Proto-Shaman
05-10-2013, 12:59 PM
Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people:
Haplogroup R1a1 is defined by marker M173 plus M17 (Y Chromosome Consortium 2002; Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2003; Karafet et al. 2008) and has a widespread distribution area on the Eurasian continent. It is spread among western Eurasian (mostly eastern European and Volga-Ural populations) (which are specifically known as being Türkic lands and the territory of the Türkic Kipchak Khanate for half a millennia; the present population is divided into Türkic substrate in the south, and Finnic substrate in the north), southern Asian (mainly India and Pakistan's populations) (which are specifically known as being Türkic-dominated lands for the duration of the Mughal period), central Asian (predominantly Türkic for two millennia) and Siberian populations (especially southern Siberians) (predominantly Türkic until the 20th c.). Significantly, the oldest R1a population appears to be in Southern Siberia (Turkic) [see: Anatole A. Klyosov, DNA Genealogy (http://www.jogg.info/52/files/Klyosov2.pdf) , * (http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/Klyosov/Klyosov2009R1aDNAEn.htm)]. The linguistic change from R1a1 and R1b1 agglutinative to R1a1 flexive took place in the Northern Europe between 4th and 3rd mill. BC. First developed on modern samples, the assay was optimized for the analysis of 11 ancient DNA (aDNA) samples from the Krasnoyarsk region (southern Siberia) that were dated from 5,500-1,800 years before present (YBP). SNP typing was successful for most of them, which were all assigned to Y-haplogroup R1a1 except one. (see: Dienekes.blogspot.hu (http://dienekes.blogspot.hu/2008/03/y-chromosome-haplogroups-of-ancient.html))
The data (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449030)revealed the Turanid-Scythian Andronovo/Karasuk/Tagar/Tashtyk-R1a1 occurrence on the eurasian landmass:
Fig. 2 Current distribution pattern of the Y-STR haplotypes found in the ancient Siberians under study (http://www.hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/keyser_2009_e.pdf).
Each square represents a present-day individual sharing the same Y-haplotype of an ancient specimen
(The vast white areas on the map do not necessarily indicate that no traces of the Kurgan People exist in those areas, they rather indicate that no data compatible with the findings of this study exist in the databases. Nowhere in the description is noted the present spotty character of the databases used for comparisons, the potential consequences of the future additions to the databases, and the prospective areas for future studies. The difference between mtDNA map and Y-DNA map may simply indicate that for the territories of the former Soviet Union, data bases contain more spot studies of the mtDNA than the Y-DNA. Ditto for Mongolia, and Türkic, Mongol, Manchu, and Tungus minorities in China. Without these qualifications, the analysis may present seriously distorted conclusions):
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/KeyserDNASiberianKurgan2009Fig2.gif
Fig. 3 Current distribution pattern of the mtDN A haplotypes found in the ancient Siberians under study (except the CRS sequence). Each square represents a present-day individual sharing the same mtDNA haplotype of an ancient specimen. Cross represents an ancient specimen different from those studied in this work:
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/KeyserDNASiberianKurgan2009Fig3.gif
The mtDNA haplotype of the 26 ancient individuals for whom genotypes were obtained, was determined by sequencing of the HVI region. To avoid ambiguous conclusions and to corroborate haplogroup assignment, all individuals were additionally typed for some specific mtDNA coding SNPs. Results are indicated in Table 5. A good agreement was found between coding and control region data except for three samples (S27, S29, S35) sharing a CRS HVI haplotype whose SNapShot assay coding SNPs allowed classification as hg U. Moreover, the SNapShot assay allowed us to obtain additional information regarding the phylogenetic refinement of two samples, S13 and S32, found to belong to sub-hgs H6 and H5a, respectively. Overall, 23 different haplotypes were distinguished and assigned to 16 different haplogroups. Regarding the mtDNA analyses, [...] the ancient Krasnoyarsk mtDNA pool harbored both western and eastern Eurasian lineages. Nevertheless, most of the retrieved sequences (n = 20, 77%) belong to western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups (HV, H, T, I, U and K). The eastern Eurasian lineages (23% of the sequences) were represented by haplogroups or subhapologroups C, Z, G2a, F1b and N9a. The western Eurasian contribution to the ancient mtDNA pool reached 90% for the Bronze Age and decreased to 67% for the Iron Age.
