Himera mercenaries as further evidence of the early differentiation of Slavs and Balts [Archive] - The Apricity Forum: A European Cultural Community

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cass

02-09-2025, 10:00 AM

During a discussion with our friend Peterski, I prepared a comparative analysis of the Latvia Kivutkalns and samples of two genetically very similar samples of Himera mercenaries from exactly the same period (480BC). I decided to share it. Multi-trait statistical analysis confirms that Himera warriors can now be treated as close to the Slavs, unlike Kivutkalns. Since they appear together with Sarmatian warriors, they were probably among the mounted mercenaries who fought on the side of the Greeks (possibly as Scythians).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Himera_(480_BC)

Cross-Statistical Analysis Report: Himera (Italy) and Kivutkalns (Latvia) Influence on Proto_Polish_Slavs

Introduction

This report provides a statistical evaluation of the genetic contributions of Himera (Italy, 480 BCE - Northern European Mercenaries) and Kivutkalns (Latvia) samples to the genetic profile of Proto_Polish_Slavs. The analysis involves pairwise genetic distances, t-tests, and theoretical interpretations of statistical influence.

1. Genetic Distances

The table below summarizes the genetic distances between the Himera, Kivutkalns, and Proto_Polish_Slavs samples:

Sample

Distance to Proto_Polish_Slavs

Italy Himera 480 BCE (I10943.AG)

0.024

Italy Himera 480 BCE (I10949.AG)

0.024

Latvia Kivutkalns (19.AG)

0.059

Latvia Kivutkalns (164.AG)

0.065

2. Pairwise t-Test Results

Pairwise t-tests were conducted to determine the statistical significance of genetic differences between the Himera, Kivutkalns, and Proto_Polish_Slavs samples.

https://i.ibb.co/4gPwftVt/Zrzut-ekranu-7-2-2025-22756-chatgpt-com.jpg

3. Key Interpretations

Himera samples:

The genetic distances (~0.024) and t-tests indicate no significant differences, confirming that Himera samples are closely aligned with Proto_Polish_Slavs.

This suggests that individuals associated with Himera (identified as Northern European mercenaries, possibly of proto-Slavic origin) played a primary genetic role.

Kivutkalns samples:

The larger genetic distances (~0.059 - 0.065) and statistically significant t-tests suggest secondary or minor genetic contributions.

These contributions likely stemmed from regional Balto-Slavic interactions during early Slavic formation.

4. Overall Conclusions

Primary Influence: The Himera samples (Italy, 480 BCE) show strong genetic alignment with Proto_Polish_Slavs and were likely primary contributors.

Secondary Influence: Kivutkalns samples (Latvia) provide minor genetic inputs, likely through localized interactions with Balto-Slavic populations

Analysis of an I10943 individual's appearance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cGBrs5RIR8

