All ancient samples were used in the analysis.
After few hours testing, I see great potential in this approach, including graphical display of convergence on maps.
The analysis of the 10 closest genetic samples to the test sample from the period 35003000 BC reveals significant insights into the ethnogenesis of the test sample. By comparing the PCA components of these samples with the test sample, we can identify which populations and archaeological cultures likely contributed to the formation of the test sample's genetic profile.
Key Findings:
PCA Components with Minimal Differences:
The smallest genetic distances were found for samples from Bulgaria, Ukraine, Sweden, and Moldova. These samples show the least genetic divergence from the test sample, indicating that these populations played a key role in shaping the genetic landscape of the test sample.
Cultural Context:
Yamnaya Culture (c. 33002500 BC): The Yamnaya culture, prominent across the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, is a key cultural influence during this period. Samples from Ukraine and Moldova, including I4110.AG (Ukraine) and I20069 (Moldova), are genetically linked to populations from the Yamnaya culture. The Yamnaya culture is known for its role in the early Indo-European migrations and its influence on the spread of bronze metallurgy and pastoralism across Europe. Genetic evidence suggests that the Yamnaya people contributed significantly to the gene pool of Central and Eastern Europe, with populations from these regions mixing with local groups, thereby shaping the test sample's genetic profile.
Corded Ware Culture (c. 29002350 BC): The Corded Ware culture, found in regions such as Germany, Poland, and Ukraine, is also linked to the test sample's genetic ancestry. The proximity of samples from Ukraine (such as KTL001.AG) to the test sample supports the hypothesis that the Corded Ware culture, which was characterized by its distinctive pottery style and the spread of Indo-European languages, played a significant role in shaping the genetic traits of the test sample.
Globular Amphora Culture (c. 34002800 BC): The Globular Amphora culture, which preceded the Corded Ware culture in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, also contributed to the early Neolithic agricultural gene pool. While not directly represented in the closest samples, the genetic influence of the Globular Amphora culture likely intermingled with steppe populations over time, influencing the genetic traits of later cultures such as the Corded Ware and Yamnaya.
Geographic and Temporal Overlap:
The small genetic distances of samples from Bulgaria and Ukraine reflect the overlap between the populations involved in the Yamnaya, Corded Ware, and Globular Amphora cultures. These cultures not only shared similar agricultural and metalworking practices but were also in close geographic proximity, facilitating gene flow through migration and cultural exchange.
Conclusion:
The Yamnaya and Corded Ware cultures played a pivotal role in the ethnogenesis of the test sample. The Yamnaya culture contributed significantly through its steppe genetic legacy, while the Corded Ware culture helped disseminate Indo-European languages and metalworking technologies across Europe. Additionally, the Globular Amphora culture laid the early foundations of Neolithic agriculture, which contributed to the genetic diversity of the test sample.
Key samples from Bulgaria, Ukraine, Sweden, and Moldova demonstrate how migration, gene flow, and cultural diffusion across these regions in the 35003000 BC period shaped the genetic profile of the test sample, highlighting the complex ethnogenesis driven by these cultures.
This analysis underscores the interconnectedness of Central and Eastern European populations during this period and their genetic and cultural exchanges, which played a major role in the formation of the test sample's genetic identity.
https://i.ibb.co/Tw6R6DN/Zrzut-ekranu-27-1-2025-141055-chatgpt-com.jpg (https://imgbb.com/)
Cross-Analysis of Key Samples for the Ethnogenesis of test sample 25002200 BC
The analysis of the 10 closest genetic samples to the test sample reveals crucial insights into the ethnogenesis of this population. By comparing the PCA components of these samples with the test sample, we identified the most significant components that define genetic proximity.
Key Findings:
PCA Components with Minimal Differences:
The most prominent PCA components contributing to genetic proximity are PC22, PC20, and PC18. These components exhibit the smallest mean differences between the test sample and the key samples, indicating that they play a vital role in shaping the genetic profile of the test sample.
The low variance in these components further suggests that they were consistent across these populations, supporting the hypothesis of shared ancestry or cultural practices.
Geographic and Cultural Implications:
The Corded Ware and Fatyanovo cultures, prominent in Czechia and Germany, are genetically linked to the test sample. These cultures contributed to the spread of Indo-European languages and bronze metallurgy, which likely influenced the genetic landscape of the period.
