Szegedist
03-02-2013, 05:05 PM
Losses
- 72% of its territory (232 000 km2)
- 64% of its population (13 370 000 inhabitants)
- 60% of its agricultural lands
- 70% of its livestock
- 74% of its roads
- 62% of its railways
- 65% of its navigable waterways
- 88% of its forests
- 60% of its coal reserves
- 85% of its iron ore
- 100% of its salt and copper mines
- 95% of its quarries
- 82% of its machine industry
- 60% of its iron and steel factories
- 64% of its chemical works
- 95% of its water-power
- its only outlet to the sea, the port-city of Fiume (Rijeka), along with all its fleet, and all trade and industry connected with maritime activities
- State property amounting to 3.5 billion Hungarian Gold Crowns (1920)
- 210 million Gold Francs (1920) as well as other imposed crippling war reparations in kind
- losses estimated at 6.5 billion Swiss Francs (1919) due to the Rumanian occupation alone
- over 3000 villages, towns and cities with majority Hungarian populations and irreplaceable historical buildings, monuments, cultural artifacts, art collections, churches, museums, libraries, and educational and cultural institutions: Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), Nagyvárad (Oradea), Marosvásárhely (Tirgu Mures), Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), Temesvár (Timisoara), Szabadka (Subotica), Arad (Arad), Brassó (Brasov), Pozsony (Bratislava), Nagybánya (Baia Mare), Kassa (Kosice), Sepsiszentgyörgy (Sfintu Gheorghe), Székelyudvarhely (Odorheiu Secuiesc), Csíkszereda (Miercurea Ciuc), Beregszász (Beregovo), Komárom (Komárno), Újvidék (Novi Sad), Zenta (Senta), Ungvár (Uzhgorod), Munkács (Mukachevo), are some of the major cities and important towns lost by Hungary.
-Historical Hungary had 15 thousand locomotives in 1918, of which 6800 went to the successor states at the end of World War I. Before Trianon, Hungary had had one of Europe's busiest and most developed rail transport network that the new borders cut in half at 53 locations; most of the railway lines have already been eliminated by the successor states. In the 19th century, Hungary developed a radial railway network centered on Budapest and two circular railway lines that linked Nagykanizsa Pécs, Szabadka, Szeged, Békéscsaba, Arad, Munkács and Kassa directly. The victorious powers intentionally drew the new borders to cut off the strategic railway lines from the rest of the country; as a result, cities like Nagyszalonta–Nagyvárad–Szatmár németi–Csap–Kassa were appropriated and given to the successor states. Those sub-regions that the new borders cut off from the rest of the country have been marginalized and since lost their commercial roles as main markets.
-As a result of the Trianon Treaty, only fifty percent of the industrial areas remained in Hungarian hands -- 35 percent of coal mines, 63 percent of railway network, 65 percent of the road network and 67 percent of financial institutions went to the succor countries.
- The Hungarian Army was reduced to a mere 30.000 troops, Hungary was forbidden to have air force, tanks and any more sophisticated weapons.
-The borders were set in such a way that all natural defense lines were crossed making the remaining territory totally vulnerable and difficult to defend.
-The Czechoslovak border was drawn at 30 kms from Budapest to put the city in the range of the Czechoslovak cannons aligned on the border.
-These losses have been compounded by the equally great human and material losses suffered by Hungary as a result of WWII - Allied bombings, Nazi and Soviet occupations - and under the Communist regime. Hungary has not yet been compensated for its losses resulting from enemy aggression and occupation since WWI.
-Of the three victorious powers of World War I it was the United States under Woodrow Wilson which argued for self-determination amongst the ethnic communities of the Austro-Hungarian empire. France and Britain however, arguably had a broader strategic agenda of ensuring that any future resurgent Germany would not have a European industrial ally to call upon. They therefore sought by their boundary decisions, primarily to economically cripple Austria and Hungary respectively to ensure this objective.
http://www.hunmagyar.org/tor/hungaria.htm#10. HUNGARY'S LOSSES RESULTING FROM THE CZECH, SERBIAN AND RUMANIAN MILITARY OCCUPATIONS (1918-19) AND THE PARTITION OF ITS TERRITORY IMPOSED BY THE TREATY OF TRIANON (1920)
Miscellaneous consequences
Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia had to assume part of the financial obligations of the former Kingdom of Hungary on account of the parts of its former territory that was assigned under their sovereignty.
Some conditions of the Treaty were similar to those imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. After the war, the Austro-Hungarian navy, air force and army was disbanded. The army of post-Trianon Hungary was to be restricted to 35,000 men and there was to be no conscription. Heavy artillery, tanks and air force were prohibited. Further provisions stated that in Hungary, no railway would be built with more than one track (even going so far as to remove one of the two tracks on one of the lines), because at that time railways held substantial strategic importance economically and militarily
Hungary also renounced all privileges in territories outside Europe that were administered by the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy.