Italian samples from the period 400-550, including the Battle of Himera>

Italy_IA_Republic.SG:R435.SG__BC_400__Cov_70.82%,0 .125205,0.146236,0.044877,0.002584,0.046778,0.0061 36,-0.00094,0.004846,0.023929,0.040639,-0.004872,0.009142,-0.020664,-0.015414,0.013708,-0.002254,-0.000652,0.004941,0.004022,-0.003126,0.002496,0.002226,-0.005669,0.000241,-0.003353
Italy_Ordona_Daunian.SG:ORD009.SG__BC_547__Cov_63. 09%,0.122929,0.149283,0.031301,-0.015181,0.03416,-0.005299,0.00611,-0.010615,0.012067,0.034807,0.003085,0.007643,-0.012339,-0.010459,-0.006786,0.007558,0.021383,0,0.004777,-0.003752,-0.000873,0.006306,-0.002465,0.000843,-0.006945
Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_1.AG:VIL007.AG__BC_459__Co v_39.88%,0.072847,0.152329,0.00528,-0.064277,0.038776,-0.029562,-0.016216,0.004846,0.032315,0.040092,0.001461,-0.006145,-0.001635,-0.018304,-0.002172,-0.015646,-0.00678,-0.005448,-0.003771,-0.011506,-0.013351,-0.008903,-0.005423,-0.010001,0.004071
Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_2.AG:MSR003.AG__BC_550__Co v_41.24%,0.118376,0.15436,0.019233,-0.044574,0.03693,-0.018686,-0.00611,0.001615,0.01943,0.036083,0.008607,0.00779 3,-0.007284,-0.00523,-0.000543,-0.010077,-0.011083,0.013556,-0.000251,-0.02151,-0.005116,-0.003833,-0.00493,-0.013978,-0.000239
Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I17866.AG__BC_409__C ov_15.87%,0.120652,0.165531,-0.00528,-0.068799,0.013233,-0.02259,-0.0047,-0.003461,0.014726,0.044466,0.001137,0.016635,-0.029583,0.002615,-0.008415,-0.006364,0.004433,0.012922,0.006913,0.004127,0.000 624,0.013478,0.002835,0.00482,-0.008143
Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7223.AG__BC_409__Co v_72.43%,0.117238,0.158423,0.012822,-0.043282,0.037545,-0.022032,-0.001175,0,0.01718,0.048839,0.001299,0.006894,-0.020961,-0.003165,-0.008279,-0.019491,-0.00339,0.004687,0.010559,-0.01013,-0.006489,0.003833,-0.005546,0.002651,0.002515
Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7224.AG__BC_409__Co v_73.13%,0.126344,0.1635,0.003017,-0.044251,0.025543,-0.021196,-0.00658,-0.007615,0.019225,0.045923,-0.000162,0.010191,-0.02111,-0.004542,-0.009908,0.000663,0.025816,-0.007348,-0.000503,-0.003502,-0.008111,0.001113,0.006409,0.009399,-0.007065
Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7225.AG__BC_409__Co v_72.41%,0.134311,0.161469,0.00528,-0.061047,0.041546,-0.019243,-0.00141,-0.004384,0.003068,0.047928,0.005684,0.012889,-0.029881,-0.000688,-0.020629,-0.020286,0.002086,-0.002787,0.004777,-0.013506,0.004367,0.002349,-0.002835,0.002048,0.006826
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE.AG:I17432.AG__BC_480__C ov_11.10%,0.117238,0.168578,0.012068,-0.062662,0.052933,-0.01757,-0.003525,-0.020076,0.02127,0.063965,-0.001949,0.013338,-0.019177,0.01445,-0.027823,-0.022408,0.007041,-0.00152,0.003268,-0.029764,0.008859,0.001731,-0.00419,-0.01446,-0.009101
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG:I10946.AG__BC _480__Cov_53.87%,0.127482,0.147252,0.031678,-0.005814,0.036314,-0.00753,-0.00658,-0.004846,0.009408,0.031345,0.011042,0.004646,-0.013825,0.004542,-0.014522,-0.011138,-0.005607,-0.003421,0.010056,-0.01063,-0.011729,0.013849,-0.003081,0.001566,0.008023
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG:I10950.AG__BC _480__Cov_61.92%,0.125205,0.14319,0.027153,-0.010013,0.040007,-0.009482,0.003055,0.002769,0.006545,0.028429,0.000 162,0.009142,-0.014123,0.007019,-0.02158,-0.010872,0.01682,-0.000633,0.009679,0.000875,-0.008235,0.006801,-0.003328,-0.000482,-0.001557
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Caucasus.AG:I10951.AG__ BC_480__Cov_53.31%,0.112685,0.121864,-0.045254,-0.019057,-0.03693,0.007251,0.00235,-0.007384,-0.06238,-0.036812,0.000162,0.011989,-0.028097,0.005643,0.015065,-0.012463,0.007823,-0.004054,-0.019609,0.012631,0.003244,-0.000742,0.001725,-0.012532,-0.006107
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10945.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_61.94%,0.114961,0.15436,-0.014708,-0.054264,0.017849,-0.027889,-0.00235,-0.002308,0.003886,0.041368,0.001137,0.016635,-0.021853,0.003165,-0.017236,-0.019358,0.005998,-0.000633,0.015712,-0.014757,-0.021836,0.013107,0.001232,0.008555,-0.001557
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10948.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_55.08%,0.118376,0.165531,-0.002263,-0.059432,0.030159,-0.022311,-0.00376,-0.000231,0.013499,0.049204,0.006333,0.01094,-0.025124,-0.00523,-0.018865,-0.003845,0.004824,0.001394,0.011564,-0.006628,-0.002995,0.002844,0.006162,0.008194,-0.001676
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10952.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_54.38%,0.114961,0.160454,0.004903,-0.060078,0.02739,-0.020638,-0.00705,-0.002538,0.008181,0.045012,0.006171,0.007493,-0.011298,0.003716,-0.017915,-0.013789,-0.005867,-0.00114,0.006411,-0.012631,0.00025,0.006925,-0.004314,0.006266,-0.005628
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7217.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_61.29%,0.121791,0.157407,-0.009428,-0.063954,0.032621,-0.027331,0.003055,-0.002538,0.004704,0.047928,0.007145,0.010341,-0.016501,-0.009083,-0.018458,-0.012729,0.007041,0.002787,0.005405,-0.022136,-0.004367,0.007296,-0.001602,0.012893,0.003473
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7218.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_67.15%,0.117238,0.161469,-0.001131,-0.062662,0.025235,-0.031794,0.004465,-0.000462,0.012271,0.051755,0.006983,0.008842,-0.012785,-0.008945,-0.021987,0.006099,0.033639,0.000127,0.009176,-0.007253,-0.011729,-0.003215,-0.005669,0.008555,-0.010777
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7219.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_71.48%,0.125205,0.173656,-0.001508,-0.068153,0.024312,-0.022032,0.001175,0.001846,0.0045,0.043554,0.00178 6,0.01079,-0.024975,-0.010046,-0.027008,-0.012066,0.018645,-0.002027,0.013198,0.000375,-0.013975,-0.000618,0.002835,-0.004338,-0.001916
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7221.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_74.03%,0.117238,0.157407,-0.012822,-0.063631,0.018157,-0.025379,-0.00517,-0.004846,-0.0045,0.035901,0.003085,0.004946,-0.016055,-0.00055,-0.018051,-0.008221,0.012386,-0.000887,0.002514,-0.001376,-0.011105,0.006554,-0.003081,0.004217,-0.005987
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10943.AG__B C_480__Cov_58.83%,0.126344,0.122879,0.077687,0.080 104,0.030467,0.028447,0.01081,0.014538,-0.015953,-0.040456,0.001137,-0.006145,0.019475,0.01445,-0.009636,0.01432,0.025946,-0.005954,-0.007542,0.011255,0.000749,-0.006677,0.005916,-0.01205,-0.003353
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10949.AG__B C_480__Cov_49.60%,0.124067,0.112724,0.078441,0.075 259,0.038469,0.031515,0.012926,0.007154,-0.001636,-0.024784,-0.000162,-0.010041,0.011447,0.022845,-0.010586,0.00769,0.002347,0.002407,0.004022,0.0113 8,-0.000873,-0.010758,0.006532,-0.015665,0.005508
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG:I10944.AG_ _BC_480__Cov_59.82%,0.10927,0.043668,0.042238,0.05 7817,-0.019696,0.011435,0.001175,0.000692,-0.026384,-0.029704,-0.003735,0.001798,-0.000743,-0.002752,0.014929,-0.001193,-0.021253,0.003421,0.001006,-0.002876,-0.015348,0.00272,0.001972,0.001566,0.000958
Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG:I10947.AG_ _BC_480__Cov_61.52%,0.108132,0.042652,0.040352,0.0 52003,-0.025543,0.024821,-0.00752,-0.002308,-0.024747,-0.024784,-0.006983,-0.001349,-0.003122,-0.021744,0.015336,0.017237,0.01004,-0.004181,0.010684,0.003001,-0.015847,-0.002844,0.003204,0.007109,0.008263
Italy_Sicily_Himera_Civilians:I20168__BC_550__Cov_ 12.86%,0.119514,0.129988,-0.011691,-0.062662,0.01231,-0.01004,0.004465,-0.003692,0.015748,0.032438,-0.008769,0.016335,-0.014866,-0.001101,-0.025923,0.00716,0.010822,-0.001647,0.006536,-0.001876,0,-0.013354,-0.006162,0.013616,-0.00012
Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG:I20163.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_9.85%,0.08992,0.159438,0.029793,-0.039406,0.062165,-0.014502,-0.00141,-0.000923,0.008999,0.055582,0.006171,0.00045,-0.013231,-0.000963,-0.0076,-0.019756,-0.014081,-0.013429,0.007416,0.000375,0.014849,0.00272,0.0147 9,-0.002048,-0.009939
Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_oAegean.AG:I20166.AG __BC_550__Cov_12.27%,0.120652,0.158423,-0.008674,-0.058786,0.017542,-0.025658,0.008695,0.003692,-0.001636,0.019317,0.012342,0.016186,-0.010852,-0.007156,-0.009636,-0.002254,0.02034,0.00266,-0.002011,-0.004752,0.001248,-0.000989,-0.007025,-0.005422,-0.011137
Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN001.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_63.97%,0.132035,0.155376,0.039598,-0.015504,0.048624,-0.008367,0,-0.003692,0.020248,0.042279,0,0.010191,-0.021556,-0.010872,-0.0057,0.003845,0.00352,0.008108,0.007416,-0.004002,0.003993,0.009521,-0.003081,-0.007832,0.000359
Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN004.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_40.72%,0.119514,0.149283,0.029415,-0.011951,0.045239,-0.00753,-0.00564,-0.008307,0.031701,0.04975,0.001949,0.021881,-0.030773,-0.013762,-0.003936,0.002387,0.002868,-0.002534,0.008799,-0.005378,0.001373,0.005193,0.002465,-0.007832,0.001197
Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN005.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_7.55%,0.124067,0.153345,0.028661,-0.011951,0.033852,-0.003626,-0.00047,0.003461,0.017794,0.04155,-0.008769,-0.001798,-0.022745,-0.008808,0.010315,0.004906,0.010822,-0.001394,-0.012696,-0.009129,0.022835,0.01286,-0.002465,-0.015785,-0.001078
Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN006.AG__BC_4 46__Cov_54.68%,0.126344,0.148267,0.03017,-0.008075,0.047393,-0.000279,-0.00094,-0.002538,0.01268,0.035718,0.010068,0.010341,-0.012487,-0.003028,-0.006515,-0.010872,-0.012778,0.004941,0.000126,-0.005127,-0.000499,0.00643,-0.003081,-0.006507,-0.001796
Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN008.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_19.90%,0.135449,0.150298,0.049403,0.006783 ,0.048932,0.004183,-0.001645,0.000923,0.016566,0.033167,-0.011205,0.003597,-0.020515,-0.017203,-0.001357,-0.007027,-0.008996,0.006081,0.006536,-0.002126,0.006863,0.004204,0.006286,-0.010001,-0.002275
Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN013.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_58.36%,0.127482,0.149283,0.033187,-0.004199,0.048624,-0.012829,-0.004935,-0.003231,0.013294,0.037723,-0.002598,0.01154,-0.018434,-0.010735,0.005022,0.003315,0.00326,-0.00152,0.006788,0.002126,0.003743,0.00371,0.00012 3,0.00241,-0.000718
Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:VET001.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_15.68%,0.119514,0.144205,0.033941,-0.019703,0.040007,-0.013945,-0.014571,-0.003,0.030679,0.046835,0.001624,0.014987,-0.022002,-0.013349,-0.004343,-0.002652,0.01004,0.007728,0.005782,-0.006003,-0.009982,0.006801,-0.004067,-0.008435,0.022273

