Also
10-29-2013, 06:40 AM
I realize the part about Greeks is a bit polemic but I decided to post it here anyway. This article is the reference 20. in the other article I posted here about Palestinians (http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?99652-The-Origin-of-Palestinians-and-Their-Genetic-Relatedness-With-Other-Mediterranean-Populations ------ http://www.stml.net/text/Populations.pdf)
The article is up to discussion, so don't shoot the messenger. :)
Again, there seems to be some sort of script made stop people from copying the material, so please visit the original article, though I managed to post part of the article here.
Article: http://www.makedonika.org/processpaid.aspcontentid=ti.2001.pdf
Abstract: HLA alleles have been determined in individuals from the Republic
of Macedonia by DNA typing and sequencing. HLA-A, -B, -DR, -DQ
allele frequencies and extended haplotypes have been for the first time
determined and the results compared to those of other Mediterraneans, particularly
with their neighbouring Greeks. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining
dendrograms and correspondence analysis have been performed. The
following conclusions have been reached: 1) Macedonians belong to the
‘‘older’’ Mediterranean substratum, like Iberians (including Basques), North
Africans, Italians, French, Cretans, Jews, Lebanese, Turks (Anatolians), Armenians
and Iranians, 2) Macedonians are not related with geographically
close Greeks, who do not belong to the ‘‘older’’ Mediterranenan substratum,
3) Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian)
people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both
Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305,
*0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310.
Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan
groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster
with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and
correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might
have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement
of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt.
Macedonians
Our results show that Macedonians are related to other Mediterraneans
and do not show a close relationship with Greeks; however
they do with Cretans (Tables 3, 4, Figs 1–3). This supports the
theory that Macedonians are one of the most ancient peoples
existing in the Balkan peninsula, probably long before arrival of the
Mycaenian Greeks (10) about 2000 B.C. Other possible explanation
is that they might have shared a genetic background with the
Greeks before an hypothetical admixture between Greeks and sub-
Saharans might have occurred. The cultural, historical and genetic
identity of Macedonians is established according to our results.
However, 19th century historians focused all the culture in Greece
Tissue Antigens 2001: 57: 118–127 125
ignoring all the other Mediterranean cultures present in the area
long before the classical Greek one (25).
http://i.imgur.com/a1yz8iB.png?1
http://i.imgur.com/bPZKmIX.png?1
Greeks are genetically related to sub-Saharans
Much to our surprise, the reason why Greeks did not show a close
relatedness with all the other Mediterraneans analyzed (Tables 5, 6
and Figs 1–3) was their genetic relationship with sub-Saharan ethnic
groups now residing in Ethiopia, Sudan and West Africa (Burkina-
Fasso). Although some Greek DRB1 alleles are not completely
specific of the Greek/sub-Saharan sharing, the list of alleles (Table
5) is self-explanatory. The conclusion is that part of the Greek genetic
pool may be sub-Saharan and that the admixture has occurred
at an uncertain but ancient time.
The origin of the West African Black ethnic groups (Fulani, Mossi and Rimaibe sampled in Burkina-Fasso) is probably Ethiopian
(26, 27) (Fig. 4). The Fulani are semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers
and one of the few people in the area to use cows’ milk and its byproducts
to feed themselves and to trade; their facial parameters
show a Caucasian admixture. The Rimaibe Blacks have been slaves
belonging to the Fulani and have frequently mixed with them (27).
The Nuba people are now widespread all over Sudan, but are descendants
of the ancient Nubians that ruled Egypt between 8th–7th
centuries B.C. (28) and later established their kingdom at Meroe,
North Khartoum. Two kinds of Nubians were described in ancient
times: Reds and Blacks, probably reflecting the degree of Caucasian
admixture. Both the Oromo and Amharic peoples live in the Ethiopian
mountains (27). They obviously have in common a genetic background
with the west-African groups mentioned above. Linguistic,
social, traditional and historical evidence supports an east-to-west
migration of peoples through the Sahel (southern Sahara strip), although
this is still debated (26, 27).
Thus, it is hypothesized that there could have been a migration
from southern Sahara which mixed with ancient Greeks to give rise
to a part of the present day Greek genetic background. The admixture
must have occurred in the Aegean Islands and Athens area at
least (Figs 1 and 2). The reason why this admixture is not seen in
Crete is unclear but may be related to the influential and strong
Minoan empire which hindered foreigners establishment (10). Also,
the time when admixture occurred could be after the overthrown of
some of the Negroid Egyptian dynasties (Nubian or from other
periods) or after undetermined natural catastrophes (i.e.: dryness).
Indeed, ancient Greeks believed that their religion and culture came
from Egypt (4, 25).
http://i.imgur.com/FspAlgC.png?1
The Macedonian population
shows the closest genetic distance with Cretans (Table 3) and no
discontinuity is observed with eastern and western Mediterraneans
reflecting the genetic similarity among these populations. It is evidenced
that Cretans-Greeks distance is high. These results are confirmed
using DR and DQ generic typings (see Fig. 3 and data not
shown) which were used in order to include other Mediterranean
populations (Iranians, Armenians, Egyptians and Turks, see Table
1). A DR-DQ neighbour-joining tree (data not shown) maintains the
West to East Mediterranean gradient and also the group formed by
Greeks and sub-Saharan populations. Turks (old Anatolians),
Kurds, Iranians and Armenians have been shown specifically to
cluster with the eastern Mediterranean groups (Arnaiz-Villena et
al., submitted). On the other hand, genetic distances obtained by
using DR-DQ generic typing allele frequencies (data not shown)
show that Iranians (1.10À10»2) and Cretans (1.54À10»2) are the
two populations closest to the Macedonians followed by the other
Mediterranean populations.