Genetic Flow and Regional Differentiation:
Although some PCA components, such as PC2 and PC7, show higher variance, suggesting regional genetic differentiation, they still exhibit close alignment with the test sample. This indicates that while the populations may have exhibited localized adaptations, they shared a core genetic foundation.
Conclusion:
The cross-analysis highlights the pivotal role of the Corded Ware and Fatyanovo cultures in the ethnogenesis of the test sample. The consistent genetic markers in key PCA components reflect the shared ancestral and cultural traits, while regional variations in certain components point to localized genetic differentiation. These findings support the theory of complex gene flow and cultural interactions across Central and Eastern Europe during the period 25002200 BC.
https://i.ibb.co/MMmLXwL/Zrzut-ekranu-27-1-2025-141627-chatgpt-com.jpg (https://ibb.co/bzknfwn)
https://i.ibb.co/sV7yZ7r/Zrzut-ekranu-27-1-2025-141610-chatgpt-com.jpg (https://ibb.co/71h2qhF)
:p
Unfortunately, the graphics need to be improved or another method found. For now, I am blocked by the chatGPT interaction limit.
Scientific Report: Analysis of Test Sample Similarity with Ancient Populations
1. Introduction The purpose of this analysis was to examine the similarity of the test sample (“test_sample”) with ancient populations during the period 2300-2000 BCE. The test sample was compared with a dataset of genetic data, including PCA coordinates (PC1-PC25). The results are based on the calculation of Euclidean distances between the test sample and the mean PCA coordinates of population groups.
2. Materials and Methods
• Input Data:
o Test sample (“test_sample”): A set of PCA coordinates (PC1-PC25).
o Ancient population data: A dataset localized in Europe and surrounding regions, including cultural groups such as Bell Beaker and Unetice.
• Analysis Method:
o The mean PCA coordinates were calculated for each population.
o Euclidean distances between the mean coordinates and the test sample were calculated.
o Results were ranked from the smallest to the largest distance, indicating populations most similar to the test sample.
3. Results
The following graphical table and map summarize the distances of the closest ancient populations to the test sample, alongside their geographical distribution for clearer context:
________________________________________
Graphical Representation of Results:
This heatmap provides a visual depiction of the distances between the test sample and the ancient populations.
https://i.ibb.co/PG94ZJT/heatmap-similarity.png (https://ibb.co/Jjy2R8x)
________________________________________
4. Discussion
Analysis of Fatyanovo Affiliations: To explore the potential connections between the test sample and the Fatyanovo culture, an analysis of the closest Fatyanovo samples was conducted. This culture, associated with the Corded Ware horizon, represents a significant group within the eastern reaches of the European Bronze Age.
Findings:
1. Closest Fatyanovo Samples:
o The five closest Fatyanovo samples include individuals from modern-day Russia, dating to 2674-2531 BCE. These samples exhibit moderate genetic similarity to the test sample, with notable examples including:
Fatyanovo (IVA001): Found in Moscow, dating to 2674 BCE, with a distance of 0.049463.
Fatyanovo (MIL001): Located in Ivanovo, dating to 2544 BCE, with a distance of 0.050077.
Fatyanovo (VOR005): From Yaroslavl, dating to 2531 BCE, with a distance of 0.053845.
2. Connections to Corded Ware and Bell Beaker Populations:
o The genetic profile of Fatyanovo samples overlaps with that of Corded Ware groups, suggesting shared ancestry and cultural exchanges.
o These findings imply that Fatyanovo populations may have contributed to the genetic and cultural landscape that shaped later Central European populations, including Bell Beaker and Unetice groups.
Implications: The Fatyanovo culture likely played a role in the eastward extension of Corded Ware influences and may have contributed to the gene flow into Central Europe during the intermediary period. This highlights the broad geographic range of interactions and the dynamic nature of population movements during the Bronze Age.
Analysis of the Intermediary Period (2750-2300 BCE): The role of Corded Ware populations in this intermediary period is particularly significant. These groups not only share genetic markers with both earlier Yamnaya populations and later Bell Beaker and Unetice cultures but also acted as a conduit for cultural and genetic exchange across Central Europe.
