Fire Haired
10-14-2013, 09:08 PM
mtDNA U is estimated to be about 55,000 years old(click here (http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2013/03/revised-timescale-of-human-mtdna.html)) some estimates are over 60,000 years old. It exists in all of west Eurasia, South asia, and north Africa it is pretty much only in Caucasian people and almost definitely originated in Caucasians.
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQP5fxKEP1sdHWTX72dmxVvq9t98IOqj DeOhU9fEO-VAl_L0es3 (http://www.theapricity.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HOeqln54VgOfCM&tbnid=-RSujqgowuk8WM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fs1.zetaboards.com%2Fanthroscape%2 Ftopic%2F2697533%2F&ei=kztKUtr8BcrI2gXj_IDwDA&psig=AFQjCNGOVmztdF204bqQluQqEDpReSvRiQ&ust=1380683027172679)
I have noticed a big difference in European and Near eastern U subclades and I haven't been able to get a lot of info on North African U subclades. Just that U6 which is estimated to be about 40,000- 50,000 years old(click here (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/U6mtdna/)and here (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHaplogr oup_U_(mtDNA)&ei=szlcUtfyDMWMygHgk4CgBg&usg=AFQjCNFlsb0UIJCOEgyS6zHEHK_b3drm2A&sig2=R3aSwRi65w4I966bsmU_6w)) is almost only North African and that European U5b1b is in Berbers of north Africa and may have come from Iberia in the Mesolithic age (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMesolit hic&ei=6jpcUpGHB62yygGM84DgBg&usg=AFQjCNHjAyYG-XEcFZwaDVp5D8bDrXXBZg&sig2=hihhr4gyWrozTuYceUdHZQ) with mtDNA V, H1, and H3.(Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199377/)).
U5, U2(U2e), and U4 are much more popular in Europe than the Near east and U7, U1, and U3 are much more popular in the Near east than in Europe. The U5 I have seen in the Near east that show a subclade all are under U5a and U2 under U2e which are popular in Mesolithic and Neolithic European hunter gathers in mainly Russia and Pitted ware culture(2,800-2,000bc) Gotland, Sweden and U5b is more popular in the hunter gathers from other areas of Europe. There is a 9,800 year old U5a in Chekalino, Russia and two 7,500 year old U2e's in Uznyi Oleni Ostrov, Russia.(Ancient Eurasian DNA (http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/ancientdna.shtml)). There are two 31,155 year old U5's in Dolni, Vestonice, Czech Republic( 2013 study by fu et al (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213002157)). And a 37,985 year old U2 in Kostenki, Russia which is the oldest mtDNA sample in Europe. U5 takes up the majority of mtDNA from European hunter gather no matter if they are from Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, or Neolithic age from any area in Europe. and U5, U4, and U2 take up nearly 100% of mtDNA from Mesolithic and Neolithic European hunter gathers.
U5 is estimated to be anywhere from 30,000-50,000 years old(FTDNA U5 (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/u5b/default.aspx)) originating in Europe or west Asia. U5 definitely was apart of some of the earliest human settlement in Europe((The peopling of Europe from a U5 perspective (http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010285)). All the age estimated for U4 I have seen are 25,000 years old and Eupedia says originating in central Asia. For U2 its estimated to be 50,000 years old and is most popular in South asia but largely under U2i not U2e. and that there and in this study(Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181978/)) U2a, U2b, and U2c take up about 15% of total mtDNA in ethnic groups in and near Pakistan while U2e Is 0%. I think U2 originated in west Asia probably 50,000ybp or more and migrated to Europe over 40,000 years ago and U2e originated in Europe. Which so far is the only U2 subclade I have seen in the west Asia so probably European inter marriage.
The Kurgen hypothesis says that Yamna culture in Russia and Ukraine is the ancestor of Sinshta and Abashevo cultures who existed around 4,000-5,000ybp and are the father cultures of the people who spread Indo Iranian and Tocharian languages in asia. DNA from suspected Indo Iranian cultures and Caucasian mtDNA in Mongliods they inter married with. From 83 samples 35% had U and all the subclades were U5(under that U5a under that U5a1), U2(under that U2e), and U4 except two were typical Near eastern U7 and U1.(Indo Iranian and Tocherian? DNA (http://www.anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?1431-INdo-Iranian-and-Tocherian-DNA)). 17 Y DNA samples 16 had R1a1 one had C(not C3) probably from Mongliod inter marriage. These people most likely spread Y DNA R1a1a1b2 Z93 in Asia which is very popular(R1a1a and Subclades Y-DNA Project- Background (http://r1a1a%20and%20subclades%20y-dna%20project-%20background/)). They can definitely also be responsible for almost all U5, U2e, and U4 in the Near east and if not from them still probably from European inter marriage.