The article is up to discussion, so don't shoot the messenger. :)
Again, there seems to be some sort of script made stop people from copying the material, so please visit the original article, though I managed to post part of the article here.
Article: http://www.makedonika.org/processpaid.aspcontentid=ti.2001.pdf
Abstract: HLA alleles have been determined in individuals from the Republic
of Macedonia by DNA typing and sequencing. HLA-A, -B, -DR, -DQ
allele frequencies and extended haplotypes have been for the first time
determined and the results compared to those of other Mediterraneans, particularly
with their neighbouring Greeks. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining
dendrograms and correspondence analysis have been performed. The
following conclusions have been reached: 1) Macedonians belong to the
‘‘older’’ Mediterranean substratum, like Iberians (including Basques), North
Africans, Italians, French, Cretans, Jews, Lebanese, Turks (Anatolians), Armenians
and Iranians, 2) Macedonians are not related with geographically
close Greeks, who do not belong to the ‘‘older’’ Mediterranenan substratum,
3) Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian)
people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both
Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305,
*0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310.
Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan
groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster
with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and
correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might
have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement
of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt.
Macedonians
Our results show that Macedonians are related to other Mediterraneans
and do not show a close relationship with Greeks; however
they do with Cretans (Tables 3, 4, Figs 1–3). This supports the
theory that Macedonians are one of the most ancient peoples
existing in the Balkan peninsula, probably long before arrival of the
Mycaenian Greeks (10) about 2000 B.C. Other possible explanation
is that they might have shared a genetic background with the
Greeks before an hypothetical admixture between Greeks and sub-
Saharans might have occurred. The cultural, historical and genetic
identity of Macedonians is established according to our results.
However, 19th century historians focused all the culture in Greece
Tissue Antigens 2001: 57: 118–127 125
ignoring all the other Mediterranean cultures present in the area
long before the classical Greek one (25).
http://i.imgur.com/a1yz8iB.png?1
http://i.imgur.com/bPZKmIX.png?1
Greeks are genetically related to sub-Saharans
Much to our surprise, the reason why Greeks did not show a close
relatedness with all the other Mediterraneans analyzed (Tables 5, 6
and Figs 1–3) was their genetic relationship with sub-Saharan ethnic
groups now residing in Ethiopia, Sudan and West Africa (Burkina-
Fasso). Although some Greek DRB1 alleles are not completely
specific of the Greek/sub-Saharan sharing, the list of alleles (Table
5) is self-explanatory. The conclusion is that part of the Greek genetic
pool may be sub-Saharan and that the admixture has occurred
at an uncertain but ancient time.
The origin of the West African Black ethnic groups (Fulani, Mossi and Rimaibe sampled in Burkina-Fasso) is probably Ethiopian
(26, 27) (Fig. 4). The Fulani are semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers
and one of the few people in the area to use cows’ milk and its byproducts
to feed themselves and to trade; their facial parameters
show a Caucasian admixture. The Rimaibe Blacks have been slaves
belonging to the Fulani and have frequently mixed with them (27).
The Nuba people are now widespread all over Sudan, but are descendants
of the ancient Nubians that ruled Egypt between 8th–7th
centuries B.C. (28) and later established their kingdom at Meroe,
North Khartoum. Two kinds of Nubians were described in ancient
times: Reds and Blacks, probably reflecting the degree of Caucasian
admixture. Both the Oromo and Amharic peoples live in the Ethiopian
mountains (27). They obviously have in common a genetic background
with the west-African groups mentioned above. Linguistic,
social, traditional and historical evidence supports an east-to-west
migration of peoples through the Sahel (southern Sahara strip), although
this is still debated (26, 27).
Thus, it is hypothesized that there could have been a migration
from southern Sahara which mixed with ancient Greeks to give rise
to a part of the present day Greek genetic background. The admixture
must have occurred in the Aegean Islands and Athens area at
least (Figs 1 and 2). The reason why this admixture is not seen in
Crete is unclear but may be related to the influential and strong
Minoan empire which hindered foreigners establishment (10). Also,
the time when admixture occurred could be after the overthrown of
some of the Negroid Egyptian dynasties (Nubian or from other
periods) or after undetermined natural catastrophes (i.e.: dryness).
Indeed, ancient Greeks believed that their religion and culture came
from Egypt (4, 25).
http://i.imgur.com/FspAlgC.png?1
The Macedonian population
shows the closest genetic distance with Cretans (Table 3) and no
discontinuity is observed with eastern and western Mediterraneans
reflecting the genetic similarity among these populations. It is evidenced
that Cretans-Greeks distance is high. These results are confirmed
using DR and DQ generic typings (see Fig. 3 and data not
shown) which were used in order to include other Mediterranean
populations (Iranians, Armenians, Egyptians and Turks, see Table
1). A DR-DQ neighbour-joining tree (data not shown) maintains the
West to East Mediterranean gradient and also the group formed by
Greeks and sub-Saharan populations. Turks (old Anatolians),
Kurds, Iranians and Armenians have been shown specifically to
cluster with the eastern Mediterranean groups (Arnaiz-Villena et
al., submitted). On the other hand, genetic distances obtained by
using DR-DQ generic typing allele frequencies (data not shown)
show that Iranians (1.10À10»2) and Cretans (1.54À10»2) are the
two populations closest to the Macedonians followed by the other
Mediterranean populations.