To further contextualize the genetic and cultural transitions influencing the Bell Beaker and Unetice populations, an analysis was conducted on samples from the intermediary period between Yamnaya and Unetice cultures (2750-2300 BCE).
Findings:
1. Corded Ware Influence:
o Corded Ware populations provided a genetic and cultural foundation for the transition between Yamnaya and later Bronze Age cultures. This is evident in their overlapping genetic affinities with both Yamnaya and Bell Beaker groups.
2. Closest Intermediary Samples:
o The closest samples during this period include representatives of Yamnaya and Corded Ware cultures, originating from Central Europe and adjacent regions:
Yamnaya (I17747): Found in Moldova, dating to 2710 BCE, with a distance of 0.029197.
Corded Ware (I6696): Located in the Czech Republic, dating to 2625 BCE, with a distance of 0.032312.
Corded Ware (PNL002): Also from the Czech Republic, dating to 2703 BCE, with a distance of 0.033102.
Corded Ware (CAH005): From the Czech Republic, dating to 2399 BCE, with a distance of 0.034424.
EBA Sample (MX198): Identified in Switzerland, dating to 2559 BCE, with a distance of 0.032135.
3. Cross-Cultural Influence:
o The genetic data show a strong affinity between intermediary populations and the Bell Beaker and Unetice samples. This supports the hypothesis that populations from Corded Ware and Yamnaya cultures played a significant role in shaping the genetic structure observed in Central Europe during the Bronze Age.
o The geographical spread of these samples—from Moldova to Switzerland—highlights extensive mobility and interaction among groups during this period.
Implications: The intermediary period serves as a critical bridge linking the Proto-Yamnaya migrations to the genetic and cultural developments seen in the Bell Beaker and Unetice cultures. The influence of Corded Ware populations is particularly evident, as they share genetic markers with both earlier and later groups. This underscores the importance of Central Europe as a nexus for cultural and genetic exchange during the transition from the late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age.
Backward Analysis of Influencing Samples: To understand the genetic and cultural precursors of the populations identified in this study (I5531, I4136, KNE003, MIS006, I4130), an analysis of earlier samples was conducted. This analysis focused on identifying genetic similarities with samples from cultures predating the Bell Beaker and Unetice populations.
Findings:
1. Closest Influencing Samples:
o Proto-Yamnaya and Yamnaya samples from Bulgaria, Moldova, and Romania were identified as the closest precursors to the Bell Beaker and Unetice samples.
o Notable influencing samples include:
Proto-Yamnaya (I1456): Found in Bulgaria, dating to 3250 BCE, with a distance of 0.027758.
Yamnaya (Bul4): A sample from Bulgaria, dating to 2945 BCE, with a distance of 0.068755.
Yamnaya South (I18819): From Romania, dating to 2750 BCE, with a distance of 0.080637.
2. Cross-Period Connections:
o The genetic data suggest that Proto-Yamnaya and Yamnaya populations likely contributed to the genetic structure of the Bell Beaker and Unetice cultures.
o The Yamnaya migrations, known for their significant impact on the European Bronze Age, align with the observed genetic overlap, reinforcing the hypothesis of cultural and population continuity in Central Europe.
Implications: The findings highlight the foundational role of Proto-Yamnaya and Yamnaya groups in shaping the genetic and cultural landscape of later populations in Central Europe. The genetic affinity of these samples with the Bell Beaker and Unetice populations underscores the dynamic interactions and migrations that characterized the European Bronze Age.
A cross-period analysis was conducted to compare the genetic similarity of the test sample with samples from two distinct periods: 2700-2300 BCE and 2300-2000 BCE. This analysis provides additional context to the evolution and mobility of ancient populations in Central Europe.
Comparison of the Two Periods:
1. Closest Samples from 2700-2300 BCE:
o The four closest samples from this period included Bell Beaker individuals from Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as early Bronze Age settlements in Central Europe.
o Notable samples include:
Bell Beaker (I5531): Originating from Germany with a distance of 0.034536.
Bell Beaker (I4136): Found in the Czech Republic, with a distance of 0.038065.
EBA Unetice (I4130): From the Czech Republic, with a distance of 0.039468.