Articles 54–60 of the Treaty required Hungary to recognise various rights of national minorities within its borders.
Articles 61-66 stated that all former citizens of the Kingdom of Hungary living outside the newly defined frontiers of Hungary were to ipso facto lose their Hungarian nationality in one year.
Other facts&consequences
-All plebiscites except Sopron were rejected (So much for Trianon following the principles of "Self determination")
-Ethnically diverse entities, such as Vojvodina which was only 1/3 Serbia were treated as single entities.
-Austria-Hungary was a strong German supporter and fast developing region. So destroying it was in the interests of the Entente. The Western powers main priority was to prevent a resurgence of the German Reich and they therefore decided that her allies in the region, Austria and Hungary, should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies, each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary.
-Hungary lost connection to strategic military and economic infrastructure due to the concentric layout of the railway and road network which the borders bisected. In addition, the structure of its economy collapsed, because it had relied on other parts of the pre-war Kingdom. The country also lost access to the Mediterranean and to the important sea port of Rijeka (Fiume), and became landlocked, which had a negative effect on sea trading and strategic naval operations. Furthermore, many trading routes that went through the newly defined borders from various parts of the pre-war kingdom were abandoned.
-With regard to the ethnic issues, the Western powers were aware of the problem posed by the presence of so many Hungarians (and Germans) living outside the new nation-states of Hungary and Austria. The Romanian delegation to Versailles feared in 1919 that the Allies were beginning to favour the partition of Transylvania along ethnic lines to reduce the potential exodus and Prime Minister Ion I. C. Brătianu even summoned British-born Queen Marie to France to strengthen their case. The Romanians claimed that they had suffered a higher relative casualty rate in the war than either Britain or France and that the Western powers had a moral debt to repay. In absolute terms, Romanian troops had considerably fewer casualties than either Britain or France, however. The underlying reason for the decision was a secret pact between The Entente and Romania. In the Treaty of Bucharest (1916) Romania was promised Transylvania and territories to the east of river Tisza, provided that she attacked Austria-Hungary from the south-east, where defences were weak. However, after the Central Powers had noticed the military manoeuvre, the attempt was quickly choked off and Bucharest fell in the same year.
-The Austro-Hungarian Empire was one economic unit with autarkic characteristics during its golden age and therefore achieved rapid growth, especially in the early 20th century when GNP grew by 1.76%. (That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).) There was also a division of labour present throughout the empire: that is, in the Austrian part of the Monarchy manufacturing industries were highly advanced, while in the Kingdom of Hungary an agroindustrial economy had emerged. By the late 19th century, economic growth of the eastern regions consistently surpassed that of western, thus discrepancies eventually began to diminish. The key success of fast development was specialisation of each region in fields that they were best.
The Kingdom of Hungary was the main supplier of wheat, rye, barley and other various goods in the empire and these comprised a large portion of the empire's exports. Meanwhile, the territory of present-day Czech Republic (Kingdom of Bohemia) owned 75% of the whole industrial capacity of formal Austria-Hungary. This shows that the various parts of the formal monarchy were economically interdependent. As a further illustration of this issue, post-Trianon Hungary produced 500% more agricultural goods than it needed for itself and mills around Budapest (some of the largest ones in Europe at the time) operated at 20% level. As a consequence of the treaty, all the competitive industries of the formal empire were compelled to close doors, as great capacity was met by negligible demand owing to economic barriers presented in the form of the newly defined borders.
The disseminating economic problems had been also noted in the Coolidge Report as a serious potential aftermath of the treaty. This opinion was not taken into account during the negotiations. Thus, the resulting uneasiness and despondency of one part of the concerned population was later one of the main antecedents of World War II. Unemployment levels in Austria, as well as in Hungary, were dangerously high, and industrial output dropped by 65%. What happened to Austria in industry happened to Hungary in agriculture where production of grain declined by more than 70%. Austria, especially the imperial capital Vienna, was a leading investor of development projects throughout the empire with more than 2.2 billion crown capital. This sum sunk to a mere 8.6 million crowns after the treaty took effect and resulted in a starving of capital in other regions of the former empire.
The disintegration of the multi-national state conversely impacted neighbouring countries, too: In Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria a fifth to a third of the rural population could find no work, and industry was in no position to absorb them.
