cass
02-02-2025, 09:37 PM
As we know, in the Viking Age of Scandinavia we observe significant migrations from Central Europe, the British Isles and the Slavs, so it is worth taking a look back at the pre Viking Age.
A reliable sample from this period with high coverage is:
Sweden_IA_2.SG:VK522.SG__AD_400__Cov_99.79%,0.1297 58,0.129988,0.075801,0.067184,0.051394,0.023148,0. 002585,0.014999,0.011658,-0.005832,-0.003085,0.003447,-0.009663,-0.007707,0.018187,0.008618,-0.008996,-0.004434,0.005531,0.01113,0.005615,0.003833,-0.003204,0.022172,0.002874
Probable ethnogenesis of the pre-Viking sample
500 Closest Samples in the period 3000BC-400AD
https://i.ibb.co/MDBctXqq/output-2025-02-02-T191232-072.png (https://ibb.co/27ZvCbXX)
https://i.ibb.co/7JzbDVfc/output-2025-02-02-T191603-755.png (https://ibb.co/vxBDWmF5)
https://i.ibb.co/QgSjF5N/output-2025-02-02-T191719-429.png (https://ibb.co/50pxW78)
4 closest samples in a given century. Please note the cremation gap in Scandinavia.
https://i.ibb.co/RkMrLJRc/output-2025-02-02-T192526-768.png (https://ibb.co/YFKnvVHh)
https://i.ibb.co/wNTgVk43/output-2025-02-02-T192328-955.png (https://ibb.co/BVm3bpBd)
The pre-Viking sample shows a genetic continuation with the Scandinian Bronze Age. The archaeological gap after this period is probably only due to the spread of the cremation rite.
ChatGPT is not perfect and makes mistakes. Anyway, I'm publishing the first test version of the report.
Report on the Simulated Ethnogenesis of the Scandinavian Genetic Profile
Introduction
Ethnogenesis in Scandinavia spans several millennia, characterized by migrations, admixture, and local adaptation. By analyzing key ancient genetic samples from 3000 BC to AD 400, this report reveals how external influences (e.g., steppe migrations, Central European contact, maritime trade, and interactions with Baltic populations) contributed to the formation of the Scandinavian populations.
Key Findings and Samples
1. Foundations of Scandinavian Populations: Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers (~8000 BC - 5000 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Denmark_Mesolithic:NEO254.SG__BC 7400__Cov 44.21%
Denmark_Mesolithic:Hum1.SG__BC 7000__Cov 52.39%
Norway_Mesolithic:NEO17.SG__BC 8000__Cov 60.75%
These early Scandinavian populations were hunter-gatherers with strong local continuity, derived largely from Western European hunter-gatherer ancestry (WHG) and Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG). The SHG group, a blend of WHG and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), formed the backbone of Mesolithic Scandinavia.
The Pitted Ware culture emerged from these local Mesolithic groups, maintaining their genetic signature even as later migrations introduced new influences.
2. The Funnelbeaker and Globular Amphora Cultures (3000 BC - 2700 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Sweden_MN_TRB.SG:Gokhem2.SG__BC 2978__Cov 60.44%
Denmark_TRB_N_CWC.SG:NEO943.SG__BC 2624__Cov 81.32%
Denmark_MN_TRB_N_CWC.SG:NEO792.SG__BC 2501__Cov 23.48%
Denmark_TRB_N_CWC.SG:NEO875.SG__BC 2206__Cov 15.95%
Poland_GlobularAmphora.AG:I2440.AG__BC 3000__Cov 16.76%
The Funnelbeaker culture (TRB) dominated Scandinavia during the early Neolithic, characterized by settled agricultural communities. Genetic stability during this period reflects the continuity of Anatolian farmer ancestry mixed with local European hunter-gatherer components.
Despite living alongside early farmers, the Pitted Ware populations preserved their distinct forager lifestyle and genetic background.
3. The Battle Axe and Corded Ware Cultures and Pitted Ware Interactions (3000 BC - 2700 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Sweden_Gotland_Vasterbjers_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG :vbj012.SG__BC 2983__Cov 83.55%
Sweden_Gotland_Hemmor_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG:hem0 01.SG__BC 2979__Cov 14.57%
Sweden_Gotland_Ajvide_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG:ajv3 6.SG__BC 2974__Cov 52.03%
Czechia_EBA_CordedWare.AG:VLI076.AG__BC 2956__Cov 65.65%
Sweden_Gotland_Vasterbjers_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG :vbj006.SG__BC 2948__Cov 83.96%
The Pitted Ware culture, originating from local Scandinavian foragers (SHG), remained genetically distinct from neighboring farming populations during its early phases. Genetic evidence shows minimal input from Neolithic farmers but increasing minor influences from steppe-related Corded Ware migrants by ~3000 BC.