2. Cross-Period Findings:
o The mean PCA coordinates of the samples from 2700-2300 BCE were compared with the 100 closest samples from 2300-2000 BCE.
o The difference in PCA values showed consistency in genetic continuity within Central Europe, with minor shifts reflecting localized migration and cultural integration.
o The Bell Beaker culture appears to have acted as a precursor to the genetic structure seen in the later Unetice culture, suggesting a strong link between these populations.
Implications: The genetic overlap between the two periods indicates sustained population interactions and continuity in Central Europe. The Bell Beaker culture likely facilitated the exchange of genetic material and cultural practices, which were further developed during the rise of the Unetice culture. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of the Bronze Age populations and underline the importance of Central Europe as a genetic and cultural crossroads during this era.
To better contextualize the genetic analysis, an archaeological framework is necessary. The Bell Beaker and Unetice cultures are both significant within the European Bronze Age, each representing unique technological, cultural, and migratory developments.
• Bell Beaker Culture: This culture, spanning from approximately 2800 to 1800 BCE, is associated with the widespread use of distinctive pottery, metallurgy advancements, and evidence of long-distance trade. The Bell Beaker phenomenon is thought to have played a crucial role in spreading Indo-European languages across Europe. Archaeological findings suggest strong regional variation within the culture, including burial practices and settlements. The test sample's genetic affinity with Bell Beaker individuals from Germany and the Czech Republic aligns with known centers of this culture's activity.
• Unetice Culture: Flourishing between 2300 and 1600 BCE, the Unetice culture is recognized as one of the first advanced societies of the Central European Bronze Age. It is characterized by large cemeteries, hoards of metal artifacts, and sophisticated bronze-working techniques. Unetice settlements were often strategically located along rivers, suggesting a reliance on trade and resource transportation. The genetic similarity of the test sample to Unetice populations corresponds with this culture's prominence in Central Europe.
Both cultures overlapped temporally and geographically, indicating possible interaction and cultural exchange. The genetic findings further emphasize the interconnectedness of these populations and highlight Central Europe's importance as a hub of innovation and mobility during the Bronze Age.
The analysis revealed that the test sample exhibits the highest similarity to the Bell Beaker population (I5531 and I4136) and the Unetice culture in Central Europe (KNE003, MIS006, I4130). The low Euclidean distance values suggest a close genetic affinity between the test sample and these populations.
• Bell Beaker Population: This culture was widespread across Europe during the Bronze Age. The results suggest that the test sample may have genetic connections to these groups.
• Unetice Culture: This culture was characteristic of Central Europe during the Early Bronze Age. The test sample shows strong similarity with representative samples of this culture (KNE003, MIS006, I4130).
• Geographical Analysis of Closest Samples: The closest ancient samples (Bell Beaker and Unetice) were found predominantly in Central Europe, with specific origins:
o Bell Beaker (I5531): Identified from modern-day Germany.
o Bell Beaker (I4136): Originating from the Czech Republic region.
o Unetice Samples (KNE003, MIS006, I4130): Spread across regions of the Czech Republic and neighboring areas, representing early Bronze Age settlements.
The clustering of these samples in Central Europe highlights the potential geographic concentration of genetic similarities with the test sample.
5. Conclusions
The conducted analysis indicates that the test sample is most genetically similar to the Bell Beaker and Unetice populations from the period 2300-2000 BCE. These findings suggest potential genetic and geographical links between the test sample and ancient groups inhabiting Central Europe.
6. Recommendations
1. Extend the analysis to other populations from periods before and after 2300-2000 BCE to confirm the similarity.
2. Compare with additional genetic markers (e.g., haplogroups).
3. Utilize additional visualization methods, such as heatmaps with geographic locations.
7. References
• Genetic and cultural data of ancient populations (Bell Beaker, Unetice).
• Scientific literature on the Bronze Age in Europe.
Maybe some people will be interested, I asked ChatGPT to perform an ethnogenesis simulations based on the selection of 300 closest ancient samples similar to modern North Slavic ones.