Unfortunately, we do not have samples of Germans throughout the period (probably a cremation gap). If someone wanted to simulate such an element, they would need to add something from the Insular samples.

All samples from the period >

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ew1qs46dUIkZLvgYwEoFtBzlyfxvR2zg/view?usp=sharing

The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2205272119

cass

02-09-2025, 10:38 AM

Result using only Italian samples>

Target: cass
Distance: 2.1840% / 0.02183973
66.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
18.4 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
11.0 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG
4.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG

only Himera Battle samples>

Target: cass
Distance: 2.6481% / 0.02648073
71.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
26.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG
2.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG

And all the samples from the period>

Target: cass
Distance: 1.3578% / 0.01357777 | ADC: 0.5x RC
43.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
33.8 France_Aube_IA.SG
12.2 Scotland_EIA.AG
6.2 Hungary_Scythian
4.2 France_Aisne_IA.SG

Target: cass
Distance: 1.0467% / 0.01046737 | ADC: 0.25x RC
33.2 France_Aisne_IA.SG
25.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
18.6 France_Aube_IA.SG
14.8 Estonia_BA.SG
5.2 Scotland_EIA.AG
2.4 France_Marne_IA.SG

gixajo

02-09-2025, 10:51 AM

Target: gixajo_scaled
Distance: 1.9386% / 0.01938596
67.0 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
17.4 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG
7.8 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_1.AG
7.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG

Just those from Himera.