Origins and Genetic Role of Pitted Ware:
Local Scandinavian Foragers:
The Pitted Ware populations primarily descended from Mesolithic Scandinavian groups, maintaining their hunter-gatherer genetic structure despite living alongside early farmers.
Limited External Migration:
Genetic evidence suggests the Pitted Ware culture did not result from external migration but was a local development.
Cultural similarities, such as pottery styles, may have come through contacts with Baltic hunter-gatherer groups (e.g., Narva and Kunda cultures).
Gradual Admixture with Corded Ware:
By ~3000 BC, Pitted Ware populations began showing limited genetic overlap with steppe-related ancestry due to interaction with Corded Ware migrants.
Key samples, such as vbj012.SG and hem001.SG, highlight early genetic blending between local foragers and Indo-European newcomers.
4. The Nordic Bronze Age (1700 BC - 500 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Sweden_FirseSten_Steppe2.SG:FIR001.SG__BC 1081__Cov 80.90%
Sweden_Nastegarden_Steppe2.SG:NAS004.SG__BC 1694__Cov 65.78%
England_MBA.AG:I2448.AG__BC 1250__Cov 44.67%
Netherlands_MBA.AG:I11973.AG__BC 1330__Cov 73.95%
Netherlands_LBA.AG:I11971.AG__BC 1110__Cov 63.83%
The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by internal adaptation and moderate external influence, largely driven by maritime trade and regional interactions with Northwestern Europe. The local genetic structure inherited from Mesolithic foragers and steppe populations persisted through this period.
5. The Iron Age and Roman Era (500 BC - 400 AD)
Key Verified Samples:
Poland_Weklice_WielbarkCulture_Roman.SG:R10634.SG_ _AD 75__Cov 62.87%
Poland_Weklice_WielbarkCulture_Roman.SG:R10636.SG_ _AD 75__Cov 60.01%
Germany_EarlyMedieval_Saxon.AG:HID001_merge.AG__AD 400__Cov 73.82%
Sweden_IA_2.SG:VK522.SG__AD 400__Cov 99.79%
This period saw the formation of proto-Germanic tribes in Scandinavia, driven by localized genetic continuity and minor external contributions from Northwestern and Central Europe. Low-level gene flow from the Baltics and Northwestern Russia persisted, facilitated through maritime trade and migration routes along the Baltic Sea.
6. Migration Period and Transition to the Viking Age (AD 400 - 800)
Key Sample:
VK514.SG__AD 750__Cov 99.41%
The Viking Age marked the expansion of Scandinavian populations across Europe, facilitated by maritime superiority and strong genetic continuity from the preceding Bronze and Iron Ages. The sample VK514.SG demonstrates the persistence of localized Nordic ancestry into this period, representing a key link between pre-Viking populations and the emerging medieval Scandinavian groups.
Summary of Key Genetic Events
3000 BC - Stable Neolithic Ancestry: Dominated by early European farmers with minimal external influence.
3000 BC - 2700 BC - Steppe Migration and Indo-European Spread: Large-scale genetic turnover due to Corded Ware and Battle Axe migrations, with Pitted Ware acting as a transitional intermediary.
2700 BC - 1700 BC - Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age: Steppe persistence and local adaptations form the genetic base for Bronze Age populations.
1700 BC - 500 BC - Bronze Age Genetic Connectivity: Interaction with Northwestern Europe through trade and internal adaptation, with strong regional continuity across Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
500 BC - 400 AD - Iron Age and Roman Era: Minor genetic divergence due to interactions with migrating Germanic tribes and low-level contributions from Baltic populations via coastal trade routes.
AD 400 - 800 - Viking Age: Formation of Viking populations with persistent genetic continuity.