Convergence of modern populations of the Northern Slavs with the 300 closest ancient samples. Not surprisingly, the closest population are Ukrainians from Rivne.
https://i.ibb.co/gZQrhpWz/output-16.png (https://ibb.co/nM4wtv1z)
All Northern Slavic populations deviate slightly from the theoretical native population, with the main axis of deviation being the Russian North, which is not surprising.
https://i.ibb.co/xRBCQ9W/output-29.png (https://ibb.co/z0Bnw9p)
The beginnings of ethnogenesis are not surprising as well. It's Yamnaya and then CW.
https://i.ibb.co/5XxN5mnc/output-44.png (https://ibb.co/Psz75K9C)
Geographic correlation of samples in the timeline. The occurrence of cremation in a key area should be taken into account.
https://i.ibb.co/BVjHHYzN/output-31.png (https://ibb.co/VWD00kjm)
correlation of individual samples
https://i.ibb.co/WvkdLZNK/output-25.png (https://ibb.co/60Hpkzcs)
Theoretical area of genetic similarity in the Iron Age. There is a distant theoretical Celtic component, as well as a remote population or component within Russia. Probably representing the Scythians.
https://i.ibb.co/5hvtPkxv/output-8.png (https://ibb.co/nMfZFB8f)
The model suggests the possibility of relatively early interaction with the Celts, Scythians (which is not surprising) and earlier expansion into the Balkans. It's quite possible since we have Slavic settlers in Viminacium
https://i.ibb.co/bR1BL6pY/output-9.png (https://ibb.co/2YqtPFXR)
Theoretical model of the genetic formation of the Iron Age Slavs
https://i.ibb.co/kgwdLXR6/output-12.png (https://ibb.co/WWMTrfbp)
Suggested sequence of events, considering IA only:
1000 BCE – Proto-Slavic settlements form.
500 BCE – Slavs & Celts trade & conflict.
300 BCE – Scythian & Sarmatian steppe raids impact Slavic movement.
200 BCE – Baltic trade intensifies.
100 BCE – Slavs begin major expansion into the Balkans.
100 CE – Dacian & Illyrian conflicts influence Southern Slavs.
200 CE – Gothic & Germanic expansions create cultural pressure.
250 CE – A distinct Slavic identity emerges.
Identified and verified the Masłomęcz Wielbark Culture samples in the dataset, including:
✅ PCA0100.SG (193 AD, Poland - Masłomęcz)
✅ PCA0103.SG (194 AD, Poland - Masłomęcz)
✅ PCA0089.SG (197 AD, Poland - Masłomęcz)
✅ PCA0027.SG (200 AD, Poland - Kowalewko, Wielbark Culture)
These samples represent Wielbark Culture individuals from the late Roman period, which played a role in Slavic and Gothic interactions.
Here, a slightly different possible sequence of events is presented. With the main source in the Czech BA, through Trzciniec, Knoviz/Lusatian culture (probably with a cremation gap), Scythian Ukraine, Polish IA, Czernyachov , ending with a reliable sample from Avar Hungary. But at the same time, a parallel trace is possible in the BA area of Russia up to Ingria IA.
https://i.ibb.co/QjKCn87N/output-6.png (https://ibb.co/cXrCtbKF)
You can also see traces of La Tθne culture. It is possible that this is a trace of early Slavic-Celtic interactions.
I decided to explore this theoretical line in Russia. This probably turns out to be a split off of the post-Fatyanovo group, which wandered all the way to Kazakhtan, giving rise to the Scythian Sarmatians.
https://i.ibb.co/Jwcm73b3/Zrzut-ekranu-30-1-2025-1418-chatgpt-com.jpg (https://ibb.co/q3D7sJ4J)
Here we also have an additional theoretical contribution of individual close samples of the Bronze Age in shaping later Slavs.
https://i.ibb.co/m5fK3DdH/output-4.png (https://ibb.co/RTRKqvtC)
Ancient samples closest to all Northern Slavs.