Target: gixajo_scaled
Distance: 4.2861% / 0.04286089
51.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG
32.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
16.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG

gixajo

02-09-2025, 10:53 AM

And all the samples from that period:

Target: gixajo_scaled
Distance: 1.4015% / 0.01401497 | R3P | ADC: 0.25x RC
43.6 Spain_IA.AG
41.0 Croatia_EIA.AG
15.4 France_Aisne_IA.SG

Target: gixajo_scaled
Distance: 1.3885% / 0.01388541 | ADC: 0.5x RC
23.8 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
19.4 Spain_IA.AG
19.0 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG
16.6 Croatia_EIA.AG
12.6 France_GrandEst_IA1.SG
5.6 Tunisia_Kerkouane_Punic_oAfrica2.SG
3.0 Tunisia_Kerkouane_Punic.SG

Beowulf

02-09-2025, 11:35 AM

Target: Beowulf_Scaled
Distance: 0.0126% / 0.01259369
46.3 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
17.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
16.3 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG
9.5 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG
3.3 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG
2.7 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG
2.3 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_1.AG
1.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG

__________________________________________________ _______

Target: Beowulf_Scaled
Distance: 0.0097% / 0.00966508 | ADC: 0.5x RC
35.4 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG
34.8 Croatia_EIA.AG
20.2 France_Aisne_IA.SG
6.8 Slovenia_EIA.AG
2.8 Italy_IA_Republic.SG

ScandinavianCelt

02-09-2025, 11:49 AM

cass

02-09-2025, 12:04 PM

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_23andMe_Scaled
Distance: 2.1705% / 0.02170476 | ADC: 0.25x RC
34.0 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1341.SG__BC_400__Cov_23.17%
33.4 Czechia_IA_LaTene.AG:I15950.AG__BC_435__Cov_60.94%
10.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10943.AG__B C_480__Cov_58.83%
8.4 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:HEU002.AG__BC_475__Cov _21.35%
7.6 Moldova_Sarmatian:I11926__BC_550__Cov_61.91%
2.8 China_Xinjiang_Abusanteer_IA.AG.SG:C4273.AG.SG__BC _496__Cov_54.56%
2.4 Scotland_EIA.AG:I16498.AG__BC_545__Cov_49.83%
0.8 Ukraine_Kharkiv_Scythian_SivDon_Nom_2_EIA:UKR114__ BC_450__Cov_25.25%

And if you add a reliable Swedish sample before the Viking Age?

Sweden_IA_2.SG:VK522.SG__AD_400__Cov_99.79%,0.1297 58,0.129988,0.075801,0.067184,0.051394,0.023148,0. 002585,0.014999,0.011658,-0.005832,-0.003085,0.003447,-0.009663,-0.007707,0.018187,0.008618,-0.008996,-0.004434,0.005531,0.01113,0.005615,0.003833,-0.003204,0.022172,0.002874

ScandinavianCelt

02-09-2025, 12:10 PM

I added some balto Slavic samples from the iron age calculator on explore your dna.com and Turkmenistan iron age as well as Norway and Sweden iron age I didn't do Denmark but I probably should anyway as you can see the Italian proto Slavs look like they became balto Slavic for me

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_23andMe_Scaled
Distance: 1.9076% / 0.01907617 | ADC: 0.25x RC
32.8 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1341.SG__BC_400__Cov_23.17%
16.2 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Lad_Middle_Ages:PCA0203
15.8 Czechia_IA_LaTene.AG:I15950.AG__BC_435__Cov_60.94%
13.4 Norway_IA.SG:VK391_noUDG.SG
10.6 Norway_IA.SG:VK390_noUDG.SG
4.8 Turkmenistan_IA.SG:DA382_noUDG.SG
4.2 China_Xinjiang_Abusanteer_IA.AG.SG:C4273.AG.SG__BC _496__Cov_54.56%
1.4 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Niemcza_Middle_Ages:PCA0124
0.8 Vanuatu_2500BP.AG:TAN002.AG__BC_540__Cov_17.45%

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_23andMe_Scaled
Distance: 1.8861% / 0.01886138
24.2 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1341.SG__BC_400__Cov_23.17%
18.2 Norway_IA.SG:VK391_noUDG.SG
15.6 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Lad_Middle_Ages:PCA0203
8.2 Norway_IA.SG:VK390_noUDG.SG
7.2 England_EIA.AG:I13684.AG__BC_458__Cov_78.74%
5.0 England_EIA.AG:I16612.AG__BC_469__Cov_14.11%
4.2 China_Xinjiang_Abusanteer_IA.AG.SG:C4273.AG.SG__BC _496__Cov_54.56%
3.4 Czechia_IA_LaTene.AG:I15950.AG__BC_435__Cov_60.94%
3.2 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Niemcza_Middle_Ages:PCA0124
2.8 Turkmenistan_IA.SG:DA382_noUDG.SG
2.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7224.AG__BC_409__Co v_73.13%
2.0 France_Aisne_IA.SG:VAS75.SG__BC_400__Cov_16.59%
1.8 Moldova_Sarmatian:I11926__BC_550__Cov_61.91%
1.0 Russia_Koban_EIA:lib7al__BC_500__Cov_unknown
0.8 Vanuatu_2500BP.AG:TAN002.AG__BC_540__Cov_17.45%
0.2 Russia_EarlySarmatian_SouthernUrals.SG:MJ-41.SG__BC_527__Cov_42.02%

ScandinavianCelt

02-09-2025, 12:34 PM

I promise I'm not trying to clog up the thread with my results but I wanted to show you if I add Denmark iron age also this is what it looks like

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_Ave_Scaled
Distance: 2.3554% / 0.02355383 | ADC: 2x RC
52.2 England_EastYorkshire_EIA_MIA.AG:I11033.AG__BC_471 __Cov_70.75%
47.8 Denmark_IA.SG:VK532_noUDG.SG