Table 5 HVI haplotype and haplogroup attribution for each Krasnoyarsk specimen successfully analyzed and current distribution of the haplotypes:
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=26280&d=1359554550
A search in the YHRD database as well as in our own databank revealed that none of the Y-STR haplotypes obtained from the south Siberian samples perfectly matched (at 17 loci) those included in the databases. Nevertheless, when not all loci were scored, matches were found for all samples except two (S07 and S32) for which even the search based on the 9-loci minimal haplotype was fruitless (Table 4). The S10/S16 haplotype matched the most frequent R1a1 haplotype (12 loci) seen in the south Siberian population of Derenko et al. (2006). This haplotype is notably found at high frequency in Altaians. It carries an allelic stucture 16-14-32-25-11-11-13 (DYS19-DYS389I-DYS389II-DYS390-DYS391-DYS392-DYS393) which is considered as a founder haplotype relative to southern Altaians (Southern Altaians are essentially Tuvans, per L.Potapov) (Kharkov et al. 2007). The S10/ S16 haplotype is also found in eastern Europe (Hungary, Slovenia, Poland) as well as in Asia (Central Anatolia) (All these had a Türkic admixture).
Table 4 Results of the search against Y-STR databases
(Without a relative frequency in each location, the informative value of the listing has a most generalized nature, especially so because of its dependence on the state of the statistics in each location, which are profoundly different; it should be a major factor in assessing the results):
http://sphotos-d.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/946033_645454258801733_1394705672_n.jpg
References are given in Table 1 in supplementary material (After all the propaganda hoopla in the preamble, not a single Iranian, whose language these poor Siberian people were supposed to speak in their kitchens, got a place at the table. Not for nothing the Scytho-Iranian theory was lately reduced to a status of "solely linguistic concept". What a way to deprecate a whole discipline. Provided that the science differs from the beliefs by being predictive, and being able to withstand reality check, the whole Indo-European industry is turning out to be a collection of beliefs. If the spread of R1a1 is correctly timed at 15-10 KYBP, it happened 7-3 millennia before the birth time of the most radical estimate for the IE linguistic family, meaning that whoever brought their genes to a new territory could not have been carrying the yet unborn IE pra-language. Which does not predict a coming demise for the IE mill, though: all the world's beliefs are still alive and kicking well into the third millennia).
The S24/S34 haplotype is mainly found in Poland and Germany (In the Late Antique time, territories of both Poland and eastern Germany had significant Türkic presence, which may explain their falling into a single class. Poland had a considerable influx of Türkic people in the Middle Age, but Germany did not.) In Asia it is found in Anatolia, Armenia, Nepal and India (Except for Nepal, three others had significant Türkic presence).
Haplotype of specimen S26 has a wide distribution since it appears in Europe as well as in western Asia, in Central Asia, in southern Asia and in southern Siberia. The allelic structure 16-24-11-11-13 (DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393) found in this haplotype was described as the most frequent motif observed in a Ukrainian population by Kravchenko et al. (2002). According to these authors, this 5 Y-STR-loci haplotype might be an ancestral one (Ukraine was a permanent home of a number of Türkic populations).
_______________________________________
hence this Turanid mapping for South Ukraine:
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=32076&d=1366388334
_______________________________________
Haplotype S28 is the most frequently found in present-day populations. It is essentially carried by eastern and northern Europe individuals, as well as south Siberians (Footprint coincides with European Sarmatia and European Huns).
Among those mostly prevalent was the hg U4 motif 356C (S07/ S14) which was found in northern, eastern and southeastern European populations, as well as in Volga-Ural, Altai-Sayan and peri-Baikal area populations. Note that this sequence occupies a central position on U4 phylogeny built by Malyarchuk (2004). It was also observed in an ancient Hungarian specimen from the tenth to eleventh century (Tömöry et al. 2007). The sub-hg U4 variant 356C-362C (S19) is present in northern, eastern and Mediterranean Europe, in the Volga-Ural and Altai-Sayan regions as well as in southern India (All heavily Türkic-populated areas).
Indeed, the R1a1 haplogroup frequency reaches a maximum in Poland, Hungary, and Ukraine and decreases in the direction of central and northern Europe (together with associated traits of light hair/eye pigmentation and lactose tolerance).
Matching haplotypes were found for all the R1a1-specimens except S32. [...] . Indeed, they were observed at high frequencies in Slavic and Baltic populations (with peaks among Poland and Czech Republic) as well as in the indigenous populations of south Siberia. By contrast, they were only sporadically observed in central and east Asia and were absent in western Europe (which is consistent with the known historical events of the last 2 millennia).
