Ajeje Brazorf
07-22-2024, 07:15 AM
We describe a Hib genome isolated from a 6-year-old Anglo-Saxon plague victim, from approximately 540 to 550 CE, Edix Hill, England, showing signs of invasive infection on its skeleton. We find that the genome clusters in phylogenetic division II with Hib strain NCTC8468, which also caused invasive disease. While the virulence profile of our genome was distinct, its genomic similarity to NCTC8468 points to mostly clonal evolution of the clade since the 6th century. We also reconstruct a partial Yersinia pestis genome, which is likely identical to a published first plague pandemic genome of Edix Hill.
The site of Edix Hill (Barrington, Cambridgeshire, UK) is an Anglo-Saxon cemetery dating between 500 and 650 CE. We sampled teeth from two individuals recovered from an unphased double burial (grave 85). The grave housed an adult male skeleton (25–35 years) (Sk 447A, EDI086/PSN625) with antemortem cranial trauma and a non-adult skeleton (6 years) (Sk 447B, EDI064/PSN604) showing non-pathognomonic signs of disease described below. They were excavated from a shallow grave, which seems to have been disturbed on multiple occasions leading to the recovery of partial skeletons. The deposition history of the grave could not be reconstructed based on site stratigraphy. However, the recovery of Y. pestis reads from both skeletons is suggestive of their contemporaneity. Radiocarbon dating of individual EDI064 (416-541 calAD) further supports an association with the first wave of the Justinianic plague 541–544 CE.
England_Saxon_Cambridgeshire:EDI064__AD_478__Cov_5 3.06%,0.129758,0.137096,0.060716,0.055556,0.038469 ,0.017849,0.00235,0.006923,0.00409,-0.002916,-0.000325,0.008842,-0.015163,-0.009083,0.027416,0.007823,-0.011474,0.008868,0.003268,0.005753,0.014849,0.008 532,-0.007025,0.010604,-0.005029
Distance to: England_Saxon_Cambridgeshire:EDI064__AD_478__Cov_5 3.06%
0.01907134 Orcadian:HGDP00799
0.02016741 Faroes_EM:VK236__AD_1600__Cov_69.00%
0.02047138 England_Saxon:OAI008__AD_750__Cov_76.31%
0.02085535 England_Saxon.SG:HAD013.SG__AD_750__Cov_66.99%
0.02096828 Netherlands_MBA:I11973__BC_1330__Cov_73.07%
0.02141087 Icelandic
0.02142214 Orcadian
0.02157040 Sweden_Viking.SG:VK401_noUDG.SG__AD_1050__Cov_64.2 8%
0.02172141 Denmark_Aalborg_PostMedieval:CGG100453__AD_1671__C ov_43.10%
0.02210104 jadegreg_mother_scaled
0.02212508 Danish:499
0.02219137 Scottish
0.02230952 Scotland_LIA:I3568__AD_38__Cov_68.53%
0.02250196 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon:I20670__AD_500__Cov_67 .64%
0.02258318 England_MIA_LIA:I20988__BC_275__Cov_63.33%
0.02259303 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon:I0159__AD_716__Cov_80. 85%
0.02268518 English
0.02274573 Irish
0.02277618 Norwegian
0.02289297 Germany_AltInden_Saxon_EMedieval:IND013.A_noUDG__A D_600__Cov_75.49%
0.02300662 Northman_scaled
0.02305944 Jessie/Grace_O'Malley_scaled
0.02307327 England_MIA:I21293__BC_313__Cov_52.19%
0.02317185 firemonkey_scaled
0.02317754 England_Saxon.SG:ELY005.SG__AD_750__Cov_89.98%
0.02322197 Dutch:GSM1633992
0.02326326 Danish
0.02328331 England_EastYorkshire_MIA_LIA:I5508__BC_225__Cov_7 2.34%
0.02346792 England_LIA:I12927__AD_125__Cov_70.87%
0.02350523 Welsh:WalesL44
0.02351393 firemonkey2_scaled
0.02355698 Jessie/Grace_O'Malley_mother_scaled
0.02356626 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon_oSteppe:I20656__AD_500 __Cov_68.09%
0.02358456 England_Saxon:HAD014__AD_750__Cov_78.25%
0.02370617 England_Saxon:LAK002_noUDG__AD_750__Cov_78.18%
0.02389504 Sweden_Megalithic_FirseSten_LBA:FIR001__BC_1077__C ov_81.21%
0.02391053 England_C_EBA:I18606__BC_1820__Cov_57.92%
0.02391669 England_Viking.SG:VK259_noUDG.SG__AD_997__Cov_62.1 5%
0.02402212 Dutch:GSM567332
0.02405321 Welsh
0.02407899 Germany_Schleswig_Saxon_LMedieval:SWG001.A__AD_115 0__Cov_77.10%
0.02410927 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon:I20668__AD_500__Cov_70 .21%
0.02413708 England_Saxon:OAI011__AD_750__Cov_76.97%
0.02417073 Danish:GSM1985777
0.02417159 Finn_father_scaled
0.02419137 Danish:GSM1985752
0.02424073 Scottish:Scottish15
0.02426280 English_Cornwall:HG00243
0.02432411 Scotland_LBA:I2860__BC_874__Cov_70.84%
0.02446166 British:GRC10044014
0.02446450 England_IA:I16442__BC_379__Cov_66.10%
0.02463031 Danish:GSM1985779
0.02464299 J_Man/Black_Wolf_mother_scaled
0.02471522 Welsh:WalesCHF13
0.02473811 Icelandic:NA15758
0.02482269 Irish:Irish51
0.02483938 Finn_scaled
0.02499711 ajc347_mother_scaled
The site of Edix Hill (Barrington, Cambridgeshire, UK) is an Anglo-Saxon cemetery dating between 500 and 650 CE. We sampled teeth from two individuals recovered from an unphased double burial (grave 85). The grave housed an adult male skeleton (25–35 years) (Sk 447A, EDI086/PSN625) with antemortem cranial trauma and a non-adult skeleton (6 years) (Sk 447B, EDI064/PSN604) showing non-pathognomonic signs of disease described below. They were excavated from a shallow grave, which seems to have been disturbed on multiple occasions leading to the recovery of partial skeletons. The deposition history of the grave could not be reconstructed based on site stratigraphy. However, the recovery of Y. pestis reads from both skeletons is suggestive of their contemporaneity. Radiocarbon dating of individual EDI064 (416-541 calAD) further supports an association with the first wave of the Justinianic plague 541–544 CE.