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_Ave_Scaled
Distance: 1.9174% / 0.01917370 | ADC: 1x RC
24.0 England_EastYorkshire_EIA_MIA.AG:I11033.AG__BC_471 __Cov_70.75%
22.6 Denmark_IA.SG:VK532_noUDG.SG
17.0 England_EIA.AG:I11154.AG__BC_519__Cov_67.75%
15.4 Ukraine_Kharkiv_Scythian_SivDon_Nom_2_EIA:UKR114__ BC_450__Cov_25.25%
14.0 Czechia_IA_LaTene.AG:I15950.AG__BC_435__Cov_60.94%
7.0 Sweden_IA.SG:RISE174_noUDG.SG

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_Ave_Scaled
Distance: 1.4786% / 0.01478556 | ADC: 0.5x RC
40.6 Denmark_IA.SG:VK532_noUDG.SG
15.8 England_EIA.AG:I11154.AG__BC_519__Cov_67.75%
14.2 Czechia_IA_LaTene.AG:I15950.AG__BC_435__Cov_60.94%
12.0 Ukraine_Poltava_Scythian_LeftDnipro_LocEl_EIA:UKR0 89__BC_400__Cov_38.73%
9.8 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1341.SG__BC_400__Cov_23.17%
7.6 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):VK272

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_Ave_Scaled
Distance: 1.3639% / 0.01363874 | ADC: 0.25x RC
46.0 Denmark_IA.SG:VK532_noUDG.SG
17.4 England_EIA.AG:I11154.AG__BC_519__Cov_67.75%
7.8 Albania_Cinamak_BA_IA.AG:I16254.AG__BC_500__Cov_13 .69%
7.8 Ukraine_Poltava_Scythian_LeftDnipro_LocEl_EIA:UKR0 89__BC_400__Cov_38.73%
7.4 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):VK272
4.6 England_EIA.AG:I16612.AG__BC_469__Cov_14.11%
4.0 England_EIA.AG:I14857.AG__BC_458__Cov_14.81%
3.0 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Lad_Middle_Ages:PCA0203
2.0 England_EIA.AG:I16602.AG__BC_505__Cov_24.89%

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_23andMe_Scaled
Distance: 1.7275% / 0.01727453
33.2 Denmark_IA.SG:VK532_noUDG.SG
20.4 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1341.SG__BC_400__Cov_23.17%
12.8 Norway_IA.SG:VK391_noUDG.SG
10.6 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Lad_Middle_Ages:PCA0203
5.8 China_Xinjiang_Abusanteer_IA.AG.SG:C4273.AG.SG__BC _496__Cov_54.56%
4.0 Albania_Cinamak_BA_IA.AG:I16254.AG__BC_500__Cov_13 .69%
3.2 England_EIA.AG:I16612.AG__BC_469__Cov_14.11%
2.6 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):VK272
1.8 Russia_Koban_EIA:lib7al__BC_500__Cov_unknown
1.6 England_EIA.AG:I16602.AG__BC_505__Cov_24.89%
1.4 Moldova_Sarmatian:I11926__BC_550__Cov_61.91%
1.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7224.AG__BC_409__Co v_73.13%
0.6 France_Aude_IA.SG:BES1154.SG__BC_493__Cov_9.27%
0.6 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Niemcza_Middle_Ages:PCA0124
0.2 Vanuatu_2500BP.AG:TAN002.AG__BC_540__Cov_17.45%

Target: SC_PreUpdate_Official_Ave_Scaled
Distance: 1.2789% / 0.01278929
38.6 Denmark_IA.SG:VK532_noUDG.SG
15.0 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1341.SG__BC_400__Cov_23.17%
7.0 Albania_Cinamak_BA_IA.AG:I16254.AG__BC_500__Cov_13 .69%
6.0 Norway_IA.SG:VK391_noUDG.SG
5.6 England_EIA.AG:I16612.AG__BC_469__Cov_14.11%
4.8 England_EIA.AG:I11154.AG__BC_519__Cov_67.75%
4.8 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Lad_Middle_Ages:PCA0203
4.4 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):Poland_Niemcza_Middle_Ages:PCA0124
4.2 China_Xinjiang_Abusanteer_IA.AG.SG:C4273.AG.SG__BC _496__Cov_54.56%
4.0 England_EIA.AG:I16602.AG__BC_505__Cov_24.89%
2.6 Moldova_Sarmatian:I11926__BC_550__Cov_61.91%
1.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7224.AG__BC_409__Co v_73.13%
1.2 Balto-Slavic*(BCE*1200-1270*CE):VK272
0.6 Russia_Koban_EIA:lib7al__BC_500__Cov_unknown

Athalafuns

02-09-2025, 05:50 PM

Italian samples

Target: RNB27
Distance: 2.0140% / 0.02014043
61.6 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
16.0 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_1.AG
12.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
5.6 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG
2.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG
1.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Caucasus.AG

Himera samples

Target: RNB27
Distance: 4.3177% / 0.04317732
63.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG
31.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
5.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG

All samples

Target: RNB27
Distance: 1.4243% / 0.01424252 | ADC: 0.5x RC
27.2 England_EIA.AG
19.8 Croatia_EIA.AG
19.6 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
18.6 Tunisia_Kerkouane_Punic.SG
12.0 France_Aube_IA.SG
2.8 Kenya_PN_Elmenteitan.AG

