Beorn
05-30-2009, 06:24 PM
Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Groups (http://mighealth.net/uk/index.php/Indigenous_and_Non-Indigenous_Groups)
The Indigenous Population
Indigenous Britons are descended from the peoples that settled the region prior to the 12th Century. The pre-Celtic, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Huguenot and Norse influences are still evident in various regions of Great Britain. Indigenous British people comprise several nations and ethnic groups: the English, Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Ulster-Scots and Gaels of Northern Ireland. The Pavee continue to speak a Celtic language today.
Non-indigenous ethnic minorities
Jews
The first Jews arrived in England in 1070 from Rouen following the Norman Invasion. There is mention of them in the Domesday Book. They were expelled in 1290 under the edict of expulsion but a small number returned from 1656 onwards. The vast majority of today’s Jewish community, however, descend from Jews who arrived from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.[1] It is hard to discern the number of ethnic Jews in the United Kingdom as they are classified as white on census forms. In 2001 however there were 267,373 practitioners of Judaism in the United Kingdom.
The Romnichal
The Romanichal, otherwise known as "Gypsies" also reside in the United Kingdom.
The Irish
From the independence of the Republic of Ireland in 1922 until 1949 citizens of that country retained their status as British subjects and also legal right to settle in the United Kingdom. From 1949 onwards they have had to meet the same criteria as other nationalities to settle in the United Kingdom (see British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland) and hundreds of thousands have done so. In 2001 790,000 people were born in Ireland, although there are thought to be millions more 2nd,3rd and 4th generations. The Irish are the largest white minority in the United Kingdom. The major areas of settlement for the Irish population are London, Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham.
Post-war Immigration
The vast majority of the United Kingdom's ethnic minorities arrived after World War II. The most important and significant cause of this was the passage of the British Nationalities Act 1948. By this act citizens of the Empire were allowed to migrate to the United Kingdom. Many people from parts of the then Empire arrived in Britain. The "Empire Windrush" was the first ship to arrive. It brought the first immigrants from the Caribbean and effectively began mass immigration into the United Kingdom. Since the Windrush substantial immigration has come from the following ethnic groups:
Black British
These originated mostly in several of the former British colonies in the Caribbean.The largest proportion of the Black Caribbean population in the UK are of Jamaican origin; others trace origins to smaller nations including Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Montserrat, Dominica, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Guyana. Black-Caribbean communities exist throughout the United Kingdom, though by far the largest concentrations are in London, Birmingham and the broader West Midlands conurbation. Significant communities also exist in other population centres, notably Manchester, Nottingham, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff.
Also of note are African immigrants, who are predominantly from former colonies but also include refugees mainly from Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia. Many persons from Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon and Zimbabwe continue to migrate as professional workers or students. In 2001 the Black Caribbean community numbered 565,876 and the total Black population was 1.2 million or 2.2% of the population.
South Continental Asians
These comprise Indians (originating primarily from Punjab and Gujarat), Pakistanis (originating primarily from Kashmir and Punjab), Bangladeshis (originating primarily from Sylhet), and a small number of Sri Lankans. They numbered 2,331,423 in the 2001 Census. This further subdivided to 1,053,411 of Indian origin, 747,285 of Pakistani origin, 283,063 of Bangladeshi origin, and 247,664 from other Asian origins. 2004 estimates show that the British Asian community is 2,799,700 including people of mixed White British and Asian British descent. There are Asians present in most towns and cities in the United Kingdom. The largest concentrations of Indians are to be found in west London, Leicester and the West Midlands. The largest Bangladeshi community is in east London. Pakistanis are more evenly spread through the country, with large concentrations in Birmingham, Lancashire, Yorkshire and Greater Manchester.
Chinese
British Chinese are predominately from southern Chinese origin, in particular from Hong Kong. The first significant immigration began during the 1950s and 1960s, followed by a further wave in the early 1980s and another in the mid-1990s prior to Hong Kong being incorporated into the Peoples Republic of China. In 2001 they numbered 247,403. Many students of Chinese origin study in the United Kingdom and since 2001 a substantial portion have chosen to remain, increasing their numbers further. In contrast to the largely southern Chinese community living in Briain, newer arrivals tend to come from all across China. The Chinese are the fastest growing non-European ethnic group in the United Kingdom, growing at 11% per annum between 2001-2003. This growth comes almost exclusively from immigration.