The fact that East Asian mtDNA sequences appeared at the Iron Age could signify that once settled, migrants of supposed European ancestry (i.e. anthropologically and genetically Caucasoid ancestry) began to establish relationships with groups coming from the east and to take Asian women as wives. Moreover, the relative high diversity of the mtDNA gene pool observed in the ancient specimens indicates that numerous populations carrying different mtDNA variants were involved in the formation of southern Siberian populations, even reflecting long-distant movements. It would not have presented any major difficulty for Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples to range from one end of Eurasia to the other within some centuries. Historical records and archaeology attest that nomadic groups moved across Eurasia from North of the Black sea, through Central and Inner Asia, to northeast Asia in a matter of centuries (Mair 2005). Some of them are described in Chinese historiography as horse-riding, Caucasian-looking, Indo-European-speaking people (allusion that Chinese described Hu, Juns, and Huns as Indo-European-speaking people is, naturally, totally false) and are sometimes referred as the "Kurgan Culture" (Zerjal et al. 2002) (for a simple reason that they buried their dead in kurgans).
cited from following source:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449030
http://www.hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/keyser_2009_e.pdf
Critical Review: (cited in blue)
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/KeyserDNASiberianKurgan2009En.htm
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/Klyosov/Klyosov2009R1aDNAEn.htm
__________________________________________________ _____________________________
The Turanid racial type is defined by europoid Kipchak type:
http://www.bguep-yakutsk.ru/uploads/posts/2011-01/1295283969_untitled-2.jpg
http://www.rudata.ru/w/images/7/75/%D0%98_%28%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0% B2%29_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4% D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_55 08_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A4%D0%98_2009.jpg
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=29684&d=1362700838
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=29689&d=1362700946
http://sphotos-f.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/935654_642273659119793_344008211_n.jpg
http://sphotos-e.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/936234_642273625786463_1937381233_n.jpg
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=32929&d=1367595109
http://sphotos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/422153_642273579119801_1440163183_n.jpg
1.*Homines sapientes albi --Europids
--2.**Homines s. albi brachimorphi Mountain race belt
----3.***Variety 4: H. s. eurasicus Turanid
http://sphotos-d.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/309996_645255885488237_1894289244_n.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_von_Eickstedt
Haplogroup R1a1 is defined by marker M173 plus M17 (Y Chromosome Consortium 2002; Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2003; Karafet et al. 2008) and has a widespread distribution area on the Eurasian continent. It is spread among western Eurasian (mostly eastern European and Volga-Ural populations) (which are specifically known as being Türkic lands and the territory of the Türkic Kipchak Khanate for half a millennia; the present population is divided into Türkic substrate in the south, and Finnic substrate in the north), southern Asian (mainly India and Pakistan's populations) (which are specifically known as being Türkic-dominated lands for the duration of the Mughal period), central Asian (predominantly Türkic for two millennia) and Siberian populations (especially southern Siberians) (predominantly Türkic until the 20th c.). Significantly, the oldest R1a population appears to be in Southern Siberia (Turkic) [see: Anatole A. Klyosov, DNA Genealogy (http://www.jogg.info/52/files/Klyosov2.pdf) , * (http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/Klyosov/Klyosov2009R1aDNAEn.htm)]. The linguistic change from R1a1 and R1b1 agglutinative to R1a1 flexive took place in the Northern Europe between 4th and 3rd mill. BC. First developed on modern samples, the assay was optimized for the analysis of 11 ancient DNA (aDNA) samples from the Krasnoyarsk region (southern Siberia) that were dated from 5,500-1,800 years before present (YBP). SNP typing was successful for most of them, which were all assigned to Y-haplogroup R1a1 except one. (see: Dienekes.blogspot.hu (http://dienekes.blogspot.hu/2008/03/y-chromosome-haplogroups-of-ancient.html))
The data (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449030)revealed the Turanid-Scythian Andronovo/Karasuk/Tagar/Tashtyk-R1a1 occurrence on the eurasian landmass:
Fig. 2 Current distribution pattern of the Y-STR haplotypes found in the ancient Siberians under study (http://www.hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/keyser_2009_e.pdf).