Distance to: RNB27
0.03161998 Italy_IA_Republic.SG:R435.SG__BC_400__Cov_70.82%
0.03635696 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:LWB003.AG__BC_515__Cov _77.07%
0.03764077 Slovenia_EIA.AG:I22938.AG__BC_475__Cov_78.90%
0.04187010 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN013.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_58.36%
0.04216260 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:HOC004_d.AG__BC_515__C ov_22.36%
0.04248684 Croatia_EIA.AG:I5723.AG__BC_424__Cov_61.93%
0.04364438 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN008.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_19.90%
0.04413589 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:HOC004.AG__BC_515__Cov _74.15%
0.04426750 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:APG002.AG__BC_465__Cov _31.31%
0.04498246 Croatia_EIA.AG:I5726.AG__BC_457__Cov_55.15%
0.04616222 Slovenia_EIA.AG:I22940.AG__BC_475__Cov_48.15%
0.04627402 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:HEU001.AG__BC_540__Cov _40.52%
0.04691032 Spain_Classical_Greek_Iberian.AG:I8214.AG__BC_425_ _Cov_47.55%
0.04738209 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:HOC003.AG__BC_515__Cov _19.92%
0.04809303 Germany_West-Hallstattkreis_EIA:LWB001__BC_490__Cov_28.98%
0.04823405 France_GrandEst_IA1.SG:Jeb8.SG__BC_500__Cov_12.75%
0.04825861 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN006.AG__BC_4 46__Cov_54.68%
0.04920467 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1348.SG__BC_400__Cov_35.81%
0.05004913 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1341.SG__BC_400__Cov_23.17%
0.05006322 Italy_Ordona_Daunian.SG:ORD009.SG__BC_547__Cov_63. 09%
0.05006793 Slovenia_EIA.AG:I22937.AG__BC_496__Cov_17.23%
0.05040848 Czechia_IA_LaTene_Hallstatt.AG:I16090.AG__BC_400__ Cov_69.66%
0.05103803 France_Occitanie_IA2.SG:PT2.SG__BC_425__Cov_12.43%
0.05104440 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN001.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_63.97%
0.05120668 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:HOC002.AG__BC_515__Cov _47.96%

Fabricius

02-09-2025, 07:05 PM

Target: Fabricius_g25_scaled
Distance: 3.8005% / 0.03800525
37.8 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_1.AG
26.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
23.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG
12.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG

All samples:
Target: Fabricius_g25_scaled
Distance: 1.2104% / 0.01210361
20.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG
15.6 Tunisia_Kerkouane_Punic_oAfrica2.SG
13.8 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG
7.0 England_EastYorkshire_EIA_MIA.AG
6.4 France_PasDeCalais_IA.SG
6.2 France_Aude_IA.SG
5.6 Estonia_BA.SG
4.8 Kenya_PN_Elmenteitan.AG
3.6 Kazakhstan_Sarmatian_IA.AG
3.6 Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka_o2.SG
3.2 France_Marne_IA.SG
3.0 England_EIA.AG
2.4 Kazakhstan_Sarmatian.SG
1.8 Malawi_LSA_2500BP.AG
1.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG
0.6 Ukraine_EIA_Scythian_o1.SG
0.6 Ukraine_Kharkiv_Scythian_SivDon_NomEl_EIA

Wend-Kruzek

02-09-2025, 08:54 PM

Target: Kruzek_scaled
Distance: 1.1729% / 0.01172901 | ADC: 0.25x RC
25.6 Estonia_BA.SG:s19_V16_1.SG__BC_484__Cov_21.30%
22.4 Ukraine_EIA_Scythian_o1.SG:MJ-13.SG__BC_545__Cov_21.10%
21.6 Scotland_EIA.AG:I16498.AG__BC_545__Cov_49.83%
12.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7225.AG__BC_409__Co v_72.41%
7.2 Germany_Hallstat_IronAge.AG:APG001.AG__BC_490__Cov _28.26%
3.6 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1348.SG__BC_400__Cov_35.81%
3.2 England_IA.AG:I16453__BC_400__Cov_5.80%
2.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE.AG:I17432.AG__BC_480__C ov_11.10%
1.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10949.AG__B C_480__Cov_49.60%

Target: Kruzek_scaled
Distance: 1.9103% / 0.01910330 | ADC: 0.5x RC
37.4 France_Aube_IA.SG:GDF1231.SG__BC_400__Cov_53.32%
32.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10949.AG__B C_480__Cov_49.60%
19.0 Ukraine_EIA_Scythian_o1.SG:MJ-13.SG__BC_545__Cov_21.10%
7.8 Scotland_EIA.AG:I16498.AG__BC_545__Cov_49.83%
3.6 England_IA.AG:I16453__BC_400__Cov_5.80%

Target: Kruzek_scaled
Distance: 2.4503% / 0.02450327
50.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10949.AG__B C_480__Cov_49.60%
20.2 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN008.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_19.90%
16.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG:I10946.AG__BC _480__Cov_53.87%
6.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10943.AG__B C_480__Cov_58.83%
5.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG:I10944.AG_ _BC_480__Cov_59.82%
0.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Caucasus.AG:I10951.AG__ BC_480__Cov_53.31%

I10949 Italy_Sicily_Himera_... Italy M I2a1a1b1a1 H1m

samples with low coverage should be removed:D

Gannicus

02-09-2025, 09:24 PM

First list:

Distance to: Gannicus_MergedFile_officialDavidski_scaled
0.06049787 Italy_IA_Republic.SG:R435.SG__BC_400__Cov_70.82%
0.06273075 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN008.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_19.90%
0.06946224 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN013.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_58.36%
0.08140704 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN006.AG__BC_4 46__Cov_54.68%
0.08449318 Italy_Ordona_Daunian.SG:ORD009.SG__BC_547__Cov_63. 09%
0.08453057 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN001.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_63.97%
0.08579373 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN005.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_7.55%
0.08652613 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG:I10946.AG__BC _480__Cov_53.87%
0.09168750 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG:I10950.AG__BC _480__Cov_61.92%
0.09282028 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN004.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_40.72%
0.09869407 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:VET001.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_15.68%
0.10107168 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10949.AG__B C_480__Cov_49.60%
0.10981980 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG:I10943.AG__B C_480__Cov_58.83%
0.11714589 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_2.AG:MSR003.AG__BC_550__Co v_41.24%
0.12178034 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7223.AG__BC_409__Co v_72.43%
0.12428982 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG:I20163.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_9.85%
0.12744478 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7224.AG__BC_409__Co v_73.13%
0.13549171 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG:I10944.AG_ _BC_480__Cov_59.82%
0.13575603 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG:I10947.AG_ _BC_480__Cov_61.52%
0.13691104 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10952.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_54.38%
0.13908983 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_oAegean.AG:I20166.AG __BC_550__Cov_12.27%
0.14017190 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7225.AG__BC_409__Co v_72.41%
0.14036528 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10948.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_55.08%
0.14243513 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Civilians:I20168__BC_550__Cov_ 12.86%
0.14720304 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7221.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_74.03%