Other Groups
Italians
Although Italians have had a presence in the UK for centuries, it was only after the Second World War that there was a large influx to the country. Many came for work, for study or when situations of political and economic turmoil back home forced them to leave. Many headed to the UK as an alternative to the US. They have left their mark on British life mainly through their food where Italian restaurants, bars & cafes are now commonplace. In the UK, British Italians are popularly known as "Britalians", a term coined by the UK-based Italian chef Antonio Carluccio.
Currently the Italian official records are accounting for 175,000 Italians living in the UK (115,000 just in the area served by the Italian Consulate General of London), but these figures are to be taken as a low estimate (not everyone register with the consulates, especially the short term or temporary residents).
Greek Cypriots
Since it got its independence from Great Britain in 1960, Cyprus has seen many of its citizens emigrate to the United Kingdom for economical reasons and in search of a better life. The first influx of Cypriot immigrants to London and other UK cities was in the 1960s, and then, after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, an estimated 20,000 Greek-Cypriots fled to the UK. There are more than 100 Greek communities in Britain, with around 150-180,000 Greek speakers in London alone. 85% of these speakers come from Cyprus, not Greece itself.
Turks & Turkish Cypriots
Many Turkish people sought refuge in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s and the number of Turkish immigrants has continued to increase. It is estimated that there are around 250,000 Turkish-speaking people in the UK, most of them in London. The most recent influx started soon after the military coup on the Turkish mainland by General Kenan Evren in 1980. The harsh repression that followed forced many people out of the country. Poets, artists, intellectuals, journalists, political opponents of the regime, but also simple people and a large proportion of Turkish Kurds. Even now, Kurds still leave Turkey and seek refuge in other countries, such as Britain.
Poles
In the immediate post war period the Poles who had fought on from bases in Britain following their defeat by the Germans, were urged to return home by the British Government. Only about half of them did so, however, with the remainder (of about 250,000 people) staying on to form Britain’s Polish community. The Polish Resettlement Corps (1947-49) eased the transition from military to civilian life for the ex-soldiers and numerous dependants.
In the period 1991-2001, the number of Poles legally in Britain declined, but since Polish accession to the EU in 2004 this trend has reversed and figures from the Home Office reveal that 264,560 Poles registered to work in Britain between 2004 and 2006, but actual numbers are much higher. The Polish Consulate estimates that about 1 million Poles are in Britain at any one time. The majority of these new Polish migrants to Britain are of working age (82 per cent aged between 16 and 34).
Mixed
After the Second World War, the first established 'mixed communities' migrated to the UK, principally the Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Burmese communities, from India and Burma. They are now established and integrated communities within the UK. Over more recent years there has been substantial and increasing miscegenation between the various groups, resulting in a new group - Mixed. This group is relatively heterogeneous with Mixed - Black Caribbean/White British being the biggest single component. The Mixed group has the youngest demographic profile of any group, with half being under 16, and numbered 677,117 at the 2001 Census. Due to rapid growth the Mixed group is predicted to become the largest ethnic minority group by 2020.
Newer ethnic groups
In recent years there has been massive and sustained immigration into the United Kingdom from all sections of the globe.[2][3] This has created an exceptionally ethnically diverse population and it is likely that almost every major ethnic group in the world is present in Britain. London is often cited as the most ethnically diverse city in the world[4]. Major groups include:
Central & Eastern Europeans - Russians, Ukrainians , Latvians, Lithuanians, Romanians, Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs & Slovaks, Black Africans (who numbered 485,277 in 2001 but have now grown to outnumber the more established Caribbeans), Middle Easterners & Arabs - Lebanese, Palestinians, Saudis, Syrians, Jordanians, Yemenis, Egyptians, Moroccans, Algerians Iranians, Iraqis, Afghans, Armenians and Kurds), Balkans - Albanians, Kosovars, Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, Bulgarians Orientals - Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Thais, Malaysians, Western Europeans - French, Germans, Swiss, Dutch, Scandinavians, Portuguese, Maltese, Spanish and Gibraltarians Other countries - Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Americans, Cape Verdeans and Mauritians Latin Americans (of which Brazilians, Colombians, Chileans & Cubans make up the largest number).