Each square represents a present-day individual sharing the same Y-haplotype of an ancient specimen
(The vast white areas on the map do not necessarily indicate that no traces of the Kurgan People exist in those areas, they rather indicate that no data compatible with the findings of this study exist in the databases. Nowhere in the description is noted the present spotty character of the databases used for comparisons, the potential consequences of the future additions to the databases, and the prospective areas for future studies. The difference between mtDNA map and Y-DNA map may simply indicate that for the territories of the former Soviet Union, data bases contain more spot studies of the mtDNA than the Y-DNA. Ditto for Mongolia, and Türkic, Mongol, Manchu, and Tungus minorities in China. Without these qualifications, the analysis may present seriously distorted conclusions):
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/KeyserDNASiberianKurgan2009Fig2.gif
Fig. 3 Current distribution pattern of the mtDN A haplotypes found in the ancient Siberians under study (except the CRS sequence). Each square represents a present-day individual sharing the same mtDNA haplotype of an ancient specimen. Cross represents an ancient specimen different from those studied in this work:
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/KeyserDNASiberianKurgan2009Fig3.gif
The mtDNA haplotype of the 26 ancient individuals for whom genotypes were obtained, was determined by sequencing of the HVI region. To avoid ambiguous conclusions and to corroborate haplogroup assignment, all individuals were additionally typed for some specific mtDNA coding SNPs. Results are indicated in Table 5. A good agreement was found between coding and control region data except for three samples (S27, S29, S35) sharing a CRS HVI haplotype whose SNapShot assay coding SNPs allowed classification as hg U. Moreover, the SNapShot assay allowed us to obtain additional information regarding the phylogenetic refinement of two samples, S13 and S32, found to belong to sub-hgs H6 and H5a, respectively. Overall, 23 different haplotypes were distinguished and assigned to 16 different haplogroups. Regarding the mtDNA analyses, [...] the ancient Krasnoyarsk mtDNA pool harbored both western and eastern Eurasian lineages. Nevertheless, most of the retrieved sequences (n = 20, 77%) belong to western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups (HV, H, T, I, U and K). The eastern Eurasian lineages (23% of the sequences) were represented by haplogroups or subhapologroups C, Z, G2a, F1b and N9a. The western Eurasian contribution to the ancient mtDNA pool reached 90% for the Bronze Age and decreased to 67% for the Iron Age.
Table 5 HVI haplotype and haplogroup attribution for each Krasnoyarsk specimen successfully analyzed and current distribution of the haplotypes:
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=26280&d=1359554550
A search in the YHRD database as well as in our own databank revealed that none of the Y-STR haplotypes obtained from the south Siberian samples perfectly matched (at 17 loci) those included in the databases. Nevertheless, when not all loci were scored, matches were found for all samples except two (S07 and S32) for which even the search based on the 9-loci minimal haplotype was fruitless (Table 4). The S10/S16 haplotype matched the most frequent R1a1 haplotype (12 loci) seen in the south Siberian population of Derenko et al. (2006). This haplotype is notably found at high frequency in Altaians. It carries an allelic stucture 16-14-32-25-11-11-13 (DYS19-DYS389I-DYS389II-DYS390-DYS391-DYS392-DYS393) which is considered as a founder haplotype relative to southern Altaians (Southern Altaians are essentially Tuvans, per L.Potapov) (Kharkov et al. 2007). The S10/ S16 haplotype is also found in eastern Europe (Hungary, Slovenia, Poland) as well as in Asia (Central Anatolia) (All these had a Türkic admixture).
Table 4 Results of the search against Y-STR databases
(Without a relative frequency in each location, the informative value of the listing has a most generalized nature, especially so because of its dependence on the state of the statistics in each location, which are profoundly different; it should be a major factor in assessing the results):
http://sphotos-d.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/946033_645454258801733_1394705672_n.jpg
References are given in Table 1 in supplementary material (After all the propaganda hoopla in the preamble, not a single Iranian, whose language these poor Siberian people were supposed to speak in their kitchens, got a place at the table. Not for nothing the Scytho-Iranian theory was lately reduced to a status of "solely linguistic concept". What a way to deprecate a whole discipline. Provided that the science differs from the beliefs by being predictive, and being able to withstand reality check, the whole Indo-European industry is turning out to be a collection of beliefs. If the spread of R1a1 is correctly timed at 15-10 KYBP, it happened 7-3 millennia before the birth time of the most radical estimate for the IE linguistic family, meaning that whoever brought their genes to a new territory could not have been carrying the yet unborn IE pra-language. Which does not predict a coming demise for the IE mill, though: all the world's beliefs are still alive and kicking well into the third millennia).