Target: Gannicus_MergedFile_officialDavidski_scaled
Distance: 0.0381% / 0.03808597
66.8 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
24.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
9.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG

First list with vk522

Target: Gannicus_MergedFile_officialDavidski_scaled
Distance: 0.0225% / 0.02254973 | R5P
55.7 Sweden_IA_2.SG
30.6 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG
7.1 Italy_IA_Republic.SG
3.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Sarmatian.AG
2.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Caucasus.AG

Everything:

Target: Gannicus_MergedFile_officialDavidski_scaled
Distance: 0.0150% / 0.01496175 | R5P
41.5 Scotland_EIA.AG
19.4 England_EastYorkshire_EIA_MIA.AG
18.4 England_EIA.AG
17.8 France_Aube_IA.SG
2.9 Lebanon_IA3_o1_1d.rel.SFI44.SG

Balboa

02-09-2025, 09:25 PM

Distance to: Balboa
0.03364540 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7223.AG__BC_409__Co v_72.43%
0.03672918 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_2.AG:MSR003.AG__BC_550__Co v_41.24%
0.03787410 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10948.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_55.08%
0.03839455 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10952.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_54.38%
0.03888966 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7224.AG__BC_409__Co v_73.13%
0.04489080 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I7225.AG__BC_409__Co v_72.41%
0.04804518 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7219.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_71.48%
0.04969498 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7217.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_61.29%
0.05157864 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7221.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_74.03%
0.05306367 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I7218.AG__BC_4 80__Cov_67.15%
0.05320491 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG:I17866.AG__BC_409__C ov_15.87%
0.05466137 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_oAegean.AG:I20166.AG __BC_550__Cov_12.27%
0.05746734 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:VET001.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_15.68%
0.05828519 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE.AG:I17432.AG__BC_480__C ov_11.10%
0.05885129 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN001.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_63.97%
0.05886615 Italy_Ordona_Daunian.SG:ORD009.SG__BC_547__Cov_63. 09%
0.05896290 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG:I10945.AG__BC_ 480__Cov_61.94%
0.05991987 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN004.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_40.72%
0.06212251 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN006.AG__BC_4 46__Cov_54.68%
0.06268419 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG:I10950.AG__BC _480__Cov_61.92%
0.06431021 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN005.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_7.55%
0.06437168 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_1.AG:VIL007.AG__BC_459__Co v_39.88%
0.06469372 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Civilians:I20168__BC_550__Cov_ 12.86%
0.06483256 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG:CSN013.AG__BC_4 00__Cov_58.36%
0.06600889 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG:I20163.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_9.85%

Target: Balboa
Distance: 1.5095% / 0.01509452
24.0 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_2.AG
23.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG
17.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG
14.6 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG
12.4 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_1.AG
8.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE.AG
0.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG

all samples

Target: Balboa
Distance: 1.3987% / 0.01398660
30.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG
21.8 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_2.AG
11.2 Italy_Tuscany_Grosseto_Etruscan.AG
9.2 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG
8.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE.AG
7.4 Tunisia_Kerkouane_Punic_oAfrica2.SG
4.2 Spain_IA.AG
3.0 France_Aude_IA.SG
2.8 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Ancient.AG
2.2 Tunisia_Kerkouane_Punic.SG

Peterski

02-09-2025, 09:43 PM

Apart from Himera mercenaries I would also take into consideration these samples:

R9673__AD_150__Cov_64.87%,0.133173,0.127957,0.0882 46,0.074613,0.043085,0.030399,0.010575,0.013153,-0.00634,-0.026789,-0.004384,-0.009741,0.015312,0.014588,-0.013301,0.0179,0.025295,-0.00266,-0.002891,0.006253,-0.001123,-0.006677,0.003204,-0.004217,0.002275
I32305__AD_100__Cov_80.50%,0.130897,0.11577,0.0750 47,0.071706,0.033852,0.032909,0.0094,0.011076,0.00 8999,-0.017312,0.000325,-0.0003,0.015015,0.015827,-0.010586,0.006762,0.000652,0.001394,-0.002388,0.012881,-0.000374,0.002226,0.012818,-0.007591,0.003712
R3657__AD_282__Cov_42.39%,0.126344,0.11577,0.07768 7,0.079781,0.034776,0.030678,0.01081,0.019615,-0.002454,-0.033714,-0.000325,-0.012289,0.015461,0.016377,-0.006243,0.020817,0.019166,-0.005068,-0.00176,0.010505,-0.006489,-0.003957,-0.001725,-0.008796,0.00455
I25524__BC_268__Cov_69.57%_R1a_M458,0.132035,0.118 817,0.080327,0.084949,0.044008,0.032909,0.008695,0 .016384,0.000614,-0.029704,-0.007795,-0.013788,0.024232,0.025047,-0.009229,-0.010209,0.013038,-0.002407,0.006788,0.015632,-0.001123,-0.00371,0.003081,-0.023256,0.005149
LaTene_outlier_I18226__BC_345__Cov_64.76%,0.132035 ,0.117801,0.069767,0.072029,0.02462,0.018128,0.008 695,0.006231,-0.00409,-0.035172,0.002598,-0.01079,0.021258,0.028763,-0.016015,0.001326,0.010561,0.002534,-0.003645,0.000125,-0.003119,0.004081,0.003081,-0.007832,0.004191

R9673 and I32305 from Viminacium (Serbia).