I could find almost no info on mainly Near eastern U7, U1, and U3. Probably because there is so much more study in Genetics in Europe and stuff that has to do with things European historians are interested in. U7 according to FTDNA (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/mtDNA%20U7) is estimated to be 30,000 years old and Originating in the Near east. and that U1 is about 32,000 years old and U3 25,000-35,000 years old and is most popular around the Black sea. U7, U1, and U3 may have arrived in Europe from the Near east with spread of farming mainly 9,000-6,000ybp. They may be like the near eastern U subclades and U5, U4, and U2e are European, U6 north African(originating in southwest asia), and U2i, U2a, U2b, and U2c all from around Pakistan and India. Unlike the other mtDNA haplogroups which added with U take up almost 100% of European and Near eastern mtDNA which are H, J, T, K, HV, I, W, and X were many pretty deep and estimated as young subclades(under 20,000 years old) are common in Europe and the Near east.
U8 is distributed in most of west Eurasia like all U subclades it is found 31,155 year old mtDNA sample in Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic. But doesn't pop up again in European mtDNA with thousands of samples from Mesolithic age to Iron age. But there is some in FTDNA for European countries. There is U8a1a in Europe and U8b1b in Europe and Near east that's all I know through FTDNA and other public mtDNA results on the internet. mtDNa K is really just a subclade of U8b'k and probably orignated in the Near east and spread to Europe with farming or at least in the last 20,000 years and possibly multiple times. U9 according to FTDNA
Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in Ethiopia and Yemen, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called “negroid Makrani” population. In this particular population, lineages specific to sub-Saharan Africans occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in Pakistan may have an African origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that its diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia [1].
Looking at age estimates of those other haplogroups and subclades U may have migrated with almost no other mtDNA haplogroups from the Near east into Europe, North Africa, and Pakistan-India over 40,000 years ago forming into its own subclades in each area. The spread of farming from the Near east into Europe(mainly 9,000-6,000ybp) probably Spread very little Near eastern U7, U1, and U3 into Europe if anything it was probably mainly subclades of the other haplogroups I named above.
To see what I mean by mtDNA U subclade differnces in Europe and Near east Eupedia mtDNA (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_mtdna_haplogroups_frequency.shtml).
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQP5fxKEP1sdHWTX72dmxVvq9t98IOqj DeOhU9fEO-VAl_L0es3 (http://www.theapricity.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HOeqln54VgOfCM&tbnid=-RSujqgowuk8WM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fs1.zetaboards.com%2Fanthroscape%2 Ftopic%2F2697533%2F&ei=kztKUtr8BcrI2gXj_IDwDA&psig=AFQjCNGOVmztdF204bqQluQqEDpReSvRiQ&ust=1380683027172679)
I have noticed a big difference in European and Near eastern U subclades and I haven't been able to get a lot of info on North African U subclades. Just that U6 which is estimated to be about 40,000- 50,000 years old(click here (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/U6mtdna/)and here (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHaplogr oup_U_(mtDNA)&ei=szlcUtfyDMWMygHgk4CgBg&usg=AFQjCNFlsb0UIJCOEgyS6zHEHK_b3drm2A&sig2=R3aSwRi65w4I966bsmU_6w)) is almost only North African and that European U5b1b is in Berbers of north Africa and may have come from Iberia in the Mesolithic age (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMesolit hic&ei=6jpcUpGHB62yygGM84DgBg&usg=AFQjCNHjAyYG-XEcFZwaDVp5D8bDrXXBZg&sig2=hihhr4gyWrozTuYceUdHZQ) with mtDNA V, H1, and H3.(Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199377/)).
U5, U2(U2e), and U4 are much more popular in Europe than the Near east and U7, U1, and U3 are much more popular in the Near east than in Europe. The U5 I have seen in the Near east that show a subclade all are under U5a and U2 under U2e which are popular in Mesolithic and Neolithic European hunter gathers in mainly Russia and Pitted ware culture(2,800-2,000bc) Gotland, Sweden and U5b is more popular in the hunter gathers from other areas of Europe. There is a 9,800 year old U5a in Chekalino, Russia and two 7,500 year old U2e's in Uznyi Oleni Ostrov, Russia.(Ancient Eurasian DNA (http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/ancientdna.shtml)). There are two 31,155 year old U5's in Dolni, Vestonice, Czech Republic( 2013 study by fu et al (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213002157)). And a 37,985 year old U2 in Kostenki, Russia which is the oldest mtDNA sample in Europe. U5 takes up the majority of mtDNA from European hunter gather no matter if they are from Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, or Neolithic age from any area in Europe. and U5, U4, and U2 take up nearly 100% of mtDNA from Mesolithic and Neolithic European hunter gathers.