The Indigenous Population
Indigenous Britons are descended from the peoples that settled the region prior to the 12th Century. The pre-Celtic, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Huguenot and Norse influences are still evident in various regions of Great Britain. Indigenous British people comprise several nations and ethnic groups: the English, Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Ulster-Scots and Gaels of Northern Ireland. The Pavee continue to speak a Celtic language today.
Non-indigenous ethnic minorities
Jews
The first Jews arrived in England in 1070 from Rouen following the Norman Invasion. There is mention of them in the Domesday Book. They were expelled in 1290 under the edict of expulsion but a small number returned from 1656 onwards. The vast majority of today’s Jewish community, however, descend from Jews who arrived from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.[1] It is hard to discern the number of ethnic Jews in the United Kingdom as they are classified as white on census forms. In 2001 however there were 267,373 practitioners of Judaism in the United Kingdom.
The Romnichal
The Romanichal, otherwise known as "Gypsies" also reside in the United Kingdom.
The Irish
From the independence of the Republic of Ireland in 1922 until 1949 citizens of that country retained their status as British subjects and also legal right to settle in the United Kingdom. From 1949 onwards they have had to meet the same criteria as other nationalities to settle in the United Kingdom (see British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland) and hundreds of thousands have done so. In 2001 790,000 people were born in Ireland, although there are thought to be millions more 2nd,3rd and 4th generations. The Irish are the largest white minority in the United Kingdom. The major areas of settlement for the Irish population are London, Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham.
Post-war Immigration
The vast majority of the United Kingdom's ethnic minorities arrived after World War II. The most important and significant cause of this was the passage of the British Nationalities Act 1948. By this act citizens of the Empire were allowed to migrate to the United Kingdom. Many people from parts of the then Empire arrived in Britain. The "Empire Windrush" was the first ship to arrive. It brought the first immigrants from the Caribbean and effectively began mass immigration into the United Kingdom. Since the Windrush substantial immigration has come from the following ethnic groups:
Black British
These originated mostly in several of the former British colonies in the Caribbean.The largest proportion of the Black Caribbean population in the UK are of Jamaican origin; others trace origins to smaller nations including Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Montserrat, Dominica, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Guyana. Black-Caribbean communities exist throughout the United Kingdom, though by far the largest concentrations are in London, Birmingham and the broader West Midlands conurbation. Significant communities also exist in other population centres, notably Manchester, Nottingham, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff.
Also of note are African immigrants, who are predominantly from former colonies but also include refugees mainly from Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia. Many persons from Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon and Zimbabwe continue to migrate as professional workers or students. In 2001 the Black Caribbean community numbered 565,876 and the total Black population was 1.2 million or 2.2% of the population.
South Continental Asians
These comprise Indians (originating primarily from Punjab and Gujarat), Pakistanis (originating primarily from Kashmir and Punjab), Bangladeshis (originating primarily from Sylhet), and a small number of Sri Lankans. They numbered 2,331,423 in the 2001 Census. This further subdivided to 1,053,411 of Indian origin, 747,285 of Pakistani origin, 283,063 of Bangladeshi origin, and 247,664 from other Asian origins. 2004 estimates show that the British Asian community is 2,799,700 including people of mixed White British and Asian British descent. There are Asians present in most towns and cities in the United Kingdom. The largest concentrations of Indians are to be found in west London, Leicester and the West Midlands. The largest Bangladeshi community is in east London. Pakistanis are more evenly spread through the country, with large concentrations in Birmingham, Lancashire, Yorkshire and Greater Manchester.
Chinese
British Chinese are predominately from southern Chinese origin, in particular from Hong Kong. The first significant immigration began during the 1950s and 1960s, followed by a further wave in the early 1980s and another in the mid-1990s prior to Hong Kong being incorporated into the Peoples Republic of China. In 2001 they numbered 247,403. Many students of Chinese origin study in the United Kingdom and since 2001 a substantial portion have chosen to remain, increasing their numbers further. In contrast to the largely southern Chinese community living in Briain, newer arrivals tend to come from all across China. The Chinese are the fastest growing non-European ethnic group in the United Kingdom, growing at 11% per annum between 2001-2003. This growth comes almost exclusively from immigration.