With the creation of customs barriers and fragmented protective economies, the economic growth and outlook in the region sharply declined, ultimately culminating in a deep recession. It proved to be immensely challenging for the successor states to successfully transform their economies to adapt to the new circumstances. All the formal districts of Austria-Hungary used to rely on each other's exports for growth and welfare; by contrast, 5 years after the treaty, traffic of goods between the countries dropped to less than 5% of its former value.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/AustriaHungaryWWI.gif
- 72% of its territory (232 000 km2)
- 64% of its population (13 370 000 inhabitants)
- 60% of its agricultural lands
- 70% of its livestock
- 74% of its roads
- 62% of its railways
- 65% of its navigable waterways
- 88% of its forests
- 60% of its coal reserves
- 85% of its iron ore
- 100% of its salt and copper mines
- 95% of its quarries
- 82% of its machine industry
- 60% of its iron and steel factories
- 64% of its chemical works
- 95% of its water-power
- its only outlet to the sea, the port-city of Fiume (Rijeka), along with all its fleet, and all trade and industry connected with maritime activities
- State property amounting to 3.5 billion Hungarian Gold Crowns (1920)
- 210 million Gold Francs (1920) as well as other imposed crippling war reparations in kind
- losses estimated at 6.5 billion Swiss Francs (1919) due to the Rumanian occupation alone
- over 3000 villages, towns and cities with majority Hungarian populations and irreplaceable historical buildings, monuments, cultural artifacts, art collections, churches, museums, libraries, and educational and cultural institutions: Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), Nagyvárad (Oradea), Marosvásárhely (Tirgu Mures), Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), Temesvár (Timisoara), Szabadka (Subotica), Arad (Arad), Brassó (Brasov), Pozsony (Bratislava), Nagybánya (Baia Mare), Kassa (Kosice), Sepsiszentgyörgy (Sfintu Gheorghe), Székelyudvarhely (Odorheiu Secuiesc), Csíkszereda (Miercurea Ciuc), Beregszász (Beregovo), Komárom (Komárno), Újvidék (Novi Sad), Zenta (Senta), Ungvár (Uzhgorod), Munkács (Mukachevo), are some of the major cities and important towns lost by Hungary.
-Historical Hungary had 15 thousand locomotives in 1918, of which 6800 went to the successor states at the end of World War I. Before Trianon, Hungary had had one of Europe's busiest and most developed rail transport network that the new borders cut in half at 53 locations; most of the railway lines have already been eliminated by the successor states. In the 19th century, Hungary developed a radial railway network centered on Budapest and two circular railway lines that linked Nagykanizsa Pécs, Szabadka, Szeged, Békéscsaba, Arad, Munkács and Kassa directly. The victorious powers intentionally drew the new borders to cut off the strategic railway lines from the rest of the country; as a result, cities like Nagyszalonta–Nagyvárad–Szatmár németi–Csap–Kassa were appropriated and given to the successor states. Those sub-regions that the new borders cut off from the rest of the country have been marginalized and since lost their commercial roles as main markets.
-As a result of the Trianon Treaty, only fifty percent of the industrial areas remained in Hungarian hands -- 35 percent of coal mines, 63 percent of railway network, 65 percent of the road network and 67 percent of financial institutions went to the succor countries.
- The Hungarian Army was reduced to a mere 30.000 troops, Hungary was forbidden to have air force, tanks and any more sophisticated weapons.
-The borders were set in such a way that all natural defense lines were crossed making the remaining territory totally vulnerable and difficult to defend.
-The Czechoslovak border was drawn at 30 kms from Budapest to put the city in the range of the Czechoslovak cannons aligned on the border.
-These losses have been compounded by the equally great human and material losses suffered by Hungary as a result of WWII - Allied bombings, Nazi and Soviet occupations - and under the Communist regime. Hungary has not yet been compensated for its losses resulting from enemy aggression and occupation since WWI.
-Of the three victorious powers of World War I it was the United States under Woodrow Wilson which argued for self-determination amongst the ethnic communities of the Austro-Hungarian empire. France and Britain however, arguably had a broader strategic agenda of ensuring that any future resurgent Germany would not have a European industrial ally to call upon. They therefore sought by their boundary decisions, primarily to economically cripple Austria and Hungary respectively to ensure this objective.
http://www.hunmagyar.org/tor/hungaria.htm#10. HUNGARY'S LOSSES RESULTING FROM THE CZECH, SERBIAN AND RUMANIAN MILITARY OCCUPATIONS (1918-19) AND THE PARTITION OF ITS TERRITORY IMPOSED BY THE TREATY OF TRIANON (1920)
Miscellaneous consequences
Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia had to assume part of the financial obligations of the former Kingdom of Hungary on account of the parts of its former territory that was assigned under their sovereignty.
Some conditions of the Treaty were similar to those imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. After the war, the Austro-Hungarian navy, air force and army was disbanded. The army of post-Trianon Hungary was to be restricted to 35,000 men and there was to be no conscription. Heavy artillery, tanks and air force were prohibited. Further provisions stated that in Hungary, no railway would be built with more than one track (even going so far as to remove one of the two tracks on one of the lines), because at that time railways held substantial strategic importance economically and militarily
Hungary also renounced all privileges in territories outside Europe that were administered by the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy.
