O2a-L465 in ancient Europe

[Oasis]

ABSTRACT HGP-014
Y-chromosome analysis of Bronze Age populations from the territory of present-day Poland
Speaker: Michał Golubiński
University of Warsaw, Poland
Co-authors: Mateusz Baca1, Barbara Bujalska1, Michalina Hoffmann2, Anna Hyrchała3, Elżbieta Jarzęcka4, Tomasz Koczorski5, Andrzej Kokowski6, Leszek Kucharski7, Maciej Kosiński8, Piotr Miernik2,
Anna Mucha3, Piotr Pachulski9, Danijela Popović1, Wojciech Rajpold10, Bartłomiej Rzepkowski2, Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka11, Łukasz Maurycy Stanaszek12, Magdalena Wieczorek-Szmal8, Piotr Węgleński1, Arkadiusz Wiktor2, Marcin Woźniak4, Daniel Żychliński9, Martyna Molak1 1 University of Warsaw, Poland Archeological and Archeobotanical Workshop Arkadiusz Wiktor, Poland 3 Stanisław Staszic Museum in Hrubieszów, Poland
4 Jan Kasprowicz Museum in Inowrocław, Poland
5 Bydgoszcz, Poland 6 Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Lublin, Poland 7 District Museum in T oruń, Poland
8 Częstochowa Museum, Poland 9 "THOR” Archaeological Research, Poland
10 Castle Museum in Sandomierz, Poland
11 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
12 State Archeological Museum in Warsaw, Poland
13 Częstochowa Museum, Poland
Abstract:
The Bronze Age in the area of what in the present-day makes Poland lasted for more than a dozen centuries (2300-700 BC). At that time, this territory was inhabited by various groups of different origins, as well as of different levels of economic and social development. Finally, around 1350 BC, the Lusatian culture emerged amidst this heterogeneous cultural background. Some researchers in the past associate the people of the Lusatian culture with the Proto-Slavs.The aim of this study was to determine the origin and genetic structure of male lineages from the Mierzanowice culture (2300-1600 BC), the Trzciniec culture (1900-1000 BC) and the Lusatian culture (1350-400 BC), which occupied the territory of the present-day Poland using the Y-chromosome-wide SNPs. The analysis of the Y chromosome variation made it possible to test for the continuity of settlement in the mentioned area throughout the Bronze Age and for a possibility of a connection between the Lusatian culture and the younger Iron Age populations. The analysed material consisted of skeletal fragments collected from 46 Bronze Age individuals. The samples with more than 1% of endogenous DNA, after sex determination, were subjected to targeted enrichment with a custom in-house-designed panel of 10k Y-chromosome SNPs and/or with myBaits Expert Human Affinities Prime Plus. The Y-chromosome haplogroup was determined for 25 individuals. Most of the Bronze Age individuals belonged to R1a haplogroup subclades. There were also individuals belonging to haplogroup I2a and O2a-L465. The lack of these Y-chromosome lines identified in the younger Iron Age samples suggests at least some level of discontinuity with the Bronze Age populations. The research is part of the project „Genetic history of Poles”
(2018/31/B/HS3/01464) financed by the National Science Centre, Poland.

https://i.ibb.co/zrGyfYg/11.png
“Ancient genomes reveal the complex genetic history of Prehistoric Eurasian modern humans” http://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0012

Recently it was shown in “Ancient genomes reveal the complex genetic history of Prehistoric Eurasian modern humans” that Palaeolithic Central European samples after 19000 years ago yielded an ancestry which was coloured either as Ancient Southern East Asian (ASEA), or as Ancient Northern East Asian (ANEA) or as Ancient East Asian (AEA).

In China, the ancient Baojianshan sample is representative of these three ancestries (a part of these ancestries went to Baojianshan and a part of these ancestries reached Western Eurasia).

The sample to represent small traces of these ancestries in Europe is Mesolithic Loschbour. He belonged to yDNA I2a and mtDNA U5b1a which has a mutation T15097C. In China, the T15097C mutation can be observed in basal mtDNA B5b*. In “Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China” by Melinda Yang it was shown that ancient yDNA N1-Z4762 sample Shandong Bianbian having mtDNA B5b2 had a genetic connection to Loschbour relative to Goyet Q116-1 specimen in Belgium. However, it is unlikely that yDNA N1-Z4762 sample Shandong Bianbian relatives came to Europe during the Mesolithic period. It is more likely that the yDNA N2-Y6503 representatives could do this.

The most interesting ancestry is Ancient Southern East Asian (ASEA). On the graph below the necessary ancestry for yDNA O2a-L465 (O-M122) is represenrted by the Dushan specimen (while Liangdao2 represents O1a-M119-related ancestry and Qihe3 represents O1b-M268-related ancestry specifically on this graph), and this ancestry is contributed to Baojianshan, thus, it could have reached Europe. O2a-M134 branch is shared by Chinese and Tibetan speakers, while O2a-L465 separated from them well before their split from each other, so it is not impossible that some O2a-L465 contributed to Basque-Caucasians, while some O2a-L465 contributed to other nationalities in China which were also related to Sino-Tibetans (Chinese and Tibetan speakers). The types of populations contributing to Dushan on this graph had their own specific mtDNA lineages.

https://i.ibb.co/xHGk5dP/13.png

Thus, each population on the territory of China had a certain type of their ancestry. The appearance of one ancestry outside China does not exclude the presence of another ancestry outside China.

[Oasis]

Handan Han may have notable amounts of (…) "Korean" admixture.
As an aside, I am surprised by the finding of Q-F1096(xM120, M25) Y-DNA in their database

One should not directly connect the formation of Koreans to Q-M120, whose ancestor was likely to arrive during the AR19K period 19000 years ago, and it is the AR19K that should harbour this yDNA Q admixture in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, and the Japanese people clustered the closest to AR19K in in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”.

The Koreans may occupy two clines
[1] In "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", the Koreans occupy a cline connected to the ancestry that separated prior to the split of Northern and Southern East Asians, that is, the Koreans were not “AR19K-related” in this respect (such an ancestry was detected in Koreans in “Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China”). Such an ancestry is absolutey unrelated to the cline occupied by yDNA N-M231 samples in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago".

[2] In “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, the Koreans occupy a unique cline which started in the individual placed in the intermediate position between the most ancient mtDNA C/D1-related Yumin and the basal mtDNA B AR33K. Thus, the geographic origin of such an ancestry should have been in Northeast Asia and its vicinity where Tianyuan/AR33K-related populations lived and Yumin-related population contributed some ancestry to them. The basal individual of this cline should be related to the mtDNA C4a2a1 on the territory of the People’s Republic of China, having the mutation A15301G!, a basal mutation of female mtDNA N*. So this is a very ancient cline. mtDNA lineages selected for the Koreans in “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” harbour such ancient mutations. In one case, the Korean cline intersected one of Shandong Xiaojingshan specimens, likely having mtDNA pre-D4b2b10, but such a lineage in China harbours an ancient mutation G185A, so it makes the connection of the Korean cline to this very one Xiaojingshan specimen rather exceptional and uncharacteristic of other Shandong populations….

Thus, the Korean language should clearly have some very East Asian or even very local constituents which were not imported to East Asia by Q-M120-related populations…