Conclusion
The finalized report highlights the strong genetic continuity across Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish populations, established during the Bronze Age and strengthened through local adaptations and shared steppe ancestry. The Pitted Ware culture played a key role as a genetic intermediary, bridging local Mesolithic groups and migrating Indo-European populations. These interactions laid the foundation for proto-Viking populations, shaping the genetic structure of modern Scandinavians.
https://i.ibb.co/ZpjMvj4Y/SCANoutput-2025-01-31-T212402-391.png (https://ibb.co/9kDrBDKV)
A reliable sample from this period with high coverage is:
Sweden_IA_2.SG:VK522.SG__AD_400__Cov_99.79%,0.1297 58,0.129988,0.075801,0.067184,0.051394,0.023148,0. 002585,0.014999,0.011658,-0.005832,-0.003085,0.003447,-0.009663,-0.007707,0.018187,0.008618,-0.008996,-0.004434,0.005531,0.01113,0.005615,0.003833,-0.003204,0.022172,0.002874
Probable ethnogenesis of the pre-Viking sample
500 Closest Samples in the period 3000BC-400AD
https://i.ibb.co/MDBctXqq/output-2025-02-02-T191232-072.png (https://ibb.co/27ZvCbXX)
https://i.ibb.co/7JzbDVfc/output-2025-02-02-T191603-755.png (https://ibb.co/vxBDWmF5)
https://i.ibb.co/QgSjF5N/output-2025-02-02-T191719-429.png (https://ibb.co/50pxW78)
4 closest samples in a given century. Please note the cremation gap in Scandinavia.
https://i.ibb.co/RkMrLJRc/output-2025-02-02-T192526-768.png (https://ibb.co/YFKnvVHh)
https://i.ibb.co/wNTgVk43/output-2025-02-02-T192328-955.png (https://ibb.co/BVm3bpBd)
The pre-Viking sample shows a genetic continuation with the Scandinian Bronze Age. The archaeological gap after this period is probably only due to the spread of the cremation rite.
ChatGPT is not perfect and makes mistakes. Anyway, I'm publishing the first test version of the report.
Report on the Simulated Ethnogenesis of the Scandinavian Genetic Profile
Introduction
Ethnogenesis in Scandinavia spans several millennia, characterized by migrations, admixture, and local adaptation. By analyzing key ancient genetic samples from 3000 BC to AD 400, this report reveals how external influences (e.g., steppe migrations, Central European contact, maritime trade, and interactions with Baltic populations) contributed to the formation of the Scandinavian populations.
Key Findings and Samples
1. Foundations of Scandinavian Populations: Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers (~8000 BC - 5000 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Denmark_Mesolithic:NEO254.SG__BC 7400__Cov 44.21%
Denmark_Mesolithic:Hum1.SG__BC 7000__Cov 52.39%
Norway_Mesolithic:NEO17.SG__BC 8000__Cov 60.75%
These early Scandinavian populations were hunter-gatherers with strong local continuity, derived largely from Western European hunter-gatherer ancestry (WHG) and Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG). The SHG group, a blend of WHG and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), formed the backbone of Mesolithic Scandinavia.
The Pitted Ware culture emerged from these local Mesolithic groups, maintaining their genetic signature even as later migrations introduced new influences.
2. The Funnelbeaker and Globular Amphora Cultures (3000 BC - 2700 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Sweden_MN_TRB.SG:Gokhem2.SG__BC 2978__Cov 60.44%
Denmark_TRB_N_CWC.SG:NEO943.SG__BC 2624__Cov 81.32%
Denmark_MN_TRB_N_CWC.SG:NEO792.SG__BC 2501__Cov 23.48%
Denmark_TRB_N_CWC.SG:NEO875.SG__BC 2206__Cov 15.95%
Poland_GlobularAmphora.AG:I2440.AG__BC 3000__Cov 16.76%
The Funnelbeaker culture (TRB) dominated Scandinavia during the early Neolithic, characterized by settled agricultural communities. Genetic stability during this period reflects the continuity of Anatolian farmer ancestry mixed with local European hunter-gatherer components.
Despite living alongside early farmers, the Pitted Ware populations preserved their distinct forager lifestyle and genetic background.
3. The Battle Axe and Corded Ware Cultures and Pitted Ware Interactions (3000 BC - 2700 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Sweden_Gotland_Vasterbjers_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG :vbj012.SG__BC 2983__Cov 83.55%
Sweden_Gotland_Hemmor_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG:hem0 01.SG__BC 2979__Cov 14.57%
Sweden_Gotland_Ajvide_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG:ajv3 6.SG__BC 2974__Cov 52.03%
Czechia_EBA_CordedWare.AG:VLI076.AG__BC 2956__Cov 65.65%
Sweden_Gotland_Vasterbjers_PittedWare_BattleAxe.SG :vbj006.SG__BC 2948__Cov 83.96%
The Pitted Ware culture, originating from local Scandinavian foragers (SHG), remained genetically distinct from neighboring farming populations during its early phases. Genetic evidence shows minimal input from Neolithic farmers but increasing minor influences from steppe-related Corded Ware migrants by ~3000 BC.
