An investigation into the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Başur Höyük

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Inequality at the dawn of the Bronze Age: the case of Başur Höyük, a “royal” cemetery at the margins of the Mesopotamian world


On the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates, archaeologists encounter evidence that challenges conventional understandings of early state formation as a transition from ‘small-scale, egalitarian’ to ‘large- scale, stratified’ societies. One such location is the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Başur Höyük, which presents evidence of grand funerary rituals—including ‘retainer burials’ and spectacular deposits of metallic wealth—in an otherwise small-scale, egalitarian setting. A further, puzzling feature of this cemetery is the preponderance of teenagers in the richest tombs. Here we describe the combined results of archaeological and anthropological analysis at Başur Höyük, including ancient DNA, and consider the challenges they pose to traditional accounts of early state formation.

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB710__BC_2950__Co v_23.34%,0.084229,0.140143,-0.065242,-0.064923,-0.031698,-0.014781,0.009635,-0.007846,-0.017794,0.003098,0.008282,-0.006594,-0.002081,0.004266,-0.005972,0.001724,0.004824,-0.001394,-0.001257,-0.002751,0.001123,-0.00371,-0.00037,-0.010242,0.005628
Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB731__BC_2950__Co v_9.75%,0.086506,0.129988,-0.068259,-0.080427,-0.048009,-0.015618,0.008225,-0.007846,-0.010431,-0.009112,0.003573,0.004346,-0.001487,0.001239,-0.013843,0.017237,0.009648,0.005448,0.005028,-0.003252,0.020589,0.000866,-0.003697,-0.011327,-0.008023


Distance to: Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB710__BC_2950__Co v_23.34%
0.02526623 Turkey_Southeast_Mardin_PostMedieval.AG:I4539.AG__ AD_1513__Cov_67.67%
0.02573474 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Ancient.AG:I14644.AG__BC_6 43__Cov_67.47%
0.02598460 Iraqi_1AJ67
0.02598997 Assyrian
0.02677481 Armenian_Ararat_GRC11054321
0.02701505 Iran_Hasanlu_IA.AG:I4356.AG__BC_1017__Cov_65.39%
0.02724180 Armenian_Urfa_Urfa006
0.02753864 Armenian_Sasun_SAS02
0.02767687 Armenian_Urfa
0.02781109 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Ancient.AG:I14734.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_48.91%
0.02785365 Nash_Didan_Jew_Urmia
0.02785365 Nash_Didan_Jew_Urmia_Urmia
0.02800444 Helves/Aren_scaled
0.02824712 Armenian_Sasun_SAS03
0.02837043 Iraqi_8BA66
0.02873590 Armenian_Aintab
0.02874210 Georgian_Jew
0.02886967 Emirati_Mesopotamian_GSM5579194
0.02892226 Armenian_2AQ135
0.02898806 Armenian_Amasia_AMS1
0.02906606 Armenian_Kessab_KSB9
0.02909825 Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02%
0.02918641 Iraqi_2BA66
0.02929460 Iranian_Jew_IranJew4685
0.02933331 Kurdish_Jew
0.02936530 Armenian_3AQ131
0.02937346 Iranian_Jew_IranianJew1132
0.02948928 Georgian_Jew_GeorgianJew1671
0.02972949 Iraqi_1BA2
0.02981005 Mountain_Jew_Dagestan
0.02984364 Armenian_8AQ132
0.02989289 Armenian_16AQ135
0.02993881 Assyrian_Assyrian163
0.02995689 Armenian_14AQ131
0.02999018 Armenian_Urfa_Urfa010

Distance to: Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB731__BC_2950__Co v_9.75%
0.03755351 Kurdish_Jew_KurdishJew4
0.03849836 Armenian_Van_VAN05
0.03930022 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Ancient.AG:I14734.AG__BC_5 50__Cov_48.91%
0.03942867 Nash_Didan_Jew_Urmia
0.03942867 Nash_Didan_Jew_Urmia_Urmia
0.03955791 Iraqi_6BA1

[Anatolya]

Distance to: Anatolya_scaled
0.04818904 Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB710__BC_2950__Co v_23.34%
0.06342046 Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB731__BC_2950__Co v_9.75%

Can you share the coordinates of Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02% please?

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Can you share the coordinates of Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02% please?

