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View Full Version : Today in 1266 - The End of the Sicilian Empire - Battle of Beniventu



alfieb
02-26-2013, 07:02 AM
http://www.nobledynasty.com/Manfred%20rowned.jpg
Manfredi, King of Sicily (1258-1266)


Fidiricu I of Sicily, the Holy Roman Emperor, died in 1250, after being king for over a half a century. He was succeeded by his son Curradu I, who only reigned for a few years before himself dying and being succeeded by his young child son Curradu II, or "Curradinu" (little Curradu).

Fidiricu had, in his lifetime, legitimized a bastard son, Manfredi, who created rumors that Curradinu had died, and seized the throne for himself. In truth, Curradinu was alive and well in Germany, but Manfredi reigned for eight years from 1258-1266. He had been excommunicated by the Pope in 1262, and Pope Urban IV invited a French prince, Charles of Anjou to take over Sicily.

At Benevento, in February of 1266, Charles slew Manfredi on the battlefield and seized the crown of Sicily.

In the meanwhile, Curradinu was indeed still alive, aged fourteen, and with his uncle dead, he rode through Germany and Northern Italy, raising an army with the goal of "re" claiming his rightful kingdom. They fought for two years, before he met Charles in Abbruzzu and the two armies fought at the decisive Battle of Tagghiacozzu, which Charles won. Curradinu was captured, locked in prison briefly, and then executed by beheading for "treason" by Charles and his French army in October of 1268.

Less than fifteen years later, Sicily would revolt against Charles' tyrannical rule, inviting Custanza, the only daughter of Manfredi, who was the wife of the King of Aragon, to return to Sicily as Queen. The combined Aragonese-Sicilian armies managed to keep Charles and his successors out, and the island would never again be conquered until the invasion of Garibaldi in 1860. Even Napoleon himself was unable to invade Sicily, while he did conquer Malta and Naples.


Parallels with the end of the Norman era:
Manfred and Tancred were both bastards who became king
The deaths of Manfred and Tancred both brought the kingdom into great chaos and warfare
Sicilian princesses, each named Constance, were married to foreign kings when their male-line relatives died out, both Constances became queens of Sicily, and both of them would provide offspring that would rule Sicily for several generations

Ianus
07-13-2013, 04:47 PM
The Battle of Benevento was fought near Benevento, in present-day Southern Italy, on 26 February 1266, between the troops of Charles of Anjou and Manfred of Sicily. Manfred's defeat and death resulted in the capture of the Kingdom of Sicily by Charles

The Papacy had long been in conflict with the Imperial house of Hohenstaufen over their rule in Italy. At the time of the battle, the Hohenstaufen ruler in the Kingdom of Sicily (which included Sicily and southern Italy) was Manfred, illegitimate son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. While the rightful heir to the kingdom was Frederick's legitimate grandson Conradin, he was young and safely across the Alps in Bavaria. Taking advantage of a false rumor of Conradin's death, Manfred had usurped the throne in 1258. Pope Urban IV determined to wrench the Kingdom from him, and in 1263, concluded a secret treaty with Charles of Anjou, giving him the Sicilian throne.

Charles reached Rome in 1265, but was temporarily halted by financial embarrassments. Manfred, however, did not take the field against him until January 1266, when Charles' main army had crossed the Alps. Alarmed by desertions among his followers and fearing further treachery, Manfred sought to bring Charles to battle as swiftly as possible. Charles attempted to turn Manfred's position at Capua by a perilous crossing of the Apennines which wrecked his supply line; but Manfred had intelligence of his move and lay in a strong position across the River Calore, crossed only by one bridge.

Charles had divided his cavalry into three "battles". The infantry and the first battle, consisting of 900 Provençals were at the front, commanded by Hugh of Mirepoix and Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres. Behind them were the second battle, which consisted of 400 Italians and 1,000 men of Languedoc and central France. Charles would command the second battle in person. Behind them, the third battle consisted of about 700 men from the county of Flanders under Gilles II de Trasignies, Constable of France, and Robert III of Flanders.

Manfred had adopted similar dispositions. His Saracen archers were in the fore. Behind them was the first battle, 1,200 German mercenaries armed in coats of plates (a novelty at the time), commanded by his cousin Giordano d'Anglano and Galvano of Anglona. The second battle consisted of the Italian mercenaries, about 1,000, and 300 Saracen light horse, commanded by his uncle Galvano Lancia. The third battle, numbering 1,400, were the feudatories of the Kingdom, under Manfred's personal command.

The battle began in the morning, when Manfred advanced his Saracens (archers and a few light cavalry) across the bridge to skirmish. They drove off Charles' infantry, but were put to flight by his first battle. Rashly (whether on their own initiative or by Manfred's order is not known), Manfred's first battle crossed the bridge and counter-charged. At first, the German mercenaries seemed unstoppable; all blows rebounded from their armor plates, and Charles was forced to commit his second battle. The Germans continued to advance, but then the French discovered that the new plate armor did not protect the armpits when the arm was lifted to strike. The Germans were swiftly broken.

The tide of battle now rapidly turned against Manfred. His troops were forced to defile across the single bridge over the Calore to reach the field. By the time his second battle had crossed the bridge, Charles had ordered his third battle to charge them on both flanks and they were swiftly destroyed. Upon the defeat of the Italians, most of the nobles in Manfred's third battle deserted him, leaving only the king and a few faithful followers. After exchanging the royal surcoat with his friend Tebaldo Annibaldi, Manfred and his followers charged into the fray and were slain.

The destruction of Manfred's army marked the collapse of Hohenstaufen rule in Italy. The remainder of the Kingdom of Sicily was conquered almost without resistance. Settled in his new kingdom, Charles could await the coming of Conradin, the last hope of the Hohenstaufen, in 1268, and meet him at the Battle of Tagliacozzo

Prince Carlo
07-13-2013, 04:59 PM
Fuck the pope!!!!