Articles 54–60 of the Treaty required Hungary to recognise various rights of national minorities within its borders.
Articles 61-66 stated that all former citizens of the Kingdom of Hungary living outside the newly defined frontiers of Hungary were to ipso facto lose their Hungarian nationality in one year.
Other facts&consequences
-All plebiscites except Sopron were rejected (So much for Trianon following the principles of "Self determination")
-Ethnically diverse entities, such as Vojvodina which was only 1/3 Serbia were treated as single entities.
-Austria-Hungary was a strong German supporter and fast developing region. So destroying it was in the interests of the Entente. The Western powers main priority was to prevent a resurgence of the German Reich and they therefore decided that her allies in the region, Austria and Hungary, should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies, each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary.
-Hungary lost connection to strategic military and economic infrastructure due to the concentric layout of the railway and road network which the borders bisected. In addition, the structure of its economy collapsed, because it had relied on other parts of the pre-war Kingdom. The country also lost access to the Mediterranean and to the important sea port of Rijeka (Fiume), and became landlocked, which had a negative effect on sea trading and strategic naval operations. Furthermore, many trading routes that went through the newly defined borders from various parts of the pre-war kingdom were abandoned.
-With regard to the ethnic issues, the Western powers were aware of the problem posed by the presence of so many Hungarians (and Germans) living outside the new nation-states of Hungary and Austria. The Romanian delegation to Versailles feared in 1919 that the Allies were beginning to favour the partition of Transylvania along ethnic lines to reduce the potential exodus and Prime Minister Ion I. C. Brătianu even summoned British-born Queen Marie to France to strengthen their case. The Romanians claimed that they had suffered a higher relative casualty rate in the war than either Britain or France and that the Western powers had a moral debt to repay. In absolute terms, Romanian troops had considerably fewer casualties than either Britain or France, however. The underlying reason for the decision was a secret pact between The Entente and Romania. In the Treaty of Bucharest (1916) Romania was promised Transylvania and territories to the east of river Tisza, provided that she attacked Austria-Hungary from the south-east, where defences were weak. However, after the Central Powers had noticed the military manoeuvre, the attempt was quickly choked off and Bucharest fell in the same year.
-The Austro-Hungarian Empire was one economic unit with autarkic characteristics during its golden age and therefore achieved rapid growth, especially in the early 20th century when GNP grew by 1.76%. (That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).) There was also a division of labour present throughout the empire: that is, in the Austrian part of the Monarchy manufacturing industries were highly advanced, while in the Kingdom of Hungary an agroindustrial economy had emerged. By the late 19th century, economic growth of the eastern regions consistently surpassed that of western, thus discrepancies eventually began to diminish. The key success of fast development was specialisation of each region in fields that they were best.
The Kingdom of Hungary was the main supplier of wheat, rye, barley and other various goods in the empire and these comprised a large portion of the empire's exports. Meanwhile, the territory of present-day Czech Republic (Kingdom of Bohemia) owned 75% of the whole industrial capacity of formal Austria-Hungary. This shows that the various parts of the formal monarchy were economically interdependent. As a further illustration of this issue, post-Trianon Hungary produced 500% more agricultural goods than it needed for itself and mills around Budapest (some of the largest ones in Europe at the time) operated at 20% level. As a consequence of the treaty, all the competitive industries of the formal empire were compelled to close doors, as great capacity was met by negligible demand owing to economic barriers presented in the form of the newly defined borders.
The disseminating economic problems had been also noted in the Coolidge Report as a serious potential aftermath of the treaty. This opinion was not taken into account during the negotiations. Thus, the resulting uneasiness and despondency of one part of the concerned population was later one of the main antecedents of World War II. Unemployment levels in Austria, as well as in Hungary, were dangerously high, and industrial output dropped by 65%. What happened to Austria in industry happened to Hungary in agriculture where production of grain declined by more than 70%. Austria, especially the imperial capital Vienna, was a leading investor of development projects throughout the empire with more than 2.2 billion crown capital. This sum sunk to a mere 8.6 million crowns after the treaty took effect and resulted in a starving of capital in other regions of the former empire.
The disintegration of the multi-national state conversely impacted neighbouring countries, too: In Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria a fifth to a third of the rural population could find no work, and industry was in no position to absorb them.
With the creation of customs barriers and fragmented protective economies, the economic growth and outlook in the region sharply declined, ultimately culminating in a deep recession. It proved to be immensely challenging for the successor states to successfully transform their economies to adapt to the new circumstances. All the formal districts of Austria-Hungary used to rely on each other's exports for growth and welfare; by contrast, 5 years after the treaty, traffic of goods between the countries dropped to less than 5% of its former value.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/AustriaHungaryWWI.gif