England_Saxon_Cambridgeshire:EDI064__AD_478__Cov_5 3.06%,0.129758,0.137096,0.060716,0.055556,0.038469 ,0.017849,0.00235,0.006923,0.00409,-0.002916,-0.000325,0.008842,-0.015163,-0.009083,0.027416,0.007823,-0.011474,0.008868,0.003268,0.005753,0.014849,0.008 532,-0.007025,0.010604,-0.005029
Distance to: England_Saxon_Cambridgeshire:EDI064__AD_478__Cov_5 3.06%
0.01907134 Orcadian:HGDP00799
0.02016741 Faroes_EM:VK236__AD_1600__Cov_69.00%
0.02047138 England_Saxon:OAI008__AD_750__Cov_76.31%
0.02085535 England_Saxon.SG:HAD013.SG__AD_750__Cov_66.99%
0.02096828 Netherlands_MBA:I11973__BC_1330__Cov_73.07%
0.02141087 Icelandic
0.02142214 Orcadian
0.02157040 Sweden_Viking.SG:VK401_noUDG.SG__AD_1050__Cov_64.2 8%
0.02172141 Denmark_Aalborg_PostMedieval:CGG100453__AD_1671__C ov_43.10%
0.02210104 jadegreg_mother_scaled
0.02212508 Danish:499
0.02219137 Scottish
0.02230952 Scotland_LIA:I3568__AD_38__Cov_68.53%
0.02250196 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon:I20670__AD_500__Cov_67 .64%
0.02258318 England_MIA_LIA:I20988__BC_275__Cov_63.33%
0.02259303 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon:I0159__AD_716__Cov_80. 85%
0.02268518 English
0.02274573 Irish
0.02277618 Norwegian
0.02289297 Germany_AltInden_Saxon_EMedieval:IND013.A_noUDG__A D_600__Cov_75.49%
0.02300662 Northman_scaled
0.02305944 Jessie/Grace_O'Malley_scaled
0.02307327 England_MIA:I21293__BC_313__Cov_52.19%
0.02317185 firemonkey_scaled
0.02317754 England_Saxon.SG:ELY005.SG__AD_750__Cov_89.98%
0.02322197 Dutch:GSM1633992
0.02326326 Danish
0.02328331 England_EastYorkshire_MIA_LIA:I5508__BC_225__Cov_7 2.34%
0.02346792 England_LIA:I12927__AD_125__Cov_70.87%
0.02350523 Welsh:WalesL44
0.02351393 firemonkey2_scaled
0.02355698 Jessie/Grace_O'Malley_mother_scaled
0.02356626 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon_oSteppe:I20656__AD_500 __Cov_68.09%
0.02358456 England_Saxon:HAD014__AD_750__Cov_78.25%
0.02370617 England_Saxon:LAK002_noUDG__AD_750__Cov_78.18%
0.02389504 Sweden_Megalithic_FirseSten_LBA:FIR001__BC_1077__C ov_81.21%
0.02391053 England_C_EBA:I18606__BC_1820__Cov_57.92%
0.02391669 England_Viking.SG:VK259_noUDG.SG__AD_997__Cov_62.1 5%
0.02402212 Dutch:GSM567332
0.02405321 Welsh
0.02407899 Germany_Schleswig_Saxon_LMedieval:SWG001.A__AD_115 0__Cov_77.10%
0.02410927 England_EarlyMedieval_Saxon:I20668__AD_500__Cov_70 .21%
0.02413708 England_Saxon:OAI011__AD_750__Cov_76.97%
0.02417073 Danish:GSM1985777
0.02417159 Finn_father_scaled
0.02419137 Danish:GSM1985752
0.02424073 Scottish:Scottish15
0.02426280 English_Cornwall:HG00243
0.02432411 Scotland_LBA:I2860__BC_874__Cov_70.84%
0.02446166 British:GRC10044014
0.02446450 England_IA:I16442__BC_379__Cov_66.10%
0.02463031 Danish:GSM1985779
0.02464299 J_Man/Black_Wolf_mother_scaled
0.02471522 Welsh:WalesCHF13
0.02473811 Icelandic:NA15758
0.02482269 Irish:Irish51
0.02483938 Finn_scaled
0.02499711 ajc347_mother_scaled