Origins and Genetic Role of Pitted Ware:
Local Scandinavian Foragers:
The Pitted Ware populations primarily descended from Mesolithic Scandinavian groups, maintaining their hunter-gatherer genetic structure despite living alongside early farmers.
Limited External Migration:
Genetic evidence suggests the Pitted Ware culture did not result from external migration but was a local development.
Cultural similarities, such as pottery styles, may have come through contacts with Baltic hunter-gatherer groups (e.g., Narva and Kunda cultures).
Gradual Admixture with Corded Ware:
By ~3000 BC, Pitted Ware populations began showing limited genetic overlap with steppe-related ancestry due to interaction with Corded Ware migrants.
Key samples, such as vbj012.SG and hem001.SG, highlight early genetic blending between local foragers and Indo-European newcomers.
4. The Nordic Bronze Age (1700 BC - 500 BC)
Key Verified Samples:
Sweden_FirseSten_Steppe2.SG:FIR001.SG__BC 1081__Cov 80.90%
Sweden_Nastegarden_Steppe2.SG:NAS004.SG__BC 1694__Cov 65.78%
England_MBA.AG:I2448.AG__BC 1250__Cov 44.67%
Netherlands_MBA.AG:I11973.AG__BC 1330__Cov 73.95%
Netherlands_LBA.AG:I11971.AG__BC 1110__Cov 63.83%
The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by internal adaptation and moderate external influence, largely driven by maritime trade and regional interactions with Northwestern Europe. The local genetic structure inherited from Mesolithic foragers and steppe populations persisted through this period.
5. The Iron Age and Roman Era (500 BC - 400 AD)
Key Verified Samples:
Poland_Weklice_WielbarkCulture_Roman.SG:R10634.SG_ _AD 75__Cov 62.87%
Poland_Weklice_WielbarkCulture_Roman.SG:R10636.SG_ _AD 75__Cov 60.01%
Germany_EarlyMedieval_Saxon.AG:HID001_merge.AG__AD 400__Cov 73.82%
Sweden_IA_2.SG:VK522.SG__AD 400__Cov 99.79%
This period saw the formation of proto-Germanic tribes in Scandinavia, driven by localized genetic continuity and minor external contributions from Northwestern and Central Europe. Low-level gene flow from the Baltics and Northwestern Russia persisted, facilitated through maritime trade and migration routes along the Baltic Sea.
6. Migration Period and Transition to the Viking Age (AD 400 - 800)
Key Sample:
VK514.SG__AD 750__Cov 99.41%
The Viking Age marked the expansion of Scandinavian populations across Europe, facilitated by maritime superiority and strong genetic continuity from the preceding Bronze and Iron Ages. The sample VK514.SG demonstrates the persistence of localized Nordic ancestry into this period, representing a key link between pre-Viking populations and the emerging medieval Scandinavian groups.
Summary of Key Genetic Events
3000 BC - Stable Neolithic Ancestry: Dominated by early European farmers with minimal external influence.
3000 BC - 2700 BC - Steppe Migration and Indo-European Spread: Large-scale genetic turnover due to Corded Ware and Battle Axe migrations, with Pitted Ware acting as a transitional intermediary.
2700 BC - 1700 BC - Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age: Steppe persistence and local adaptations form the genetic base for Bronze Age populations.
1700 BC - 500 BC - Bronze Age Genetic Connectivity: Interaction with Northwestern Europe through trade and internal adaptation, with strong regional continuity across Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
500 BC - 400 AD - Iron Age and Roman Era: Minor genetic divergence due to interactions with migrating Germanic tribes and low-level contributions from Baltic populations via coastal trade routes.
AD 400 - 800 - Viking Age: Formation of Viking populations with persistent genetic continuity.
Conclusion
The finalized report highlights the strong genetic continuity across Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish populations, established during the Bronze Age and strengthened through local adaptations and shared steppe ancestry. The Pitted Ware culture played a key role as a genetic intermediary, bridging local Mesolithic groups and migrating Indo-European populations. These interactions laid the foundation for proto-Viking populations, shaping the genetic structure of modern Scandinavians.
https://i.ibb.co/ZpjMvj4Y/SCANoutput-2025-01-31-T212402-391.png (https://ibb.co/9kDrBDKV)