CombinedTop5CommonAncestors,0.13203460000000003,0. 1257226,0.06984280000000001,0.0625974,0.0408076,0. 0240962,0.0073792,0.0132456,-0.0027814,-0.019535599999999997,-0.0003572000000000001,-0.0073134,0.014063,0.0222672,-0.011617800000000001,-0.00026519999999999983,0.003025,-0.0019004,0.0002514,0.0047022,-0.003469,-0.0030663999999999995,0.0059406,-0.0078804,0.0014370000000000001
Russia_Sunghir_Medieval.SG:Sunghir6.SG__AD_1137__C ov_99.10%,0.130897,0.121864,0.071653,0.060078,0.04 0315,0.023427,0.006815,0.009692,-0.001636,-0.019317,0.000974,-0.009292,0.012636,0.023258,-0.015744,-0.005038,0.000913,-0.000887,0.000126,0.000625,-0.003619,-0.006306,0.011339,-0.011206,0.000958
Hungary_Avar.AG:RKO007.AG__AD_737__Cov_80.54%,0.14 0002,0.133034,0.075047,0.068476,0.04647,0.02259,0. 012221,0.017307,-0.005522,-0.01713,-0.005034,-0.002248,0.013379,0.018854,-0.007329,0.004906,0.010952,-0.005828,-0.002263,0.01063,-0.000125,-0.004451,0.003821,-0.004338,0.000838
Austria_Medieval.TW:I15232.TW__AD_838__Cov_97.17%, 0.129758,0.122879,0.073161,0.058463,0.034776,0.030 399,0.00329,0.014999,-0.005522,-0.01221,0.005846,-0.005095,0.012933,0.021194,-0.012486,0.004375,-0.001043,0.000887,-0.000754,0.007128,-0.003619,-0.005317,0.003451,-0.004217,0.004191
Germany_MA_Krakauer_Berg:KRA006__AD_1242__Cov_58.5 2%,0.129758,0.120848,0.065242,0.061047,0.043085,0. 022869,0.00564,0.012923,-0.001432,-0.020228,-0.000487,-0.010041,0.013379,0.024772,-0.011808,-0.012198,-0.00339,-0.004814,-0.000503,-0.004752,0.001248,0.000247,0.007148,-0.010845,0.002395
Germany_MA_Krakauer_Berg:KRA009__AD_1206__Cov_66.3 6%,0.129758,0.129988,0.064111,0.064923,0.039392,0. 021196,0.00893,0.011307,0.000205,-0.028793,-0.003085,-0.009891,0.017988,0.023258,-0.010722,0.006629,0.007693,0.00114,0.004651,0.0098 8,-0.01123,0.000495,0.003944,-0.008796,-0.001197
Contemporary samples, closest to the theoretical ancient Slav.
Ukrainian_Rivne,0.1301377,0.1243461,0.0702284,0.06 25543,0.0392208,0.0211027,0.0096616,0.0104867,-0.0003636,-0.0209168,-0.0031214,-0.0085091,0.01442,0.0220808,-0.0131197,-0.0009428,0.0055342,-0.0017314,0.0032261,-0.000667,-0.0049217,-0.0036958,0.0048341,-0.0043109,0.0001066
Ukrainian_Chernihiv,0.132287,0.122992,0.068217,0.0 61334,0.04011,0.023241,0.009844,0.013589,-0.002909,-0.023022,-0.002779,-0.008492,0.018434,0.024711,-0.013301,-0.000133,0.003752,-0.000802,0.002318,-1.4e-05,-0.002634,-0.006375,0.006327,-0.004378,0.000758
Polish,0.13184,0.12927,0.069868,0.057738,0.040676, 0.021713,0.008678,0.010863,-0.000933,-0.018553,-0.004349,-0.006419,0.013093,0.018629,-0.007024,-0.00056,0.001546,-7.4e-05,0.002695,0.001287,-0.003129,-0.003119,0.005606,-0.003333,-8.8e-05
Ukrainian_Zhytomyr,0.131385,0.127232,0.07106,0.059 294,0.03715,0.023268,0.010475,0.013252,-0.002922,-0.02291,-0.00341,-0.010041,0.01476,0.024241,-0.010295,-0.004129,0.004582,-0.000633,0.003663,0.000643,-0.007843,-0.003127,0.004631,-0.002771,0.001933
Russian_Voronez,0.130897,0.12161,0.073539,0.060886 ,0.036084,0.02252,0.009694,0.011711,-0.002454,-0.02401,0.000812,-0.007905,0.017282,0.024359,-0.01364,-0.003713,0.001239,0.001109,0.002828,0.003439,-0.002371,-0.003215,0.002373,-0.005031,-0.001976
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