You can find them in the link in my signature. However, here are the ones you're looking for:


Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02%,0.080814,0.133034,-0.055437,-0.055556,-0.023081,-0.013108,0.00423,-0.008307,-0.014317,-0.00492,0.008931,-0.004346,0.005649,-0.002064,-0.009093,0.013392,0.011213,0.001774,-0.002137,-0.003126,-0.001373,-0.003215,0.001725,-0.000843,0.00958


Distance to: Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02%
0.02237115 Mountain_Jew_Dagestan_GRC11053368
0.02480052 Georgian_Jew_GRC12118108
0.02491482 Emirati_Mesopotamian_GSM5579194
0.02597247 Syrian_10AH252
0.02668142 Lebanese_Muslim_Shia_4AT107
0.02678608 Turkey_Southeast_Mardin_PostMedieval.AG:I4539.AG__ AD_1513__Cov_67.67%
0.02716411 Mountain_Jew_Chechnya
0.02716411 Mountain_Jew_Chechnya_MountainJewGM
0.02782594 Georgian_Jew
0.02783578 Iraqi_1AJ67
0.02824757 Iran_Hasanlu_IA.AG:I4356.AG__BC_1017__Cov_65.39%
0.02883004 Lebanese_Shia_Muslim_Beirut_2AT112
0.02887400 Iraqi_4BA66
0.02889171 Mandaean_Iraq
0.02891667 Syrian_11AJ100
0.02898762 Iranian_Jew_IranianJew1409
0.02909825 Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB710__BC_2950__Co v_23.34%
0.02924212 Assyrian_Mardin
0.02924524 Lebanese_Shia_Muslim_Beirut_8AT108
0.02929716 Iraqi_Arab_West_WIRQARAMUS01
0.02944426 Mountain_Jew_Dagestan_GRC11053379
0.02951467 Mandaean_Iraq_Mandaean02-2
0.02955735 Mandaean_Iraq_Mandaean02
0.02972083 Iraqi_6BA1
0.02977444 Syrian_Aut-11-12-09-01
0.02984878 Syrian_Hama
0.02994939 Syrian_3AJ120

[Anatolya]

You can find them in the link in my signature. However, here are the ones you're looking for:


Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02%,0.080814,0.133034,-0.055437,-0.055556,-0.023081,-0.013108,0.00423,-0.008307,-0.014317,-0.00492,0.008931,-0.004346,0.005649,-0.002064,-0.009093,0.013392,0.011213,0.001774,-0.002137,-0.003126,-0.001373,-0.003215,0.001725,-0.000843,0.00958


Distance to: Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02%
0.02237115 Mountain_Jew_Dagestan_GRC11053368
0.02480052 Georgian_Jew_GRC12118108
0.02491482 Emirati_Mesopotamian_GSM5579194
0.02597247 Syrian_10AH252
0.02668142 Lebanese_Muslim_Shia_4AT107
0.02678608 Turkey_Southeast_Mardin_PostMedieval.AG:I4539.AG__ AD_1513__Cov_67.67%
0.02716411 Mountain_Jew_Chechnya
0.02716411 Mountain_Jew_Chechnya_MountainJewGM
0.02782594 Georgian_Jew
0.02783578 Iraqi_1AJ67
0.02824757 Iran_Hasanlu_IA.AG:I4356.AG__BC_1017__Cov_65.39%
0.02883004 Lebanese_Shia_Muslim_Beirut_2AT112
0.02887400 Iraqi_4BA66
0.02889171 Mandaean_Iraq
0.02891667 Syrian_11AJ100
0.02898762 Iranian_Jew_IranianJew1409
0.02909825 Turkey_Southeast_BaşurHöyük_EBA:SB710__BC_2950__Co v_23.34%
0.02924212 Assyrian_Mardin
0.02924524 Lebanese_Shia_Muslim_Beirut_8AT108
0.02929716 Iraqi_Arab_West_WIRQARAMUS01
0.02944426 Mountain_Jew_Dagestan_GRC11053379
0.02951467 Mandaean_Iraq_Mandaean02-2
0.02955735 Mandaean_Iraq_Mandaean02
0.02972083 Iraqi_6BA1
0.02977444 Syrian_Aut-11-12-09-01
0.02984878 Syrian_Hama
0.02994939 Syrian_3AJ120

Not that close either, too Eastern shifted I guess

Distance to: Anatolya_scaled
0.04309683 Italy_Imperial_oAnatoliaCaucasus.SG:R67.SG__AD_200 __Cov_86.02%

Thank you, I'll check the others later