U5 is estimated to be anywhere from 30,000-50,000 years old(FTDNA U5 (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/u5b/default.aspx)) originating in Europe or west Asia. U5 definitely was apart of some of the earliest human settlement in Europe((The peopling of Europe from a U5 perspective (http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010285)). All the age estimated for U4 I have seen are 25,000 years old and Eupedia says originating in central Asia. For U2 its estimated to be 50,000 years old and is most popular in South asia but largely under U2i not U2e. and that there and in this study(Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181978/)) U2a, U2b, and U2c take up about 15% of total mtDNA in ethnic groups in and near Pakistan while U2e Is 0%. I think U2 originated in west Asia probably 50,000ybp or more and migrated to Europe over 40,000 years ago and U2e originated in Europe. Which so far is the only U2 subclade I have seen in the west Asia so probably European inter marriage.
The Kurgen hypothesis says that Yamna culture in Russia and Ukraine is the ancestor of Sinshta and Abashevo cultures who existed around 4,000-5,000ybp and are the father cultures of the people who spread Indo Iranian and Tocharian languages in asia. DNA from suspected Indo Iranian cultures and Caucasian mtDNA in Mongliods they inter married with. From 83 samples 35% had U and all the subclades were U5(under that U5a under that U5a1), U2(under that U2e), and U4 except two were typical Near eastern U7 and U1.(Indo Iranian and Tocherian? DNA (http://www.anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?1431-INdo-Iranian-and-Tocherian-DNA)). 17 Y DNA samples 16 had R1a1 one had C(not C3) probably from Mongliod inter marriage. These people most likely spread Y DNA R1a1a1b2 Z93 in Asia which is very popular(R1a1a and Subclades Y-DNA Project- Background (http://r1a1a%20and%20subclades%20y-dna%20project-%20background/)). They can definitely also be responsible for almost all U5, U2e, and U4 in the Near east and if not from them still probably from European inter marriage.
I could find almost no info on mainly Near eastern U7, U1, and U3. Probably because there is so much more study in Genetics in Europe and stuff that has to do with things European historians are interested in. U7 according to FTDNA (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/mtDNA%20U7) is estimated to be 30,000 years old and Originating in the Near east. and that U1 is about 32,000 years old and U3 25,000-35,000 years old and is most popular around the Black sea. U7, U1, and U3 may have arrived in Europe from the Near east with spread of farming mainly 9,000-6,000ybp. They may be like the near eastern U subclades and U5, U4, and U2e are European, U6 north African(originating in southwest asia), and U2i, U2a, U2b, and U2c all from around Pakistan and India. Unlike the other mtDNA haplogroups which added with U take up almost 100% of European and Near eastern mtDNA which are H, J, T, K, HV, I, W, and X were many pretty deep and estimated as young subclades(under 20,000 years old) are common in Europe and the Near east.
U8 is distributed in most of west Eurasia like all U subclades it is found 31,155 year old mtDNA sample in Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic. But doesn't pop up again in European mtDNA with thousands of samples from Mesolithic age to Iron age. But there is some in FTDNA for European countries. There is U8a1a in Europe and U8b1b in Europe and Near east that's all I know through FTDNA and other public mtDNA results on the internet. mtDNa K is really just a subclade of U8b'k and probably orignated in the Near east and spread to Europe with farming or at least in the last 20,000 years and possibly multiple times. U9 according to FTDNA
Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in Ethiopia and Yemen, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called “negroid Makrani” population. In this particular population, lineages specific to sub-Saharan Africans occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in Pakistan may have an African origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that its diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia [1].
Looking at age estimates of those other haplogroups and subclades U may have migrated with almost no other mtDNA haplogroups from the Near east into Europe, North Africa, and Pakistan-India over 40,000 years ago forming into its own subclades in each area. The spread of farming from the Near east into Europe(mainly 9,000-6,000ybp) probably Spread very little Near eastern U7, U1, and U3 into Europe if anything it was probably mainly subclades of the other haplogroups I named above.
To see what I mean by mtDNA U subclade differnces in Europe and Near east Eupedia mtDNA (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_mtdna_haplogroups_frequency.shtml).