Other Groups
Italians
Although Italians have had a presence in the UK for centuries, it was only after the Second World War that there was a large influx to the country. Many came for work, for study or when situations of political and economic turmoil back home forced them to leave. Many headed to the UK as an alternative to the US. They have left their mark on British life mainly through their food where Italian restaurants, bars & cafes are now commonplace. In the UK, British Italians are popularly known as "Britalians", a term coined by the UK-based Italian chef Antonio Carluccio.
Currently the Italian official records are accounting for 175,000 Italians living in the UK (115,000 just in the area served by the Italian Consulate General of London), but these figures are to be taken as a low estimate (not everyone register with the consulates, especially the short term or temporary residents).
Greek Cypriots
Since it got its independence from Great Britain in 1960, Cyprus has seen many of its citizens emigrate to the United Kingdom for economical reasons and in search of a better life. The first influx of Cypriot immigrants to London and other UK cities was in the 1960s, and then, after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, an estimated 20,000 Greek-Cypriots fled to the UK. There are more than 100 Greek communities in Britain, with around 150-180,000 Greek speakers in London alone. 85% of these speakers come from Cyprus, not Greece itself.
Turks & Turkish Cypriots
Many Turkish people sought refuge in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s and the number of Turkish immigrants has continued to increase. It is estimated that there are around 250,000 Turkish-speaking people in the UK, most of them in London. The most recent influx started soon after the military coup on the Turkish mainland by General Kenan Evren in 1980. The harsh repression that followed forced many people out of the country. Poets, artists, intellectuals, journalists, political opponents of the regime, but also simple people and a large proportion of Turkish Kurds. Even now, Kurds still leave Turkey and seek refuge in other countries, such as Britain.
Poles
In the immediate post war period the Poles who had fought on from bases in Britain following their defeat by the Germans, were urged to return home by the British Government. Only about half of them did so, however, with the remainder (of about 250,000 people) staying on to form Britain’s Polish community. The Polish Resettlement Corps (1947-49) eased the transition from military to civilian life for the ex-soldiers and numerous dependants.
In the period 1991-2001, the number of Poles legally in Britain declined, but since Polish accession to the EU in 2004 this trend has reversed and figures from the Home Office reveal that 264,560 Poles registered to work in Britain between 2004 and 2006, but actual numbers are much higher. The Polish Consulate estimates that about 1 million Poles are in Britain at any one time. The majority of these new Polish migrants to Britain are of working age (82 per cent aged between 16 and 34).
Mixed
After the Second World War, the first established 'mixed communities' migrated to the UK, principally the Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Burmese communities, from India and Burma. They are now established and integrated communities within the UK. Over more recent years there has been substantial and increasing miscegenation between the various groups, resulting in a new group - Mixed. This group is relatively heterogeneous with Mixed - Black Caribbean/White British being the biggest single component. The Mixed group has the youngest demographic profile of any group, with half being under 16, and numbered 677,117 at the 2001 Census. Due to rapid growth the Mixed group is predicted to become the largest ethnic minority group by 2020.
Newer ethnic groups
In recent years there has been massive and sustained immigration into the United Kingdom from all sections of the globe.[2][3] This has created an exceptionally ethnically diverse population and it is likely that almost every major ethnic group in the world is present in Britain. London is often cited as the most ethnically diverse city in the world[4]. Major groups include:
Central & Eastern Europeans - Russians, Ukrainians , Latvians, Lithuanians, Romanians, Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs & Slovaks, Black Africans (who numbered 485,277 in 2001 but have now grown to outnumber the more established Caribbeans), Middle Easterners & Arabs - Lebanese, Palestinians, Saudis, Syrians, Jordanians, Yemenis, Egyptians, Moroccans, Algerians Iranians, Iraqis, Afghans, Armenians and Kurds), Balkans - Albanians, Kosovars, Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, Bulgarians Orientals - Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Thais, Malaysians, Western Europeans - French, Germans, Swiss, Dutch, Scandinavians, Portuguese, Maltese, Spanish and Gibraltarians Other countries - Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Americans, Cape Verdeans and Mauritians Latin Americans (of which Brazilians, Colombians, Chileans & Cubans make up the largest number).