The S24/S34 haplotype is mainly found in Poland and Germany (In the Late Antique time, territories of both Poland and eastern Germany had significant Türkic presence, which may explain their falling into a single class. Poland had a considerable influx of Türkic people in the Middle Age, but Germany did not.) In Asia it is found in Anatolia, Armenia, Nepal and India (Except for Nepal, three others had significant Türkic presence).
Haplotype of specimen S26 has a wide distribution since it appears in Europe as well as in western Asia, in Central Asia, in southern Asia and in southern Siberia. The allelic structure 16-24-11-11-13 (DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393) found in this haplotype was described as the most frequent motif observed in a Ukrainian population by Kravchenko et al. (2002). According to these authors, this 5 Y-STR-loci haplotype might be an ancestral one (Ukraine was a permanent home of a number of Türkic populations).
_______________________________________
hence this Turanid mapping for South Ukraine:
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=32076&d=1366388334
_______________________________________
Haplotype S28 is the most frequently found in present-day populations. It is essentially carried by eastern and northern Europe individuals, as well as south Siberians (Footprint coincides with European Sarmatia and European Huns).
Among those mostly prevalent was the hg U4 motif 356C (S07/ S14) which was found in northern, eastern and southeastern European populations, as well as in Volga-Ural, Altai-Sayan and peri-Baikal area populations. Note that this sequence occupies a central position on U4 phylogeny built by Malyarchuk (2004). It was also observed in an ancient Hungarian specimen from the tenth to eleventh century (Tömöry et al. 2007). The sub-hg U4 variant 356C-362C (S19) is present in northern, eastern and Mediterranean Europe, in the Volga-Ural and Altai-Sayan regions as well as in southern India (All heavily Türkic-populated areas).
Indeed, the R1a1 haplogroup frequency reaches a maximum in Poland, Hungary, and Ukraine and decreases in the direction of central and northern Europe (together with associated traits of light hair/eye pigmentation and lactose tolerance).
Matching haplotypes were found for all the R1a1-specimens except S32. [...] . Indeed, they were observed at high frequencies in Slavic and Baltic populations (with peaks among Poland and Czech Republic) as well as in the indigenous populations of south Siberia. By contrast, they were only sporadically observed in central and east Asia and were absent in western Europe (which is consistent with the known historical events of the last 2 millennia).
The fact that East Asian mtDNA sequences appeared at the Iron Age could signify that once settled, migrants of supposed European ancestry (i.e. anthropologically and genetically Caucasoid ancestry) began to establish relationships with groups coming from the east and to take Asian women as wives. Moreover, the relative high diversity of the mtDNA gene pool observed in the ancient specimens indicates that numerous populations carrying different mtDNA variants were involved in the formation of southern Siberian populations, even reflecting long-distant movements. It would not have presented any major difficulty for Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples to range from one end of Eurasia to the other within some centuries. Historical records and archaeology attest that nomadic groups moved across Eurasia from North of the Black sea, through Central and Inner Asia, to northeast Asia in a matter of centuries (Mair 2005). Some of them are described in Chinese historiography as horse-riding, Caucasian-looking, Indo-European-speaking people (allusion that Chinese described Hu, Juns, and Huns as Indo-European-speaking people is, naturally, totally false) and are sometimes referred as the "Kurgan Culture" (Zerjal et al. 2002) (for a simple reason that they buried their dead in kurgans).
cited from following source:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449030
http://www.hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/keyser_2009_e.pdf
Critical Review: (cited in blue)
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/KeyserDNASiberianKurgan2009En.htm
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/Klyosov/Klyosov2009R1aDNAEn.htm
__________________________________________________ _____________________________
The Turanid racial type is defined by europoid Kipchak type:
http://www.bguep-yakutsk.ru/uploads/posts/2011-01/1295283969_untitled-2.jpg
http://www.rudata.ru/w/images/7/75/%D0%98_%28%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0% B2%29_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4% D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_55 08_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A4%D0%98_2009.jpg
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=29684&d=1362700838
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=29689&d=1362700946
http://sphotos-f.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/935654_642273659119793_344008211_n.jpg
http://sphotos-e.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/936234_642273625786463_1937381233_n.jpg
http://www.theapricity.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=32929&d=1367595109
http://sphotos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/422153_642273579119801_1440163183_n.jpg
1.*Homines sapientes albi --Europids
--2.**Homines s. albi brachimorphi Mountain race belt
----3.***Variety 4: H. s. eurasicus Turanid
http://sphotos-d.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/309996_645255885488237_1894289244_n.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_von_Eickstedt