R3657 from Mursa (Osijek, Croatia).

I25524 and I18226 La Tene outliers.

Where they Slavs or not?

cass

02-09-2025, 11:00 PM

Peterski

02-09-2025, 11:03 PM

This is how they plot in G25 North Europe PCA:

(click the image to enlarge it)

137365

cass

02-09-2025, 11:34 PM

This is just preliminary vers. I hope he didn't mess anything up.

Pay attention to the Estonian samples. They are in the tree together with the Slavs>

Report: Analyzing the Genetic Influence on Proto-Polish Slavs

Objective:

To determine which population group—Baltic (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) or Central European (Hungary, Serbia, Croatia)—had a stronger genetic influence on the formation of the Proto_Polish_Slavs, based on principal component analysis (PCA), distance metrics, and admixture modeling.

Dataset Overview:

We used genetic PCA data from two groups:

Baltic Group: Samples from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, within the time range of -450 to +440 CE.

Central European Group: Samples from Hungary, Serbia, and Croatia, selected from -400 to +300 CE.

Proto_Polish_Slavs Coordinates: PCA coordinates were provided as reference data for the target population.

1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Visualization Summary:

A 2D PCA plot was generated, showing the relative positions of the Baltic group, Central European group, and the Proto_Polish_Slavs.

https://i.ibb.co/QFD8Wfc2/output-2025-02-10-T013123-067.png (https://ibb.co/KjKNtXGM)

Observation:

The Proto_Polish_Slavs sample was located much closer to the Central European cluster compared to the Baltic cluster.

2. Euclidean Distances

We computed the average Euclidean distances between the Proto_Polish_Slavs and the samples from both groups.

Average Euclidean Distance:

Baltic Group: 0.0510

Central European Group: 0.0312

Conclusion:

The Central European group showed significantly smaller distances, indicating a closer genetic relationship to the Proto_Polish_Slavs.

3. Mahalanobis Distances

Mahalanobis distances were calculated to account for correlations between PCA components.

Closest Samples (Central Europe):

I25524.AG (Hungary) - Distance: 5.82

I18226.AG (Hungary) - Distance: 7.44

Closest Samples (Baltic):

No samples exhibited smaller Mahalanobis distances compared to Central European samples.

Conclusion:

The Mahalanobis analysis confirmed that Central European samples have closer genetic proximity to Proto_Polish_Slavs than Baltic samples.

4. Admixture Analysis

We performed admixture modeling using a weighted combination of the mean PCA coordinates from the Baltic and Central European groups.

Optimized Admixture Proportions:

Baltic Group Contribution: 6%

Central European Group Contribution: 94%

Conclusion:

The admixture model suggests that the Proto_Polish_Slavs were predominantly formed from Central European ancestry, with only minor influence from the Baltic group.

5. f3-statistics (Admixture Test)

We computed f3-statistics to test for evidence of admixture between the Baltic and Central European groups in forming the Proto_Polish_Slavs.

Result:

f3 = 0.0003 (positive value)

Interpretation:

There is no strong statistical evidence for admixture between the Baltic and Central European groups, suggesting that Proto_Polish_Slavs may have largely originated from a single dominant source (Central European).

6. f4-statistics (Topological Test)

The f4-statistics test was used to detect potential gene flow between the Baltic and Central European groups toward the Proto_Polish_Slavs.

Result:

f4 = 0.0013

Interpretation:

The positive value indicates no significant gene flow or recent admixture between the Baltic and Central European groups toward the Proto_Polish_Slavs.

7. Hierarchical Clustering

A dendrogram was constructed using hierarchical clustering (Ward’s method) to visualize the relationship between samples.

https://i.ibb.co/LdBmWZ0D/output-2025-02-10-T012422-103.png (https://ibb.co/chR0HryK)

Observation:

The Proto_Polish_Slavs sample grouped closely with Central European samples, further supporting the conclusion of their dominant genetic influence.

Summary of Findings:

Closer PCA proximity to the Central European group.

Smaller Euclidean and Mahalanobis distances with Central European samples.

Admixture modeling suggests a ~94% genetic contribution from Central Europe.

f3 and f4-statistics show no strong evidence of Baltic-Central European admixture.

Hierarchical clustering visually confirms the closer relationship between Proto_Polish_Slavs and Central European samples.

Conclusion:

The analysis strongly suggests that the Proto_Polish_Slavs were primarily derived from Central European ancestry, with only minimal genetic influence from the Baltic populations. Further genomic studies, such as whole-genome sequencing, could provide deeper insights into the migration and admixture patterns that shaped this population.

Suggestions for Future Research:

Whole-genome sequencing of additional samples from both groups.

Incorporating archaeological and linguistic evidence to support genetic findings.

Expanding the analysis to other Slavic groups for a broader understanding of their formation.

vasiliki23

02-12-2025, 04:26 PM

Italian only

Target: VASILIKI_scaled
Distance: 1.8395% / 0.01839472
23.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG
23.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_NEurope.AG
18.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG
14.8 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_2.AG
14.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG
3.6 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Caucasus.AG
1.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_Classical_1.AG

All samples

Target: VASILIKI_scaled
Distance: 1.5687% / 0.01568693
22.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Greek.AG
15.4 Latvia_BA.AG
14.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_409BCE.AG
12.2 Italy_Sardinia_IA_Punic_2.AG
10.0 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Balkan.AG
6.8 Lebanon_IA3.SG
5.4 Scotland_EIA.AG
4.6 France_PasDeCalais_IA.SG
3.4 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE_Caucasus.AG
2.2 Spain_IA.AG
1.6 Albania_Cinamak_BA_IA.AG
0.8 Italy_Sicily_Himera_480BCE.AG
0.4 Slovenia_EIA.AG