825
RUS_Vladimir_AD_500-1000,0.118376,0.066686333,0.086235333,0.082688,0.0 21337,0.020637667,0.011750667,0.012691667,-0.0010906667,-0.034078333,0.0095806667,-0.013637667,0.023736,0.015505333,-0.015110333,-0.002033,0.0041723333,-0.006503,-0.00046066667,0.0032513333,-0.00066533333,-0.0039566667,0.0020953333,-0.006989,-0.0013173333
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500,0.11902629,0.10401914,0.074508143,0.065061429 ,0.026774143,0.021793429,0.007923,0.013153286,-0.00037957143,-0.021920429,-0.002575,-0.0078144286,0.018242714,0.020092857,-0.0093258571,-0.0014205714,0.0038555714,-0.0041627143,0.0027834286,0.0043591429,0.003636285 7,-0.0056174286,0.0030458571,-0.002978,-0.003952
RUS_Vladimir_AD_1500-2000,0.1263436,0.103381,0.0755752,0.0648584,0.0326 828,0.0194668,0.0061572,0.0141688,-0.0039268,-0.0246018,0.0022734,-0.0083328,0.0158178,0.0207812,-0.0093916,-0.0006366,-0.0001824,-0.0027618,0.0040476,0.0006504,-0.0032942,-0.0029924,0.0084548,-0.0017834,-0.0005268
RUS_Vladimir_o1_AD_1000-1500,0.119514,0.094444,0.042238,0.033592,0.008617, 0.008925,0.003995,0.008077,-0.016771,-0.011481,-0.000162,-0.002548,0.000595,0.012111,-0.00855,-0.012463,-0.009648,0.00114,0.007039,-0.009505,0.001747,-0.004451,0.00037,-0.006145,-0.001317
RUS_Vladimir_o2_AD_1000-1500,0.122929,0.122879,0.04978,0.052972,0.042469,0 .019243,-0.00094,0.017538,0.006954,-0.016583,0.00341,-0.005545,-0.00223,0.015138,-0.004479,0.016441,0.017863,-0.008488,-0.003142,0.001126,0.001622,-0.002597,0.016638,-0.011929,0.010418
RUS_Vladimir_o3_AD_1000-1500,0.121791,0.122879,0.055437,0.04199,0.035083,0 .023427,0.008695,0.003461,0.002659,0.007107,-0.004547,0.005395,-0.009366,-0.013487,0.016286,0.022275,0.014212,-0.003801,0.005279,0.007629,0.00861,-0.005812,-0.001849,0.011929,-0.003712
RUS_Vladimir_o4_AD_1000-1500,0.070001,-0.178733,0.052797,0.007106,-0.0438545,-0.0110165,0.0047,0.0119995,-0.010942,-0.0073805,-0.0178625,-0.002173,0.00171,-0.0099775,0.0026465,0.002254,-0.0065845,0.002597,0.011753,0.0106925,-0.020713,-0.000804,-0.0109075,-0.0024705,-0.001497

Distances


Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_AD_1-500
0.02276799 Russian_Leshukonsky
0.03009342 Komi
0.03200895 Saami_Kola
0.04321339 Russian_Pinezhsky
0.04627169 Russian_Pinega

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_AD_500-1000
0.02159230 Russian_Pinega
0.02256984 Vepsian
0.02279975 Russian_Pinezhsky
0.02480987 Russian_Krasnoborsky
0.02738269 Karelian

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_AD_1000-1500
0.01823023 Russian_Ryazan
0.01886823 Russian_Tver
0.02188903 Russian_Kursk
0.02384382 Russian_Orel
0.02403307 Moksha

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_AD_1500-2000
0.01268650 Russian_Tver
0.01437833 Russian_Ryazan
0.01765745 Russian_Kursk
0.01793742 Russian_Orel
0.01983446 Ukrainian_Dnipro

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_o1_AD_1000-1500
0.05006917 Moldovan
0.05012817 Turkish_Deliorman
0.05543867 Ukrainian_Zakarpattia
0.05550358 Moldovan_o
0.05666444 Hungarian

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_o2_AD_1000-1500
0.03861691 Slovakian
0.04005217 Moldovan_o
0.04177744 Ukrainian_Zakarpattia
0.04241052 Czech
0.04499683 Sorb_Niederlausitz

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_o3_AD_1000-1500
0.03477232 Afrikaner
0.03511915 Dutch
0.03859357 French_Brittany
0.03869940 French_Pas-de-Calais
0.03876305 German

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_o4_AD_1000-1500
0.02891882 Karakalpak
0.03415786 Nogai
0.04939685 Kazakh
0.05073268 Tubalar
0.06179607 Tatar_Siberian

[rothaer]

Graphical abstract

https://i.imgur.com/Jg58D6y.png

Figure 1. Geographic locations, radiocarbon dates, and PCA and ADMIXTURE results of the 32 samples from the Volga-Oka interfluve.


I wonder what caused the genetic change from the second to the third stage. An out-of-proportion reproduction of Slavs before mixing?

[Ajeje Brazorf]

I wonder what caused the genetic change from the second to the third stage. An out-of-proportion reproduction of Slavs before mixing?

Change was gradual and it's quite likely that Slavs simply outnumbered the pre-Slavic communities.

https://i.imgur.com/waD0hDf.png

[rothaer]

Change was gradual and it's quite likely that Slavs simply outnumbered the pre-Slavic communities.

https://i.imgur.com/waD0hDf.png

The pic "Middle Ages" after the "Slavic migrations" does, however, not yet show such an outnumbering. So if from that pic it has developed without any additional notable Slavic migration to such an outnumbering - I also assume such before the mixing that resulted in the pic "Post-medieval" - then this outnumbering must have emerged out of a very differing reproduction rate. Or how to explain?

[Russki]

Distance to: RUS_Vladimir_o3_AD_1000-1500
0.03477232 Afrikaner
0.03511915 Dutch
0.03859357 French_Brittany
0.03869940 French_Pas-de-Calais
0.03876305 German


German spy

[sevruk]

I wonder what caused the genetic change from the second to the third stage. An out-of-proportion reproduction of Slavs before mixing?

Slavs have more dick than the Uralics

[sevruk]

VolgaOka_MA2 is hardly suitable even for pure Eastern Slavs, rather something Central Russian/Moksha/Erzya

[Leto]

Great stuff, thanks for sharing it. I basically logged in only to post this. The pre-Slavic people in the Oka-Volga region would have been abt 15 percent East Eurasian on average, some as low as 10 pct and others as high as 20 pct.

These two Cumans/Polovets (?) were really Mongoloid. My model for Central Asians

Target: RUS_Vladimir_7:SHK002__AD_1179
Distance: 0.0219% / 0.02187894
49.9 MNG_Ulaanzuukh_Slab_Grave
32.7 KAZ_Aktogai_MLBA
10.7 IRN_Tepe_Hissar_C
3.0 TUR_Kaman-Kalehoyuk_MLBA
2.6 CHN_Yellow_River_LN
1.1 Levant_Megiddo_MLBA

Target: RUS_Vladimir_7:SHK001__AD_1207
Distance: 0.0278% / 0.02782209
44.8 MNG_Ulaanzuukh_Slab_Grave
38.5 KAZ_Aktogai_MLBA
9.2 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
6.7 IRN_Tepe_Hissar_C
0.8 TUR_Kaman-Kalehoyuk_MLBA